The Indonesian ancestors began migrating to the Philippines around 5,000-6,000 years ago, influencing the development of Filipino languages. Early Filipino societies were composed of small coastal communities called barangays, each led by a Datu. These barangays traded with one another but owed allegiance to different leaders. Indonesian, Tagalog, and other Philippine languages share Austronesian roots and contributed many words to one another's vocabularies due to geographic proximity and cultural exchange.
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
This document provides an overview of dynamic positioning (DP) systems. It describes how DP began in the 1960s with the first DP vessel, the "Eureka", and is now used on over 1,000 vessels and platforms. The key components of a DP system are explained, including position reference systems, control systems, propulsion and thrusters. Common DP operations are also outlined such as diving, pipelay, drilling and tankering. DP allows vessels to maintain position and heading automatically through propeller thrust.
This document is a daily lesson log for a physical science teacher in the Philippines. It outlines the week's objectives, which are to teach students about the formation of elements in the Big Bang and stars. It details the learning resources, including textbooks. It provides a daily schedule for Monday through Friday, describing the planned activities and lessons. These include introducing concepts, discussing new skills, assessing learning, and providing additional support for students. The log also includes reflections on students' understanding and progress, and asks for input on how instructional supervisors can provide further assistance to help students learn.
PowerPoint to launch the project on the AZF explosion in Toulouse in 2001. This will be the case study that my students use in their IB Human Induced hazards section. Many of them were here and remember it so it is relevant Geography for them.
Chapter 15.1 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selectionkathy_lambert
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection based on observations from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He noticed that species on the Galapagos Islands were closely related but had adapted to their environments in slightly different ways. Darwin hypothesized that natural selection - the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits to offspring - could lead to the emergence of new species over many generations. The key principles of natural selection are that traits vary between individuals, traits are heritable, and some traits make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to a ship's transverse stability. It discusses heel and list, stability reference points like the metacenter, center of buoyancy, and center of gravity. It introduces the stability triangle and explains positive, neutral, and negative stability. Key terms are defined, such as displacement, draft, and the laws of buoyancy. Graphs demonstrate concepts like the righting arm curve and how stability changes with angle of heel. The roles of factors like GM, GZ, and the angle of loll in capsizing are also summarized.
biomolecules- senior high physical science.pptxZayraAtrero2
powerpoint presentation and teaching material for bio molecules of senior high school physical science, equip with topic aligned with curriculum guide and Most essential learning outcomes
The Indonesian ancestors began migrating to the Philippines around 5,000-6,000 years ago, influencing the development of Filipino languages. Early Filipino societies were composed of small coastal communities called barangays, each led by a Datu. These barangays traded with one another but owed allegiance to different leaders. Indonesian, Tagalog, and other Philippine languages share Austronesian roots and contributed many words to one another's vocabularies due to geographic proximity and cultural exchange.
The document discusses evidence that supports the continental drift theory proposed by Alfred Wegener. It describes an activity where students reconstruct the supercontinent Pangaea by fitting together continent landmass cutouts. The activity aims to showcase two key evidence: 1) the apparent fit of continents and 2) fossil correlations found across different continents. It also discusses two additional evidence put forth by Wegener: 3) past climate data like glacial striations found in present-day equatorial regions, and 4) correlations between mountain ranges and rock formations between separated continents.
This document provides an overview of dynamic positioning (DP) systems. It describes how DP began in the 1960s with the first DP vessel, the "Eureka", and is now used on over 1,000 vessels and platforms. The key components of a DP system are explained, including position reference systems, control systems, propulsion and thrusters. Common DP operations are also outlined such as diving, pipelay, drilling and tankering. DP allows vessels to maintain position and heading automatically through propeller thrust.
This document is a daily lesson log for a physical science teacher in the Philippines. It outlines the week's objectives, which are to teach students about the formation of elements in the Big Bang and stars. It details the learning resources, including textbooks. It provides a daily schedule for Monday through Friday, describing the planned activities and lessons. These include introducing concepts, discussing new skills, assessing learning, and providing additional support for students. The log also includes reflections on students' understanding and progress, and asks for input on how instructional supervisors can provide further assistance to help students learn.
PowerPoint to launch the project on the AZF explosion in Toulouse in 2001. This will be the case study that my students use in their IB Human Induced hazards section. Many of them were here and remember it so it is relevant Geography for them.
