The concept of rule of law is that the state is governed by the law, not by any particular government. This paper displays the present condition of the rule of law in curriculum and students’ intention in getting a course or a training program on the rule of law in their curriculum. In this study, 23 in-depth interviews with different university going students of different disciplines—science, social science, medical and engineering, 2 key-informant interviews, and 3 focus group discussions (FGDs), along with intensive studies from various secondary sources, were conducted.
A Brief Assessment of Rule of Law and Human Rights under the Constitution of ...dbpublications
The philosophy of Rule of Law stated that no one above the law, all are equal before law and fundamental rights of the citizens must be protected. Rule of Law, the fundamental constitutional principle, introduced in 17th centuries and got popularity in 19th century by a great scholar A.V Dicey. This article looked into a brief assessment of Rule of Law and fundamental rights under the constitution of Pakistan. This study based on qualitative and quantitative research, and it first described what the Rule of Law is? Its main features, relationship between Rule of Law and Human Rights, and then a comparative analysis of Rule of Law and Human Rights in Pakistan and other countries of the world by referring World Justice Project, Rule of Law Assessment 2015.
The document discusses the rule of law in Nigeria under both military and democratic governments. It makes the following key points:
1) Both military and democratic governments in Nigeria have often violated the rule of law through carelessness and recklessness.
2) Successive military administrations routinely suspended parts of the constitution, abused human rights, dismissed democratic institutions through decrees, and restricted the courts' jurisdiction.
3) While the judiciary struggled to maintain its independence, the military asserted its power over the courts through decrees like the Federal Military Government Supremacy Decree of 1970.
4) Democratic governments in Nigeria have also not adhered to the principles of rule of law any better than the military
This document provides an introduction to the subject of jurisprudence. It defines jurisprudence as the study of general theoretical questions about the nature of law and legal systems. It discusses what jurisprudence is, who should study it, and why it is important to study. Specifically, it notes that jurisprudence involves examining questions about the relationship between law, morality, and justice. Studying jurisprudence helps students better understand law, its underlying ideas and impacts. The document also outlines different philosophical perspectives in jurisprudence like naturalism and positivism. It emphasizes that jurisprudence considers abstract and theoretical legal questions in various contexts.
This document discusses the challenges of implementing Islamic law (sharia) in a democratic system in Indonesia. It outlines two approaches: 1) adapting sharia to fit modern democratic principles of equality, citizenship and human rights, and 2) keeping traditional, unchanged sharia and forcing its application in modern systems. The second approach risks endangering democratic principles like freedom of expression and belief and could discriminate against women and non-Muslims. While religious regulations aim to gain political support, they often prioritize issues like dress codes over more pressing problems. Overall, balancing sharia with democracy will be an ongoing learning process for Indonesia.
LLB LAW NOTES ON JURISPRUDENCE LEGAL THEORY
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
This document discusses human rights, rule of law, and governance in Nigeria. It notes that while Nigeria's constitution aims to protect human rights, in practice governance has been hindered by dysfunctional relationships between branches of government that erode judicial autonomy and rule of law. Military regimes have also damaged governance. As a result, Nigeria has consistently witnessed abuse of human rights and lacked fundamental protections for its citizens, despite being a signatory to international agreements on human rights.
This document provides an overview of comparative constitutional law methodology. It discusses key concepts like constitutionalism, levels of comparison, and the importance of theoretical frameworks. The author argues that comparative analysis requires understanding both the causal forces that influence legal systems as well as the motivations and agendas of political elites. Effective comparison examines a legal system's history, culture, economics and politics.
