The document summarizes research on travel behavior changes during the 2012 London Olympics and Paralympics. It found that 54% of people surveyed made at least one change to their commute during the Games, with working from home being the most sustained change long-term. While the Transtheoretical Model provided some insights, clustering analysis found people's ability to adapt their travel in the short-term was more complex than the model predicts. The research highlights how major events can catalyze behavior changes but more work is needed to understand factors affecting long-term change.
Commuters’ Perception of Legibility and Complexity with Respect to Path Choic...drboon
The effect of environmental factors on walking behavior needs to be considered based on the purpose of walking trip; whether walking for transport or walking for recreational purposes. Since everybody walks on his/her daily transport, studying walking behavior of those who walk for transport would contribute to maintain the minimum rate of physical activity. Commuters are the major group of those who walk for transport. It was found that the path choice of pedestrians can be considered to examine the effects of environmental factors on walking behavior. Introducing two environmental factors of perceived legibility and perceived complexity, it is demonstrated that the theoretical and empirical relationship between these factors and walking behavior as well as the path choice criteria, leads to define these two factors in accordance with commuter’s specifications. Accordingly, both perceived legibility and perceived complexity are two important path choice criteria of commuters in CBD of Kuala Lumpur.
Presentation by Clare Linton at UTSG January 2015.
www.city.ac.uk/utsg-2015/programme
www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/dtc-low-carbon-technologies/student-profiles/ClareLinton.shtml
Commuters’ Perception of Legibility and Complexity with Respect to Path Choic...drboon
The effect of environmental factors on walking behavior needs to be considered based on the purpose of walking trip; whether walking for transport or walking for recreational purposes. Since everybody walks on his/her daily transport, studying walking behavior of those who walk for transport would contribute to maintain the minimum rate of physical activity. Commuters are the major group of those who walk for transport. It was found that the path choice of pedestrians can be considered to examine the effects of environmental factors on walking behavior. Introducing two environmental factors of perceived legibility and perceived complexity, it is demonstrated that the theoretical and empirical relationship between these factors and walking behavior as well as the path choice criteria, leads to define these two factors in accordance with commuter’s specifications. Accordingly, both perceived legibility and perceived complexity are two important path choice criteria of commuters in CBD of Kuala Lumpur.
Presentation by Clare Linton at UTSG January 2015.
www.city.ac.uk/utsg-2015/programme
www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/dtc-low-carbon-technologies/student-profiles/ClareLinton.shtml
Talk on sustainable consumption and production in the context of the climate crisis . Part of the lecture on Global climate change given at Webster University , Vienna.
My presentation for the LCS-Rnet and ISAP conference in Yokohama on the need to open up the low carbon agenda, develop more transformative science and new tools
Air Pollution and Human Health in Asia: Experience in adopting and promoting the systems approach for transdisciplinary research on air pollution and health in Asia
Presentation by Dr Louse Reardon, delivered as part of ITS research seminar series, Feb. 2015.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/l.reardon
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/about/events/seminar-series
Opening speech at the launch of www.buildingmelbourne.com, an initiative to accelerate the transition of Melbourne into the most liveable and sustainable city.
Presentation from the November 2016 Guelph Evaluation Café at 10 Carden. Reviews similarities and differences between logic models and theories of change.
Transitions to Sustainability and the Role of PolicyURBACT
Presentation delivered by Prof. Dr. Derk Loorbach for URBACT Training for Elected Representatives on Integrated and Sustainable Urban Development.
Seminar 3 (2-4 December 2013, Brussels, Belgium): Sustainability and change. How can cities tackle the challenges of climate change and assess their progress? And how to intervene in complex energy transitions while improving a city's quality of life?
Read more: http://urbact.eu/en/news-and-events/urbact-events/training-for-elected-representatives/
Talk on sustainable consumption and production in the context of the climate crisis . Part of the lecture on Global climate change given at Webster University , Vienna.
My presentation for the LCS-Rnet and ISAP conference in Yokohama on the need to open up the low carbon agenda, develop more transformative science and new tools
Air Pollution and Human Health in Asia: Experience in adopting and promoting the systems approach for transdisciplinary research on air pollution and health in Asia
Presentation by Dr Louse Reardon, delivered as part of ITS research seminar series, Feb. 2015.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/l.reardon
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/about/events/seminar-series
Opening speech at the launch of www.buildingmelbourne.com, an initiative to accelerate the transition of Melbourne into the most liveable and sustainable city.
Presentation from the November 2016 Guelph Evaluation Café at 10 Carden. Reviews similarities and differences between logic models and theories of change.