Chapter 15.1 Darwin's Theory of Natural Selectionkathy_lambert
Charles Darwin developed the theory of natural selection based on observations from his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He noticed that species on the Galapagos Islands were closely related but had adapted to their environments in slightly different ways. Darwin hypothesized that natural selection - the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and pass on their traits to offspring - could lead to the emergence of new species over many generations. The key principles of natural selection are that traits vary between individuals, traits are heritable, and some traits make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to a ship's transverse stability. It discusses heel and list, stability reference points like the metacenter, center of buoyancy, and center of gravity. It introduces the stability triangle and explains positive, neutral, and negative stability. Key terms are defined, such as displacement, draft, and the laws of buoyancy. Graphs demonstrate concepts like the righting arm curve and how stability changes with angle of heel. The roles of factors like GM, GZ, and the angle of loll in capsizing are also summarized.
biomolecules- senior high physical science.pptxZayraAtrero2
powerpoint presentation and teaching material for bio molecules of senior high school physical science, equip with topic aligned with curriculum guide and Most essential learning outcomes
Intervention Material in Science: Types of VolcanoesJohn Echon
This document appears to be an intervention material for teaching about the three main types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes. It includes descriptions of each type of volcano along with examples. There are also activity and assessment sections that ask students to classify volcanoes and illustrate similarities and differences between the three types in a Venn diagram. The overall goal seems to be helping students learn the distinguishing characteristics of cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreadingJaehadd Untalan
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
This document outlines a lesson plan about the components of the universe. It includes learning objectives about galaxies, stars, planets and their interactions. Students will research and present on a celestial body of their choice. They will also work in groups to create and present fictional cosmic objects from different components like galaxies, stars and planets. The lesson aims to help students understand how stars develop and form elements, how a star's size affects element burning, galaxy arrangements, and planet formation through hands-on activities and reflection.
This document discusses the different types of intermolecular forces and how they affect the properties of substances. It explains that ion-ion, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and London dispersion forces vary in strength from strongest to weakest. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher melting and boiling points, as well as properties like surface tension, viscosity, capillary action and cohesion. The document provides examples of how surface tension allows paper clips to float on water without sinking.
Here are the key steps to creating a successful terrarium:
1. Choose an appropriate container. Glass jars or tanks work well. The container should have a cover or lid.
2. Add a drainage layer. Use small gravel or aquarium rocks to allow excess water to drain.
3. Add the soil layer. Potting soil or a soil-less potting mix works best. Pack it down firmly.
4. Add plants suitable for low-light conditions. Moss, ferns, and small flowering plants often thrive.
5. Create variation in height and fullness. Mix tall plants in back with short plants in front.
6. Maintain the proper environment. Keep the soil
Cargo securing involves properly loading, handling, stowing, carrying, and discharging goods. Motions at sea can cause cargo to shift, so it must be secured against pitching, rolling, yawing, swaying, heaving, surging, and other ship movements. Common securing methods include lashing, anti-skid mats, structural alterations, filling, air bags, and following cargo securing manuals and guidelines.
Hist1 V1-1R The Nativist Uprising(Tamblot)Edu Ramos
1) Tamblot, a native babaylan (priest) of Bohol, led an uprising in 1622 to stop the spread of Christianity in his area and challenge the power of the Spanish priests.
2) Tamblot gained many followers who were unhappy with Spanish rule due to unreasonable taxes, forced labor, and food confiscations. He had over 2,000 followers from several villages.
3) The Spanish launched a military expedition led by Juan Alcarazo to defeat Tamblot. After several battles, Tamblot's forces were defeated and he either died in battle or was killed by others before the final attack. His death marked the end of the uprising in Bohol.
The document provides details on an offshore supply vessel including its name, IMO number, country of registration, gross tonnage, date delivered, vessel type, and normal operating region. It lists the vessel's various operational capabilities and includes information on its operator such as the operator's name, address, telephone, and email. The document is a report template for collecting vessel particulars and inspection details following an offshore vessel inspection.
This document provides an overview of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). It discusses the history and purpose of SOLAS, including that it was first adopted in 1914 in response to the Titanic disaster. It outlines the key chapters and requirements of SOLAS, including those relating to construction, fire protection, life-saving appliances, safety of navigation, and carriage of dangerous goods. Specifically for liquid petroleum gas carriers like the presenter's uncle's ship, it notes the regulations that must be followed are in Chapter VII Part C and comply with the International Gas Carrier Code.
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Homo Habilis were early hominins that lived approximately 2.5 million years ago in Tanzania. They had a brain size of around 510 cc and lived in simple shelters made of fallen trees or cliffs. Their tools were rudimentary, such as axes made from pointed rocks tied to sticks. Homo Habilis were opportunistic omnivores that ate plants, fruits, eggs, meat, and scavenged carcasses. They lived in groups and had basic cultures with no developed music, religion, or other entertainment.
The processes that shape the Earth's surface from forces above and at the surface are called exogenetic processes. These include processes of degradation that destroy material and processes of aggradation that build up material. Processes of degradation are weathering, mass movement, erosion, and transportation. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes. Physical weathering is caused by factors like temperature changes, frost action, and plants and animals. Chemical weathering results from reactions with substances like water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. These exogenetic processes gradually wear down and alter the Earth's surface over time.