LLB LAW NOTES ON JURISPRUDENCE
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
A Brief Assessment of Rule of Law and Human Rights under the Constitution of ...dbpublications
The philosophy of Rule of Law stated that no one above the law, all are equal before law and fundamental rights of the citizens must be protected. Rule of Law, the fundamental constitutional principle, introduced in 17th centuries and got popularity in 19th century by a great scholar A.V Dicey. This article looked into a brief assessment of Rule of Law and fundamental rights under the constitution of Pakistan. This study based on qualitative and quantitative research, and it first described what the Rule of Law is? Its main features, relationship between Rule of Law and Human Rights, and then a comparative analysis of Rule of Law and Human Rights in Pakistan and other countries of the world by referring World Justice Project, Rule of Law Assessment 2015.
The document discusses the rule of law in Nigeria under both military and democratic governments. It makes the following key points:
1) Both military and democratic governments in Nigeria have often violated the rule of law through carelessness and recklessness.
2) Successive military administrations routinely suspended parts of the constitution, abused human rights, dismissed democratic institutions through decrees, and restricted the courts' jurisdiction.
3) While the judiciary struggled to maintain its independence, the military asserted its power over the courts through decrees like the Federal Military Government Supremacy Decree of 1970.
4) Democratic governments in Nigeria have also not adhered to the principles of rule of law any better than the military
This document provides an introduction to the subject of jurisprudence. It defines jurisprudence as the study of general theoretical questions about the nature of law and legal systems. It discusses what jurisprudence is, who should study it, and why it is important to study. Specifically, it notes that jurisprudence involves examining questions about the relationship between law, morality, and justice. Studying jurisprudence helps students better understand law, its underlying ideas and impacts. The document also outlines different philosophical perspectives in jurisprudence like naturalism and positivism. It emphasizes that jurisprudence considers abstract and theoretical legal questions in various contexts.
This document discusses the challenges of implementing Islamic law (sharia) in a democratic system in Indonesia. It outlines two approaches: 1) adapting sharia to fit modern democratic principles of equality, citizenship and human rights, and 2) keeping traditional, unchanged sharia and forcing its application in modern systems. The second approach risks endangering democratic principles like freedom of expression and belief and could discriminate against women and non-Muslims. While religious regulations aim to gain political support, they often prioritize issues like dress codes over more pressing problems. Overall, balancing sharia with democracy will be an ongoing learning process for Indonesia.
LLB LAW NOTES ON JURISPRUDENCE LEGAL THEORY
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
This document discusses human rights, rule of law, and governance in Nigeria. It notes that while Nigeria's constitution aims to protect human rights, in practice governance has been hindered by dysfunctional relationships between branches of government that erode judicial autonomy and rule of law. Military regimes have also damaged governance. As a result, Nigeria has consistently witnessed abuse of human rights and lacked fundamental protections for its citizens, despite being a signatory to international agreements on human rights.
This document provides an overview of comparative constitutional law methodology. It discusses key concepts like constitutionalism, levels of comparison, and the importance of theoretical frameworks. The author argues that comparative analysis requires understanding both the causal forces that influence legal systems as well as the motivations and agendas of political elites. Effective comparison examines a legal system's history, culture, economics and politics.
LLB LAW NOTES ON JURISPRUDENCE
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
Argument in Speluncean Explorers case
Functions of Law
Law and Morality (Hart, Devlin and Mill)
Legal Pluralism 2
Legal Pluralism
Roscoe Pound's social engineering
Thomas Aquinas Natural Law Theory
Why Natural Law Declines
1) Adjudicating a legal controversy involves three steps: finding the applicable law or rule, interpreting it, and applying it to the facts of the case.
2) In the past, these steps were confused and seen as just "interpretation," but they involve distinct functions. Finding law may require creating new rules, and application involves administrative discretion.
3) The judicial, legislative, and administrative functions overlap. Courts make law through interpreting statutes and developing common law. They also exercise discretion in applying legal standards to facts. A rigid separation of functions is impractical.
LLB LAW NOTES ON CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
International law is a hybrid of both power and justice. While power and justice are often seen as incompatible, international law embodies their complex intertwining relationship. International law aims to appear legitimate by justifying the international order and projection of power through norms perceived as fair. However, powerful states can shape these norms and the principles of international law, prioritizing principles like sovereignty that concentrate power. This structural imbalance means international law primarily serves power over justice, as power defines justice and who is entitled to it.