Transitions to Sustainability and the Role of PolicyURBACT
Presentation delivered by Prof. Dr. Derk Loorbach for URBACT Training for Elected Representatives on Integrated and Sustainable Urban Development.
Seminar 3 (2-4 December 2013, Brussels, Belgium): Sustainability and change. How can cities tackle the challenges of climate change and assess their progress? And how to intervene in complex energy transitions while improving a city's quality of life?
Read more: http://urbact.eu/en/news-and-events/urbact-events/training-for-elected-representatives/
www.nhtnetwork.org/cqc-efficiency-network/home
The CQC Efficiency Network is a collaborative venture between ITS researcher Dr Phill Wheat and leading
performance and benchmarking company measure2improve (m2wi). Dr Wheat has used funding from the EPSRC
Impact Acceleration Account (IAA) to refine the tools to support m2i in developing the fast growing network. The IAA is an institutional award funded by EPSRC to help speed up the contribution that engineering and physical science research make towards new innovation, successful businesses and
the economic returns that benefit UK plc.
Posters summarizing dissertation research projects - presented by MSc students at the Institute for Transport Studies (ITS), University of Leeds, April 2017. http://bit.ly/2re35Cs
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/courses/masters/dissertation
Cutting-edge transport research showcased to Secretary of State during the event to officially re- open the Institute building www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/4011/cutting-edge_transport_research_showcased_to_secretary_of_state
DR STEPHEN HALL, PROFESSOR SIMON SHEPHERD, DR ZIA WADUD; UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS, IN COLLABORATION WITH FUTURE CITIES CATAPULT
Also see https://theconversation.com/five-reasons-why-you-might-be-driving-electric-sooner-than-you-think-71896
Presentation Fiona Crawford - winner of the Smeed prize for best student paper at the UTSG Conference 2017
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/f.crawford
www.utsg.net/web/index.php?page=annual-conference
Efforts to reduce the emissions from car travel have so far been hampered by a lack of specific information on car ownership and use. The Motoring and vehicle Ownership Trends in the UK (MOT) project seeks to address this by bringing together new sources of data to give a spatially and disaggregated diagnosis of car ownership and use in Great Britain and the associated energy demand and emissions.
Data from annual car M.O.T tests, made available by the Department for Transport, will be used as a platform upon which to develop and undertake a set of inter-linked modelling and analysis tasks using multiple sources of vehicle-specific and area-based data. Through this the project will develop the capability to understand spatial and temporal differences in car ownership and use, the determinants of those differences, and how levels may change over time and in response to various policy measures. The relationship between fuel use and emissions, and the demographic, economic, infrastructural and socio-cultural factors influencing these will also be tested.
Consequently, the MOT project has the potential to transform the way in which energy and emissions related to car use are quantified, understood and monitored to help refine future research and policy agendas and to inform transport and energy infrastructure planning.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/research/featured-projects/mot
The University's Annual Review covering the 2015-16 academic year. This new publication gives an overview of some of the most important initiatives and activities that the University has undertaken recently and a sense of the scale of the ambition for the future.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/c.calastri
Social networks, i.e. the circles of people we are socially connected to, have been recognised to play a role in shaping our travel and activity behaviour. This not only has to do with socialisation being the purpose of travel, but also with enabling mobility and other activities through the so-called social capital. Another theme in the literature connecting social environment and travel behaviour is social influence, i.e. the investigation of how travel behaviour can be affected by observation or comparison with other people. Research about the impact of social influence on travel choices is still at its infancy. In this talk, I will give an overview of how choice modelling can be used to investigate the relationships between social networks, travel and activities. I will touch upon work that I have done so far, in particular I will describe my applications of the Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) model to frequency of social interactions as well as to allocation of time to different activities, taking the social dimension into account. In these studies, I make use of social network and travel data collected in places as diverse as Switzerland and Chile. I will also discuss ongoing work making use of longitudinal life-course data to model the impact of family of origin and the “mobility environment” people grew up in on travel decision of adults. Finally, I will outline future plans about modelling behavioural changes due to social influence using the smartphone app travel data that are being collected in Leeds within the “Choices and consumption: modelling long and short term decisions in a changing world” (“DECISIONS”) project.
Shigeki Oxawa is Associate Professor at the Department of Integrated Informatics, Daido University and part-time Lecturer in Transport Economics at Hosei University. He is a transport economist with a strong interest in transport policy. He is currently an academic visitor at Leeds University (April 2016-March 2017) working in the area of intermodal transport (with a focus on rail freight transport) and in turn track access charges.