Module 11 work, energy, power and machinesdionesioable
This module discusses work, energy, power, and machines. It contains three lessons that define work, explore the concepts of kinetic and potential energy, and examine how machines can help do work by multiplying force. The module objectives are to understand scientific definitions of work and energy, calculate work, kinetic energy, and potential energy, and analyze the mechanical advantages and efficiencies of simple machines. Learning activities include demonstrations of work, energy, and machines to reinforce the concepts.
This document discusses renewable and nonrenewable resources. It defines nonrenewable resources as natural resources that cannot be remade or regrown at the rate they are being consumed, such as coal, oil, gas and nuclear materials. Renewable resources are those that can regenerate within a short period of time, including solar, wind, water and geothermal energy. The document provides examples of different renewable energy sources and how they are sustainable. It emphasizes the importance of sustainably using Earth's resources and encourages students to consider ways to protect resources in their locality.
Weighted residual methods are used to solve differential equations numerically. They involve approximating the solution over the domain as a linear combination of basis functions. This creates a residual error that is minimized in an integral sense by choosing the coefficients to satisfy orthogonal conditions. Common weighted residual methods include Galerkin's method and point collocation. The weak form is preferred over the strong form as it requires less continuity from the test and trial functions.
Rock layers are formed through sedimentary processes over long periods of time. Stratified rocks are formed from sediments laid down in layers, and their formation depends on stratigraphy and stratification. There are several laws of stratigraphy that help geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers based on principles like original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions and unconformities. Geologists use physical features of the rock layers as well as index fossils to correlate and match rock layers across different regions in order to reconstruct Earth's history.
1. The document provides 10 multiple choice questions about matter, its properties, and changes of state.
2. It then provides information about physical and chemical properties, the structure of matter, and the historical development of atomic theory from Democritus to Dalton.
3. The final questions ask about examples of physical and chemical changes, and properties of matter like mass, volume, and atoms.
Benham rise – the rising star of philippine resources Fernando Penarroyo
The inclusion of the previously unexplored Benham Rise into Philippine waters has stirred public interest as to the resources potential of this jurisdictional region.
The document is a daily lesson log from a teacher that summarizes a psychosocial support activity conducted with students. The activity, called "Bag of Feelings", aimed to develop students' self-awareness and empathy by having them write down and share their feelings anonymously with their classmates. Students then discussed how sharing their problems made them feel and how hearing their classmates' problems made them feel. They also discussed how they can support each other knowing what others are going through. The teacher reflected that all students participated and the activity seemed to help foster understanding and support among classmates.
Intervention Material in Science: Types of VolcanoesJohn Echon
This document appears to be an intervention material for teaching about the three main types of volcanoes: cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes. It includes descriptions of each type of volcano along with examples. There are also activity and assessment sections that ask students to classify volcanoes and illustrate similarities and differences between the three types in a Venn diagram. The overall goal seems to be helping students learn the distinguishing characteristics of cinder cones, composite volcanoes, and shield volcanoes.
Continental drift theory and seafloor spreadingJaehadd Untalan
The document discusses continental drift theory and seafloor spreading. Continental drift theory states that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. Evidence for this includes matching fossil and rock formations, as well as coal deposits. Seafloor spreading theory developed by Harry Hess and Robert Dietz proposes that new ocean crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges as the continents separate. Evidence includes the age of ocean rocks decreasing with distance from ridges and magnetic reversals in ocean crust.
This document outlines a lesson plan about the components of the universe. It includes learning objectives about galaxies, stars, planets and their interactions. Students will research and present on a celestial body of their choice. They will also work in groups to create and present fictional cosmic objects from different components like galaxies, stars and planets. The lesson aims to help students understand how stars develop and form elements, how a star's size affects element burning, galaxy arrangements, and planet formation through hands-on activities and reflection.
This document discusses the different types of intermolecular forces and how they affect the properties of substances. It explains that ion-ion, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole, and London dispersion forces vary in strength from strongest to weakest. Stronger intermolecular forces result in higher melting and boiling points, as well as properties like surface tension, viscosity, capillary action and cohesion. The document provides examples of how surface tension allows paper clips to float on water without sinking.
Here are the key steps to creating a successful terrarium:
1. Choose an appropriate container. Glass jars or tanks work well. The container should have a cover or lid.
2. Add a drainage layer. Use small gravel or aquarium rocks to allow excess water to drain.
3. Add the soil layer. Potting soil or a soil-less potting mix works best. Pack it down firmly.
4. Add plants suitable for low-light conditions. Moss, ferns, and small flowering plants often thrive.
5. Create variation in height and fullness. Mix tall plants in back with short plants in front.
6. Maintain the proper environment. Keep the soil
Cargo securing involves properly loading, handling, stowing, carrying, and discharging goods. Motions at sea can cause cargo to shift, so it must be secured against pitching, rolling, yawing, swaying, heaving, surging, and other ship movements. Common securing methods include lashing, anti-skid mats, structural alterations, filling, air bags, and following cargo securing manuals and guidelines.