This document summarizes a legal article about legal pluralism in Ethiopia. It discusses three key points:
1) Ethiopia's constitution recognizes legal pluralism through its principles of multinational federalism and decentralization of legislative and judicial powers. This has led to the development of multiple legal systems at the federal and state levels.
2) Legal pluralism exists in both structural and cultural forms. Structural pluralism divides powers between federal and state governments, while cultural pluralism allows religious and customary laws in certain matters like family law.
3) For legal pluralism to be effective, state governments need greater legislative autonomy to develop laws that respond to local conditions. However, Ethiopia's legacy of central
Slides to accompany a paper I gave on Dewey & the early Realists at Columbia U. Law School. Griffith U. Law School, May 2007 -- effectively a draft of chapter 4 of my book, Transforming Legal Education.
Introduction to english jurisprudence (1)AQSA SHAHID
Jurisprudence is the study of fundamental legal principles and their relationship to other social sciences. It is derived from the Latin terms "juris" meaning law and "prudentia" meaning knowledge. Jurisprudence has three main branches: historical jurisprudence examines the origins and development of law; analytical jurisprudence analyzes basic legal concepts and principles; and ethical jurisprudence approaches law from an ethical perspective of how it should ideally be. Jurisprudence has practical applications such as providing terminology to legislators, filling gaps in laws, and helping legal professionals better understand statutes. It also relates to other fields like sociology, psychology, economics, and politics that influence and are influenced by legal systems.
Introduction to legal history of bangladeshSaifuz Zaman
This document provides an introduction to the history of legal history in Bangladesh. It begins by defining legal history as the examination of past events related to all aspects of law, including analysis of specific laws, legal institutions, individuals in the legal system, and the effect of law on society. It then discusses four main approaches to studying legal history: the unitary/isolationist approach, sociological approach, technical approach, and mixed approach. Finally, it discusses why legal history matters, including that it teaches about the contingency of law, the relative autonomy of law, how it liberates us from seeing law as inevitable or preordained, and exposes legal pluralism in the past and present.
This document discusses concepts of sovereignty from different perspectives. It explores how sovereignty is traditionally understood as belonging to nation-states in international law and constitutional law. However, it argues that this view is limited and does not account for a globalized, post-Westphalian world with many non-state actors. The document suggests that a cosmopolitan law centered on human persons, not states, may be more appropriate for a global society. It examines how understandings of sovereignty have evolved over time and questions whether sovereignty should truly belong only to nation-states or if individuals could also be considered sovereign subjects.
Law is a system of rules that are enforced through social institutions to regulate behavior. There are two main types of legal systems - civil law systems where codes consolidate laws, and common law systems where precedent from past cases is applied. Laws are created through legislation, executive decrees/regulations, and judicial precedents. Legal subjects include criminal law, civil law, contract law, property law, and more.
This document discusses concepts of sovereignty from different perspectives. It explores how sovereignty has traditionally been understood as belonging to nation-states in international law. However, it argues that in today's globalized world, a post-state legal order centered on human persons as the primary subjects of law may be more appropriate. Such a cosmopolitan law could define individuals, not states, as having direct rights and responsibilities under international law. The document also examines how the concept of sovereignty has evolved from Jean Bodin's idea of monarchical sovereignty to a postmodern view of human sovereignty.
The document outlines the curriculum for the first semester of the B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) program at Chanakya National Law University. It includes courses in legal methods, research methodology, English language and communication skills, law of torts, sociology, history, and political science. It also describes moot court participation and internship placements in subsequent years with organizations like NGOs, courts, and law firms to bridge classroom learning with social reality.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in jurisprudence. It discusses jurisprudence as the study of law and its underlying philosophies. The document outlines several definitions of jurisprudence from different legal scholars. It also discusses the different uses and purposes of jurisprudence, including understanding the nature of law and developing critical legal thinking. The document then summarizes the main schools of jurisprudential thought and some of the core concerns of jurisprudence, such as determining what law is and the relationship between law and morality. Finally, it identifies the main contents of jurisprudence as the authoritative sources of law, legal concepts, and legal theory and its relationship to other disciplines.