Abstract: In the national railway revolution in Japan, the passenger division was divided into 6 companies by regions. They operate trains and own/manage the rail track (vertical integration system). On the other hand, vertical separation was introduced into freight companies, therefore, freight companies have to access rail track owned/managed by passenger companies. The Japanese regulator regards track access transactions between passenger companies and freight companies as private business.
In the vertical separation system, freight companies cannot get access to the slots required and efficient allocation of rail track cannot be achieved. The vertical separation is a very significant issue in railway policy and freight transport policy in Japan. In the presentation, causes and possible solutions to the issue will be shown.
Shigeki is Associate Professor at the Department of Integrated Informatics, Daido University and part-time Lecturer in Transport Economics at Hosei University. He is a transport economist with a strong interest in transport policy. He is currently an academic visitor at Leeds University (April 2016-March 2017) working in the area of intermodal transport (with a focus on rail freight transport) and in turn track access charges. He has 20 years of experience in research and teaching.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
Presentation from NORTHMOST - a new biannual series of meetings on the topic of mathematical modelling in transport.
Hosted at its.leeds.ac.uk, NORTHMOST 01 focussed on academic research, to encourage networking and collaboration between academics interested in the methodological development of mathematical modelling applied to transport.
The focus of the meetings will alternate; NORTHMOST 02 - planned for Spring 2017 - will be led by practitioners who are modelling experts. Practitioners will give presentations, with academic researchers in the audience. In addition to giving a forum for expert practitioners to meet and share best practice, a key aim of the series is to close the gap between research and practice, establishing a feedback loop to communicate the needs of practitioners to those working in university research.
More from Institute for Transport Studies (ITS) (20)
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
The longevity of behaviour change - London 2012 Olympics
1. Institute for Transport Studies
Institute for Transport Studies
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT
The Longevity of Behaviour Change: A Case
Study of the London 2012 Olympic and
Paralympic Games
UTSG 2015
5th January 2015
Stephen Parkes
Atos (2012)Rex (2012)
2. Overview
• Background to the research
– Case study: the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics
– Four-wave longitudinal panel survey
– Application of a theoretical model - The Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
• Key findings discussed
– Substantial degree of behaviour change occurred
during the Games (54% made at least one change)
– Some changes were sustained post-Games but these
were limited in the longer-term
– Greater understanding of the underlying factors
affecting change in disruptive contexts, and the
distinctions between different types of change
Source: Transport for London
3. London 2012
• The Olympics – “The greatest show on Earth”
– ‘Major-event’ placing significant pressures on host city
– Up to 800,000 extra journeys on busiest day during London
2012 (Sumner, 2012)
• Great deal of planning to keep system moving
…but it can go wrong – Atlanta 1996
• Travel Demand Management was a key part of the London
preparations
− Behaviour change to complement
infrastructural improvements
Catchpole (2012)
Source: Transport for London
5. London 2012
• Overall performance reported as positive
• Increased pressure on system but it still coped well
– e.g. 28% increase in underground journeys on same time in 2011
(TfL, 2012, p.162)
• Examples of isolated disruptions but wider system not
compromised:
6. Panel Survey
• Collaboration between the Institute for Transport Studies and TfL
– TfL commissioned 3-wave panel survey (carried out by AECOM)
– Wave 4 survey conducted by ITS in partnership with TfL
• Examined commute, business travel and non-work journeys
before, during and after the Games
7. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
• Developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in the late 1970s
• Originated in the health behaviour field but has been used in the
study of travel behaviour – however it is used here in an
exploratory role
• Used to study behaviour at the individual level, focusing on the
psychological factors that can influence change
• Sees change as a process that an individual progresses through
as they make a change to behaviour
8. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
1. The stages of change
2. Processes of change
3. Self-efficacy
4. Decisional balance
Pre-
contemplation
Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
I am not
considering
changing the
way I normally
travel to work.
I am considering
changing the
way I normally
travel to work
but I am not in
aa position to
make this
change yet.
I am doing
things to
prepare myself
to change the
way I travel to
work.
I have tried
changing the
way I travel to
work once or
twice since the
beginning of this
year.
I have regularly
tried changing
the way I travel
to work since
the beginning of
this year.