Hist1 V1-1R The Nativist Uprising(Tamblot)Edu Ramos
1) Tamblot, a native babaylan (priest) of Bohol, led an uprising in 1622 to stop the spread of Christianity in his area and challenge the power of the Spanish priests.
2) Tamblot gained many followers who were unhappy with Spanish rule due to unreasonable taxes, forced labor, and food confiscations. He had over 2,000 followers from several villages.
3) The Spanish launched a military expedition led by Juan Alcarazo to defeat Tamblot. After several battles, Tamblot's forces were defeated and he either died in battle or was killed by others before the final attack. His death marked the end of the uprising in Bohol.
The document provides details on an offshore supply vessel including its name, IMO number, country of registration, gross tonnage, date delivered, vessel type, and normal operating region. It lists the vessel's various operational capabilities and includes information on its operator such as the operator's name, address, telephone, and email. The document is a report template for collecting vessel particulars and inspection details following an offshore vessel inspection.
This document provides an overview of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS). It discusses the history and purpose of SOLAS, including that it was first adopted in 1914 in response to the Titanic disaster. It outlines the key chapters and requirements of SOLAS, including those relating to construction, fire protection, life-saving appliances, safety of navigation, and carriage of dangerous goods. Specifically for liquid petroleum gas carriers like the presenter's uncle's ship, it notes the regulations that must be followed are in Chapter VII Part C and comply with the International Gas Carrier Code.
Continental drift is the slow movement of continents across the Earth's surface due to tectonic plate motions. Evidence for continental drift includes: the matching coastlines of separated continents; matching fossil, rock, and glacial deposits in separated areas; and paleomagnetic data showing continents were once joined. Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1915, though it was not widely accepted until the 1960s when seafloor spreading was discovered, providing evidence of plate tectonics and explaining the driving force behind continental drift.
Homo Habilis were early hominins that lived approximately 2.5 million years ago in Tanzania. They had a brain size of around 510 cc and lived in simple shelters made of fallen trees or cliffs. Their tools were rudimentary, such as axes made from pointed rocks tied to sticks. Homo Habilis were opportunistic omnivores that ate plants, fruits, eggs, meat, and scavenged carcasses. They lived in groups and had basic cultures with no developed music, religion, or other entertainment.
The processes that shape the Earth's surface from forces above and at the surface are called exogenetic processes. These include processes of degradation that destroy material and processes of aggradation that build up material. Processes of degradation are weathering, mass movement, erosion, and transportation. Weathering breaks down rocks through physical and chemical processes. Physical weathering is caused by factors like temperature changes, frost action, and plants and animals. Chemical weathering results from reactions with substances like water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen. These exogenetic processes gradually wear down and alter the Earth's surface over time.
Module 11 work, energy, power and machinesdionesioable
This module discusses work, energy, power, and machines. It contains three lessons that define work, explore the concepts of kinetic and potential energy, and examine how machines can help do work by multiplying force. The module objectives are to understand scientific definitions of work and energy, calculate work, kinetic energy, and potential energy, and analyze the mechanical advantages and efficiencies of simple machines. Learning activities include demonstrations of work, energy, and machines to reinforce the concepts.
This document discusses renewable and nonrenewable resources. It defines nonrenewable resources as natural resources that cannot be remade or regrown at the rate they are being consumed, such as coal, oil, gas and nuclear materials. Renewable resources are those that can regenerate within a short period of time, including solar, wind, water and geothermal energy. The document provides examples of different renewable energy sources and how they are sustainable. It emphasizes the importance of sustainably using Earth's resources and encourages students to consider ways to protect resources in their locality.
Weighted residual methods are used to solve differential equations numerically. They involve approximating the solution over the domain as a linear combination of basis functions. This creates a residual error that is minimized in an integral sense by choosing the coefficients to satisfy orthogonal conditions. Common weighted residual methods include Galerkin's method and point collocation. The weak form is preferred over the strong form as it requires less continuity from the test and trial functions.
Rock layers are formed through sedimentary processes over long periods of time. Stratified rocks are formed from sediments laid down in layers, and their formation depends on stratigraphy and stratification. There are several laws of stratigraphy that help geologists determine the relative ages of rock layers based on principles like original horizontality, superposition, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions and unconformities. Geologists use physical features of the rock layers as well as index fossils to correlate and match rock layers across different regions in order to reconstruct Earth's history.
1. The document provides 10 multiple choice questions about matter, its properties, and changes of state.
2. It then provides information about physical and chemical properties, the structure of matter, and the historical development of atomic theory from Democritus to Dalton.
3. The final questions ask about examples of physical and chemical changes, and properties of matter like mass, volume, and atoms.
Benham rise – the rising star of philippine resources Fernando Penarroyo
The inclusion of the previously unexplored Benham Rise into Philippine waters has stirred public interest as to the resources potential of this jurisdictional region.