The document discusses the importance of the rule of law for sustained development. It argues that development requires participation from all disciplines, with law playing a pivotal role in facilitating orderly change. The rule of law promotes predictable, fair legal systems and limits arbitrary governance. Studies have found that nations with stronger rule of law tend to be wealthier. For countries to develop, the public must understand their reliance on the rule of law rather than nepotism or corruption. A sound legal framework is also important for attracting long-term investment by providing predictability and competition in the market. However, establishing rule of law depends on each country's unique circumstances.
This document discusses the nature, scope, and utility of jurisprudence. It defines jurisprudence as the scientific study of fundamental legal principles. Jurisprudence shapes the legal understanding of law students and helps them develop their own opinions about laws. It connects law to various aspects of society and improves legal interpretation. Studying jurisprudence provides lawyers with a broader perspective, reveals the true intentions of laws, and helps improve legal systems over time. It is an interdisciplinary field related to subjects like ethics, psychology, history, sociology, and economics.
It gives a brief outline of the Subject of Jurisprudence including Syllabus, Bibliography, Lecture Plan etc. It also contains some 47 Model Questions from all chapters of the syllabus. Hope it may be helpful for students.
The going with the comparative law has been concentrating eurocentrically with respect to the comparisons of civil law/common law, private laws and normative rather than speculative or the sociological inquiry. The studies of the contemporary Asian legal system have not been restricted by such parameters. This field of study has flourished ever since mid 1990s and has found a location that is respectable and sub-disciplines in relation to both Asian studies and comparative law. This field is concerned with respect to the economic development has been focused on governance issues and public law. However, then hidden problems are found in the words such as, ‘Asian’, ‘perspective’, ‘comparative’, ‘transition’, and ‘constitutionalism’. These problems are with both method and theory that can be explored in this paper. The research will be carried out on the new Asian constitutionalism in examining the problem underpinned of both theoretical and methodological to study the transition of the Asian constitutionalism
TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN ...Lynn University
INTRODUCTION
Democracy is a legendary system of government in which every countries of the world, today it is desires to have democracy or claims to be one. Today if truly democracy and human rights are incompatible in certain situation, it means freedom and justice and equality for all branch of people are guaranteed. Democracy ensure human rights to be primarily virtuous, balance and adequate of moderation, furthermore , democracy ensure human right broadly, human right include: right to life, liberty, right of property , freedom of speech ,and security of individual, which have been definite in the constitution. But, in Nigerian torture has been considerable through human rights mismanagement. The government agencies, such as military and police brutalize the people by torturing them. However, torture and inhuman acts are commonly carried out by government agencies such as police and soldiers. During the military regime in Nigeria, time torture and inhuman acts gained more power for the misdeed of the citizens in Nigeria. Such conditions; torture thoroughly undermined due process and the rule of law, and other inhuman acts were a confirmed routine. Meanwhile inhuman act and torture were implemented by government agencies, such as soldiers; army forces and polices; they thought that torture and abuse of human rights were the best tools to get equitable and eloquent information from suspects. This book concerns with torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria; what is the Nigerian government response to human rights violation; also it would talks about Nigeria economics, poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
The Main Responsibility for Torture and Cruel Act in Nigeria.