9. The Transtheoretical Model (TTM)
(Adapted from Burkholder and Nigg, 2002; Nigg et al.,2011)
Pre-
contemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Helping
relationships
Social liberation
Social liberation
Self-re-
evaluation
Social liberation
Self-re-
evaluation
Self-liberation
Self-liberation
Stimulus control
Contingency
management
Counter-
conditioning
Helping
relationships
Helping
relationships
Social liberation
Self-efficacy at
lowest
Self-efficacy
increasing
Self-efficacy
increasing
Rapid increase
in self-efficacy
Self-efficacy
peaks
10. What happened during the Games?
• Significant amount of change to commute journeys
– 54% of people made at least one change to their commute
– 25% made more than one change
• More changes for those with a greater preparedness to change
11. Reducing and Re-timing Journeys
• Reducing (31%) or re-timing (25%) journeys most common
• Reducing more likely in those with less preparedness to change
12. Sustaining Changes Post-Games
Short-term (Wave 3):
• 6% of the sample sustained their changes after the Games
• Working from home (WFH) continued at the Games-time level
• Analysis of socio-demographics showed there were no statistical
differences between those who sustained and those who did not
Long-term (Wave 4):
• Levels of WFH have continued to be maintained
• Other changes have not generally been sustained (e.g. only a
very small proportion continuing to sustain changes in mode)
13. Value of the TTM
• The processes of change helped to highlight the apparent
distinctions between types of change
• Self-efficacy particularly important for changing modes
Processes of change Reduced Re-timed Re-moded Re-routed
Environmental Re-evaluation ***
Social Liberation ** *** *
Helping Relationships
Self Liberation *** *
Counter Conditioning * *
Stimulus Control *** *** * *
Contingency Management
Self-re-evaluation *** *** *
*Significant at < .05 **Significant at < .005 ***Significant at < .001
14. Two-step Cluster Analysis
• However, the TTM did not reflect people’s ability to adapt their
travel behaviour over a short-term period
• A two-step cluster analysis was conducted to explore
inconsistencies shown in the TTM
• 8 Processes of change and 7 self-efficacy items tested
• Produced four clusters that did not match to the theoretical
expectations of the TTM
16. Two-step Cluster Analysis
Clusters (%)
Type of
change
made
Easy Re-
moders
(n=173)
Able Inactive
(n=137)
Difficult
Adaptors
(n=149)
Reluctant
Changers
(n=231)
Any Change 72 65.2 63.4 61.3
Reduce 38.7 32.8 33.6 34.6
Re-mode 24.7 10.4 12 15.9
Re-route 21 17.2 21.8 21.5
Re-time 43.2 32.8 29.6 34.1
The degree of change amongst the clusters
17. Conclusions
• As a catalyst for change, the Games was highly effective but
these changes were not sustained in the long-term
– Many people in the sample showed a flexibility to adapt their behaviour in the
short-term
• The TTM provided some insights but the lack of fit of the data to
the model raises questions about its applicability to the transport
disruption context
• The clusters however showed the value of the processes of
change and self-efficacy constructs
• These may help to identify likelihood of people making a particular
change, and also emphasises the apparent distinctions between
the types of change
18. Acknowledgements
This research forms part of my PhD, which was supervised by Professor
Greg Marsden and Dr Ann Jopson.
I am grateful to Transport for London for their co-operation and support in
commissioning the panel survey, which was essential for this research. I
would also like to thank AECOM for their work on the panel survey.
The opinions expressed in this presentation are solely those of the
presenter and not necessarily those of Transport for London.
20. References
ATOS. 2012. Atos Olympic Games statue of the Olympic logo [Online]. This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Licence. Available: https://flic.kr/p/dnbPdf
[Accessed 11 September 2014].
CATCHPOLE, D. 2012. London 2012 Olympics - Road Signs [Online]. This work is licensed under the
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Licence. Available: https://flic.kr/p/cEZ1LA
[Accessed 28 August 2014].
NIGG, C. R., GELLER, M. S., MOTL, R. W., HORWATH, C. C., WERTIN, K. K. & DISHMAN, R. K. 2011. A
research agenda to examine the efficacy and relevance of the Transtheoretical Model for physical activity
behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 7-12.
REX, G. 2012. Olympic Park / Welcome [Online]. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Licence. Available: https://flic.kr/p/cHFuWm [Accessed 28 August
2014].
SUMNER, H. 2012. Briefing: Delivering London 2012: Meeting the transport challenge. Proceedings of the
Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport, 165, 237-239.
TFL. 2012. Travel in London – Report 5 [Online]. Available:
http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/corporate/travel-in-london-report-5.pdf [Accessed 13 May 2013].
URBAN TIMES. 2012. Travel Smart During the Sports [Online]. Available:
http://urbantimes.co/2012/02/travel-smart-during-the-sports/ [Accessed 02 August 2014].