The document is a daily lesson log from a teacher that summarizes a psychosocial support activity conducted with students. The activity, called "Bag of Feelings", aimed to develop students' self-awareness and empathy by having them write down and share their feelings anonymously with their classmates. Students then discussed how sharing their problems made them feel and how hearing their classmates' problems made them feel. They also discussed how they can support each other knowing what others are going through. The teacher reflected that all students participated and the activity seemed to help foster understanding and support among classmates.
2. Χωρητικότητα πλοίου
Η χωρητικότητα (tonnage, capacity) αφορά τον όγκο των εσωτερικών χώρων του πλοίου.
Εκφράζει τις πραγματικές διαστάσεις του πλοίου και περιλαμβάνεται απαραίτητα στη νηολόγηση
και σε όλα τα πιστοποιητικά του.
Συνήθως μετράται σε κόρους (gross tons) που αντιστοιχούν σε 100 κυβικά πόδια (2,83 m3
),
αυθαίρετη μονάδα μέτρησης που χρησιμοποιήθηκε αρχικά στο σύστημα Moorson και εφαρμόζεται
μέχρι και σήμερα, με μερικές παραλλαγές, από τα περισσότερα κράτη, στις μετρήσεις των πλοίων.
Διακρίνεται σε ολική, καθαρή (συνολική μεταφορική ικανότητα σε όγκο) και σε φορτίου (συνολική
μεταφορική ικανότητα φορτίου σε βάρος).
Σε κάθε πλοίο κατά τη διάρκεια της ναυπήγησής του γίνονται υποχρεωτικά (δια νόμου) μετρήσεις
για τον καθορισμό της χωρητικότητας ή του λεγόμενου τονάζ, με βάση τα οποία υπολογίζεται η
καταβολή των διαφόρων εξόδων και τελών (δεξαμενών, λιμένων, διέλευσης διωρύγων. κλπ.)
Το χρησιμοποιούμενο σήμερα διεθνώς μετρικό σύστημα χωρητικότητας καθορίστηκε με την
Πράξη Εμπορικής Ναυτιλίας του 1854 (Merchant Shipping Act of 1854). Λεπτομέρειες για τους
κανονισμούς που ρυθμίζουν τον τρόπο μέτρησης της χωρητικότητας, τους εξαιρουμένους χώρους
καθώς και για τις διορθώσεις με τις οποίες υπολογίζεται η καθαρά χωρητικότητα παρέχονται σε
φυλλάδιο του Βασιλικού Βρετανικού Ναυαρχείου υπό το τίτλο "Οδηγίες για τη μέτρηση
χωρητικότητας πλοίων". Στην Ελλάδα ακολουθείται ειδικός μεταφρασμένος οδηγός της Ε.Ε.Π., του
ΥΕΝ, με τον οποίο έχουν εφοδιασθεί όλες οι Λιμενικές Αρχές, για τη πληρέστερη άσκηση των
σχετικών καθηκόντων τους..
Λόγω των διαφορών στις λεπτομέρειες ναυπήγησης, η χωρητικότητα δεν μπορεί από μόνη της να
αποτελέσει ασφαλές μέτρο σύγκρισης μεγέθους εμπορικών πλοίων. Η καθαρή χωρητικότητα, και
πολλές φορές και η ολική χωρητικότητα οδηγούν σε παραπλανητικά συμπεράσματα για το μέγεθος
του πλοίου, παρόλο που η δεύτερη δίνει σαφέστερη εικόνα του όγκου του πλοίου.
3. Είδη χωρητικότητας πλοίου
Η ολική χωρητικότητα (gross register tonnage) είναι ο συνολικός εσωτερικός όγκος σε κόρους
(Κ.Ο.Χ.) όλων των μόνιμα σκεπαστών και κλειστών χώρων του πλοίου που βρίσκονται είτε κάτω
από το ανώτατο κατάστρωμα είτε πάνω από αυτό, οι οποίοι διατίθενται για φορτίο, εφόδια πλοίου
και ενδιαίτηση πληρώματος - επιβατών,, εξ ού και η ονομασία χωρητικότητα νηολογίου (registered
tonnage). Συνήθως προβάλλεται ως μέγεθος εντυπωσιασμού αλλά και διαφήμισης περισσότερο
για τα φορτηγά πλοία καθώς και για τα πολεμικά.