The main groups responsible for torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria were the police’s and soldiers mostly using inhuman acts and torture as a way of disarranging suspects of crimes. Torture and inhuman acts were rampant within the soldier’s barracker and polices custody. The military and police were said to carry out inhuman and torture as the best way for investigated any crimes or as a way of beating in order to getting eloquent information. However, inhuman acts and torture had become such a fundamental guarding and scouting in the country which many polices headquarters in Nigeria use formal torture.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of jurisprudence. It defines jurisprudence as the study of fundamental legal principles and their philosophical, historical, and social basis. It discusses different definitions of jurisprudence provided by various legal scholars. It also outlines the scope and significance of jurisprudence, and explains how jurisprudence is related to other disciplines like sociology, psychology, ethics, economics, history, and politics.
Sources of Human Rights in Islam and WesternEHSAN KHAN
Human rights are a special sort of inalienable moral entitlement. They attach to all persons equally, by virtue of their humanity, irrespective of race, nationality, or membership of any particular social group. Human rights belong to an individual as a consequence of being human. The term came into wide use after World War II, replacing the earlier phrase "natural rights," which had been associated with the Greco-Roman concept of natural law since the end of the Middle Ages. As understood today, human rights refer to a wide variety of values and capabilities reflecting the diversity of human circumstances and history. They are conceived of as universal Universality of human rights is controutrsial, applying to all human beings everywhere, and as fundamental, referring to essential or basic human needs.
The concept of human rights is based on the belief that every human being is entitled to enjoy her/his rights without discrimination. Human rights differ from other rights in two respects. Firstly, they are characterized by being:
This document discusses the concept of rule of law and its role in national development. It begins by providing examples from Greek mythology and language of the goddess Eunomia, who represented law and good order. It then discusses:
- Different definitions and understandings of rule of law, from a practical focus on law and order to philosophical concepts of accountability and limiting government power.
- How rule of law requires good laws and governance, and relies on the balance between the sovereign power of government and citizen participation.
- The role of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches in upholding rule of law to prevent arbitrary exercise of power and advance compliance, sustainability, and predictability of laws.
- How
Argument in Speluncean Explorers case
Functions of Law
Law and Morality (Hart, Devlin and Mill)
Legal Pluralism 2
Legal Pluralism
Roscoe Pound's social engineering
Thomas Aquinas Natural Law Theory
Why Natural Law Declines
1) Adjudicating a legal controversy involves three steps: finding the applicable law or rule, interpreting it, and applying it to the facts of the case.
2) In the past, these steps were confused and seen as just "interpretation," but they involve distinct functions. Finding law may require creating new rules, and application involves administrative discretion.
3) The judicial, legislative, and administrative functions overlap. Courts make law through interpreting statutes and developing common law. They also exercise discretion in applying legal standards to facts. A rigid separation of functions is impractical.
LLB LAW NOTES ON CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY
FREE AFFIDAVITS AND NOTICES FORMATS
FREE AGREEMENTS AND CONTRACTS FORMATS
FREE LLB LAW NOTES
FREE CA ICWA NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIRST SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SECOND SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW THIRD SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FOURTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW FIFTH SEM NOTES
FREE LLB LAW SIXTH SEM NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FOUNDATION NOTES
FREE CA ICWA INTERMEDIATE NOTES
FREE CA ICWA FINAL NOTES
KANOON KE RAKHWALE INDIA
HIRE LAWYER ONLINE
LAW FIRMS IN DELHI
CA FIRM DELHI
VISIT : https://www.kanoonkerakhwale.com/
VISIT : https://hirelawyeronline.com/
International law is a hybrid of both power and justice. While power and justice are often seen as incompatible, international law embodies their complex intertwining relationship. International law aims to appear legitimate by justifying the international order and projection of power through norms perceived as fair. However, powerful states can shape these norms and the principles of international law, prioritizing principles like sovereignty that concentrate power. This structural imbalance means international law primarily serves power over justice, as power defines justice and who is entitled to it.
This document summarizes a legal article about legal pluralism in Ethiopia. It discusses three key points:
1) Ethiopia's constitution recognizes legal pluralism through its principles of multinational federalism and decentralization of legislative and judicial powers. This has led to the development of multiple legal systems at the federal and state levels.