Η καθαρή χωρητικότητα (net register tonnage) είναι ο συνολικός όγκος σε κόρους (Κ.Κ.Χ.) που
μένει αν από την ολική χωρητικότητα αφαιρεθεί ο όγκος ορισμένων χώρων του πλοίου (σύμφωνα
με ισχύουσες διατάξεις) που δεν προσφέρονται προς εκμετάλλευση για την μεταφορά επιβατών ή
φορτίου (πχ οι χώροι μηχανοστασίου, δεξαμενών και αποθηκών εφοδίων, οι χώροι ενδιαίτησης
πληρώματος η γέφυρα κλπ). Προσεγγιστικά το συνολικό φορτίο που μπορεί να μεταφέρει ένα
πλοίο είναι το γινόμενο καθαρή χωρητικότητα x 2,5. Χρησιμοποιείται για τον υπολογισμό των
τελών διέλευσης (διάπλου) διαύλων, διωρύγων, ισθμών καθώς και τα τέλη παραμονής σε λιμένες
(σταλίες). Ενδιαφέρει περισσότερο την εμπορική πλευρά και λαμβάνεται υπόψη στη διάκριση των
πλοίων από τα πλωτά ναυπηγήματα.
Η χωρητικότητα εκτοπίσματος (dead weight tonnage - dwt) είναι διαφορετική από τις παραπάνω
και υπολογίζεται σε τόνους "νεκρού βάρους" των 2.240 λιβρών. Προσδιορίζει το μέγιστο συνολικό
βάρος που μπορεί να μεταφέρει ασφαλώς το πλοίο (φορτίο, εφόδια κ.ά.), εφ' όσον διατηρεί το
βύθισμα (γραμμή φόρτωσης) που προβλέπεται από τους ισχύοντες κανονισμούς. Αν από το
συνολικό αυτό βάρος αφαιρεθεί το βάρος καυσίμων, εφοδίων (ύδατος, τροφίμων, κλπ) και έρματος
προκύπτει το πραγματικό βάρος που μένει για το φορτίο δηλ. η πραγματική σε φορτίο μεταφορική
ικανότητα του πλοίου, που ονομάζεται χωρητικότητα φορτίου (loading or carrying capacity).
Η χωρητικότητα φορτίου σε κυβικά πόδια (cubic capacity) αφορά κυρίως χύδην (χύμα) φορτία
και υπολογίζεται ανά τύπο χύδην φορτίου ή φορτίου σε δέματα (bale capacity). Αυτές οι
χωρητικότητες αποτελούν και την κατά περίπτωση ναυλώσιμη χωρητικότητα (freight tonnage).
4. Η χωρητικότητα Παναμά (Panama canal tonnage - PST) χρησιμοποιείται για τον υπολογισμό
των τελών (δικαιώματος) διέλευσης από την συγκεκριμένη διώρυγα.
Η χωρητικότητα Σουέζ (Suez canal tonnage - SCT) χρησιμοποιείται για τον υπολογισμό των
τελών (δικαιώματος) διέλευσης από την συγκεκριμένη διώρυγα.
Η συνολική χωρητικότητα χώρας είναι το άθροισμα της ολικής χωρητικότητας όλων των
πλοίων που φέρουν την σημαία της και χρησιμοποιείται από φορείς όπως η Ε.Ε., οι
Νηογνώμονες κ.ά. περισσότερο για στατιστικές αναλύσεις.
Αριστερή/Δεξιά πλευρά του πλοίου (Port/Starboard Side)
Αριστερή πλευρά σε ένα πλοίο, ανεξάρτητα της θέσης και του προσανατολισμού μας πάνω σε
αυτό, είναι αυτή που βρίσκεται αριστερά ενός παρατηρητή που βρίσκεται στην πρύμνη και
κοιτάει προς την πλώρη του πλοίου.
Ο όρος port side προέρχεται από τον Μεσαίωνα, όπου τα πλοία έδεναν πάντα με την αριστερά
πλευρά τους στο λιμάνι, γιατί στην δεξιά πλευρά έφεραν το μοναδικό τους πηδάλιο. Ο όρος
starboard είναι παραφθορά του όρου steer board (πλευρά πηδαλίου).
Σχετικά μεγέθη ενός συνήθους σύγχρονου φορτηγού πλοίου:
• Καθαρή χωρητικότητα (net tonnage) 4,000 κόροι
• Ολική χωρητικότητα (gross tonnage) 6,000 κόροι
• Νεκρό βάρος (deadweight carrying capacity) 10,000 ton
• Μέγιστο εκτόπισμα (displacement, loaded), ≈13,350 ton
8. Το μεγαλύτερο κρουαζιερόπλοιο: κλάσης Oasis, μήκους 360 m
Εχουν ναυπηγηθεί τρία κρουαζιερόπλοια κλάσης Oasis, τα οποία διαχειρίζεται η
εταιρεία Royal Caribbean. Το πρώτο της σειράς ήταν το Oasis of the Seas. Τα
πλοία αυτά μπορούν να δεχθούν πάνω από 5.400 επιβάτες και το πλήρωμά τους
φθάνει τα 2.400 άτομα!
12. Το μεγαλύτερο υπερωκεάνιο: Queen Mary 2, μήκους 345 m
Ανήκει στην εταιρεία Cunard Line και τέθηκε σε υπηρεσία τον Ιανουάριο του 2004. Μπορεί να
μεταφέρει πάνω από 2.600 επιβάτες και εξυπηρετεί κυρίως την γραμμή Southampton - New York
Χρησιμοποιείται ενίοτε και σε κρουαζιέρες.
17. Το μεγαλύτερο υπερδεξαμενόπλοιο: Seawise Giant, μήκους 458,5 m
Το Seawise Giant ήταν το μεγαλύτερο δεξαμενόπλοιο (oil tanker) που έχει ναυπηγηθεί, κατηγορίας
ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier) αλλά και το μεγαλύτερο πλοίο γενικώς. Κατά την ενεργό
υπηρεσία του ήταν γνωστό και ως Happy Giant, Jahre Viking, Knock Nevis, Oppama, και τελικά
Mont, (αλλαγές ονομασίας). Βυθίστηκε κατά τον Ιρανο-Ιρακινό πόλεμο το 1991, αλλά ανασύρθηκε και
αποκαταστάθηκε. Διαλύθηκε στο Alang στο Gujarat της Ινδίας το 2009 ως Mont.
18.
19.
20. Knock Nevis
To Knock Nevis ήταν τόσο μεγάλο (βύθισμα 24,6 m) που δεν μπορούσε να
διέλθει από την Μάγχη, και τις διώρυγες του Σουέζ και του Παναμά. Στο
τέλος της σταδιοδρομίας του χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως πλωτή δεξαμενή
(floating storage and offloading unit, FSO) αγκυροβολημένη στα ανοικτά
του Κατάρ στην πετρελαιοφόρο ζώνη Al Shaheen.
24. Το super tanker Hellespont Alhambra (και πρόσφατα TI Asia), με εκτόπισμα 441.585 t
DWT, παραμένει το μεγαλύτερο του κόσμου μετά την διάλυση του Knock Nevis
25. Η μεγαλύτερη θαλαμηγός: Azzam, 180 m
The Azzam ναυπηγήθηκε το 2013 και ανήκει στον ηγέτη των Ηνωμένων Αραβικών Εμιράτων
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. Λέγεται ότι κόστισε περί τα $600 εκατ. Φέρει mini υποβρύχιο και
συστοιχία αμυντικών πυραύλων.
30. Το μεγαλύτερο ιστιοφόρο γιώτ: "A", μήκους 142,8 m
Το ιστιοφόρο γιώτ "A" ναυπηγείται στην Γερμανία για λογαριασμό του Ρώσου μεγιστάνα Andrei
Melnichenko. Φέρει ιστούς ύψους 90 m και ένα μοναδικό υποβρύχιο παρατηρητήριο. Είναι το
μεγαλύτερο ιστιοφόρο γιώτ που έχει ποτέ κατασκευαστεί.
Εκτόπισμα: 12.700 ton
Μήκος 142,81 m
Πλάτος 24,88 m
Υψος ≈100 m
Βύθισμα: ≈ 8 m
Καταστρώματα 8
Μηχανές Ντηζελοηλεκτρικό ζεύγος
Πρόωση: Δίδυμοι αζιμουθιακοί
προωστήρες
Επιφάνεια
ιστίων
3,747 m2 επί τριών
καταρτιών
Ταχύτητα πλεύσης 16 kt, max 21 kt
Άυτονομία 5,320 ναυτικά μίλια
Πλήρωμα 54
33. Ιστιοφόρο γιώτ A
Τα κατάρτια του έχουν την δυνατότητα παραλαβής καμπτικού φορτίου 40.000 kN (4.000
ton), υπερδιπλάσιο από ότι η πτέρυγα του αεροσκάφους Boeing Dreamliner.
34. Το μεγαλύτερο γερανοφόρο πλοίο (Crane Ship):
Pioneering Spirit, μήκους 477 m
To Pioneering Spirit ναυπηγήθηκε το 2013 και χρησιμοποιείται για την εγκατάσταση και
αποξήλωση εξεδρών άντλησης πετρελαίου καθώς και για την πόντιση υποβρυχίων σωληνώσεων.
Είναι το πλατύτερο και βαρύτερο πλοίο που έχει ποτέ ναυπηγηθεί, όπως και το μεγαλύτερο πλοίο
διπλής καρίνας. Το κόστος του ανήλθε σε 2,4 δις €. Η πλοιοκτήτρια Allseas προγραμματίζει ένα
ακόμη μεγαλύτερο σκάφος της κατηγορίας αυτής για το 2020.
38. Το μεγαλύτερο πλοίο χύδην φορτίου (Bulk Carrier):
κλάσης Valemax, μήκους 362 m
Υπάρχουν 35 πλοία χύδην φορτίου που μοιράζονται το ρεκόρ μεγέθους της κατηγορίας. Οι αρχικές
ναυπηγήσεις έγιναν για λογαριασμό της Βραζιλιανής μεταλλευτικής εταιρείας Vale S.A. για την
μεταφορά σιδηρομεταλλεύματος στα Ευρωπαϊκά και Ασιατικά λιμάνια.