2) Legal pluralism exists in both structural and cultural forms. Structural pluralism divides powers between federal and state governments, while cultural pluralism allows religious and customary laws in certain matters like family law.
3) For legal pluralism to be effective, state governments need greater legislative autonomy to develop laws that respond to local conditions. However, Ethiopia's legacy of central
Slides to accompany a paper I gave on Dewey & the early Realists at Columbia U. Law School. Griffith U. Law School, May 2007 -- effectively a draft of chapter 4 of my book, Transforming Legal Education.
Introduction to english jurisprudence (1)AQSA SHAHID
Jurisprudence is the study of fundamental legal principles and their relationship to other social sciences. It is derived from the Latin terms "juris" meaning law and "prudentia" meaning knowledge. Jurisprudence has three main branches: historical jurisprudence examines the origins and development of law; analytical jurisprudence analyzes basic legal concepts and principles; and ethical jurisprudence approaches law from an ethical perspective of how it should ideally be. Jurisprudence has practical applications such as providing terminology to legislators, filling gaps in laws, and helping legal professionals better understand statutes. It also relates to other fields like sociology, psychology, economics, and politics that influence and are influenced by legal systems.
Introduction to legal history of bangladeshSaifuz Zaman
This document provides an introduction to the history of legal history in Bangladesh. It begins by defining legal history as the examination of past events related to all aspects of law, including analysis of specific laws, legal institutions, individuals in the legal system, and the effect of law on society. It then discusses four main approaches to studying legal history: the unitary/isolationist approach, sociological approach, technical approach, and mixed approach. Finally, it discusses why legal history matters, including that it teaches about the contingency of law, the relative autonomy of law, how it liberates us from seeing law as inevitable or preordained, and exposes legal pluralism in the past and present.
This document discusses concepts of sovereignty from different perspectives. It explores how sovereignty is traditionally understood as belonging to nation-states in international law and constitutional law. However, it argues that this view is limited and does not account for a globalized, post-Westphalian world with many non-state actors. The document suggests that a cosmopolitan law centered on human persons, not states, may be more appropriate for a global society. It examines how understandings of sovereignty have evolved over time and questions whether sovereignty should truly belong only to nation-states or if individuals could also be considered sovereign subjects.
Law is a system of rules that are enforced through social institutions to regulate behavior. There are two main types of legal systems - civil law systems where codes consolidate laws, and common law systems where precedent from past cases is applied. Laws are created through legislation, executive decrees/regulations, and judicial precedents. Legal subjects include criminal law, civil law, contract law, property law, and more.
This document discusses concepts of sovereignty from different perspectives. It explores how sovereignty has traditionally been understood as belonging to nation-states in international law. However, it argues that in today's globalized world, a post-state legal order centered on human persons as the primary subjects of law may be more appropriate. Such a cosmopolitan law could define individuals, not states, as having direct rights and responsibilities under international law. The document also examines how the concept of sovereignty has evolved from Jean Bodin's idea of monarchical sovereignty to a postmodern view of human sovereignty.
The document outlines the curriculum for the first semester of the B.A., LL.B. (Hons.) program at Chanakya National Law University. It includes courses in legal methods, research methodology, English language and communication skills, law of torts, sociology, history, and political science. It also describes moot court participation and internship placements in subsequent years with organizations like NGOs, courts, and law firms to bridge classroom learning with social reality.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in jurisprudence. It discusses jurisprudence as the study of law and its underlying philosophies. The document outlines several definitions of jurisprudence from different legal scholars. It also discusses the different uses and purposes of jurisprudence, including understanding the nature of law and developing critical legal thinking. The document then summarizes the main schools of jurisprudential thought and some of the core concerns of jurisprudence, such as determining what law is and the relationship between law and morality. Finally, it identifies the main contents of jurisprudence as the authoritative sources of law, legal concepts, and legal theory and its relationship to other disciplines.