45. Το μεγαλύτερο πολεμικό πλοίο: USS Enterprise, μήκους 342 m
Αν και σήμερα βρίσκεται εκτός υπηρεσίας το αεροπλανοφόρο USS Enterprise υπήρξε το
μεγαλύτερο πολεμικό πλοίο που έχει ποτέ ναυπηγηθεί. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε επί 50 έτη (1962-2012)
σε πληθώρα αποστολών (πόλεμος του Βιετνάμ, σύρραξη Κοσόβου την δεκαετία του 1990 για την
εφαρμογή ζώνης απαγόρευσης πτήσεων κλπ).
49. Το μεγαλύτερο ιστιοφόρο: SS Great Eastern, μήκους 211 m
Το SS Great Eastern ήταν ένα μεταλλικό ιστιοφόρο ατμόπλοιο το οποίο καθελκύσθηκε
το 1858. Σχεδιάσθηκε από τον Isambard Kingdom Brunel και κατασκευάσθηκε στο
ναυπηγείο J. Scott Russell & Co, στο Millwall του Λονδίνου. Την εποχή εκείνη ήταν
μακράν το μεγαλύτερο πλοίο του κόσμου, μήκους 211 m, χωρητικότητας 4.000
επιβατών και με αυτονομία αρκετή την διαδρομή από την Αγγλία στην Αυστραλία χωρίς
ενδιάμεσο ανεφοδιασμό.
50. Το Great Eastern στο Hearts Content το 1866
Κατά τον παρθενικό του πλου το 1859 το πλοίο υπέστη σοβαρές ζημιές από έκρηξη.
Επισκευάσθηκε και για μερικά χρόνια δρομολογήθηκε στην γραμμή Λονδίνο - Νέα Υόρκη.
Αργότερα διασκευάσθηκε σε πλοίο πόντισης υποβρυχίων καλωδίων και χρησιμοποιήθηκε
για την πόντιση του πρώτου ανθεκτικού υπερατλαντικού τηλεγραφικού καλωδίου το 1866.
Το πλοίο έκλεισε τον κύκλο του ως πλωτή αίθουσα συναυλιών στο Λίβερπουλ και τελικά
διαλύθηκε το 1889.
52. Το Great Eastern αγκυροβολημένο στο Milford Haven περί το 1870
Το ρεκόρ μήκους των 211 m το διατήρησε μέχρι το 1899, οπότε περιήλθε στο μήκους
215 m RMS Oceanic, ενώ το ρεκόρ χωρητικότητας των 18.915 κόρων του το απέσπασε το
1901 το χωρητικότητας 21.035 κόρων RMS Celtic. Διέθετε 5 φουγάρα, τα περισσότερα της
εποχής του (μαζί με το Ρωσικό καταδρομικό Askold). Αργότερα, στην προ των θωρηκτών
εποχή (dreadnought) υπήρξαν και πλοία με έξι φουγάρα, όπως το Βρετανικό HMS Viking και
μερικά Γαλλικά καταδρομικά.
53. Το μεγαλύτερο πλοίο μεταφοράς containers: κλάσης MSC, μήκους 394,4 m
Το μέγεθος ενός πλοίου μεταφοράς εμπορευματοκιβωτίων προσδιορίζεται με βάση τον αριθμό
τυποποιημένων containers των 20 ποδών που μπορεί να μεταφέρει.
1 TEU: twenty-foot equivalent unit = 20 ft (6,1 m) x 8 ft (2,44 m) x 8 ft 6 in (2,59 m),
V = 38,5 m3
.
Υπάρχουν 3 πλοία κλάσης MSC, χωρητικότητας 19.224 TEU, που ανήκουν στην ναυτιλιακή
εταιρεία MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company).
54.
55. MSC
Oscar
• Ιδιοκτήτης: Mediterranean Shipping Company
• Διαχειριστής: Mediterranean Shipping Company
• Νηολόγιο: Panama
• Ναυπήγηση: Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME)
• Κόστος: US$ 140 εκατ.
• Παράδοση: 2015
• Τύπος: πλοίο εμπορευματοκιβωτίων (Container ship)
• Εκτόπισμα:197.362 DWT
• Μήκος: 395,4 m
• Max πλάτος: 59 m (στο κατάστρωμα)
• Βύθισμα:16 m
• Κινητήρας: MAN B&W 11S90ME-C δίχρονος ντηζελοκινητήρας ισχύος 62,5 MW
(83,800 hp)
• Πρόωση: πενταπτέρυγη έλικα με μήκος πτερυγίων 10,5 m
• Ταχύτητα: 22.8 kn (42.2 km/h; 26.2 mph)
• Χωρητικότητα:19,224 TEU
• Πλήρωμα: max 35