The document discusses the importance of the rule of law for sustained development. It argues that development requires participation from all disciplines, with law playing a pivotal role in facilitating orderly change. The rule of law promotes predictable, fair legal systems and limits arbitrary governance. Studies have found that nations with stronger rule of law tend to be wealthier. For countries to develop, the public must understand their reliance on the rule of law rather than nepotism or corruption. A sound legal framework is also important for attracting long-term investment by providing predictability and competition in the market. However, establishing rule of law depends on each country's unique circumstances.
This document discusses the nature, scope, and utility of jurisprudence. It defines jurisprudence as the scientific study of fundamental legal principles. Jurisprudence shapes the legal understanding of law students and helps them develop their own opinions about laws. It connects law to various aspects of society and improves legal interpretation. Studying jurisprudence provides lawyers with a broader perspective, reveals the true intentions of laws, and helps improve legal systems over time. It is an interdisciplinary field related to subjects like ethics, psychology, history, sociology, and economics.
It gives a brief outline of the Subject of Jurisprudence including Syllabus, Bibliography, Lecture Plan etc. It also contains some 47 Model Questions from all chapters of the syllabus. Hope it may be helpful for students.
The going with the comparative law has been concentrating eurocentrically with respect to the comparisons of civil law/common law, private laws and normative rather than speculative or the sociological inquiry. The studies of the contemporary Asian legal system have not been restricted by such parameters. This field of study has flourished ever since mid 1990s and has found a location that is respectable and sub-disciplines in relation to both Asian studies and comparative law. This field is concerned with respect to the economic development has been focused on governance issues and public law. However, then hidden problems are found in the words such as, ‘Asian’, ‘perspective’, ‘comparative’, ‘transition’, and ‘constitutionalism’. These problems are with both method and theory that can be explored in this paper. The research will be carried out on the new Asian constitutionalism in examining the problem underpinned of both theoretical and methodological to study the transition of the Asian constitutionalism
TORTTURE AND INHUMAN ACTS IN NIGERIA, WHATS NIGERIA GOVERNMENT DO WITH HUMAN ...Lynn University
INTRODUCTION
Democracy is a legendary system of government in which every countries of the world, today it is desires to have democracy or claims to be one. Today if truly democracy and human rights are incompatible in certain situation, it means freedom and justice and equality for all branch of people are guaranteed. Democracy ensure human rights to be primarily virtuous, balance and adequate of moderation, furthermore , democracy ensure human right broadly, human right include: right to life, liberty, right of property , freedom of speech ,and security of individual, which have been definite in the constitution. But, in Nigerian torture has been considerable through human rights mismanagement. The government agencies, such as military and police brutalize the people by torturing them. However, torture and inhuman acts are commonly carried out by government agencies such as police and soldiers. During the military regime in Nigeria, time torture and inhuman acts gained more power for the misdeed of the citizens in Nigeria. Such conditions; torture thoroughly undermined due process and the rule of law, and other inhuman acts were a confirmed routine. Meanwhile inhuman act and torture were implemented by government agencies, such as soldiers; army forces and polices; they thought that torture and abuse of human rights were the best tools to get equitable and eloquent information from suspects. This book concerns with torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria; what is the Nigerian government response to human rights violation; also it would talks about Nigeria economics, poverty and corruption in Nigeria.
The Main Responsibility for Torture and Cruel Act in Nigeria.
The main groups responsible for torture and inhuman acts in Nigeria were the police’s and soldiers mostly using inhuman acts and torture as a way of disarranging suspects of crimes. Torture and inhuman acts were rampant within the soldier’s barracker and polices custody. The military and police were said to carry out inhuman and torture as the best way for investigated any crimes or as a way of beating in order to getting eloquent information. However, inhuman acts and torture had become such a fundamental guarding and scouting in the country which many polices headquarters in Nigeria use formal torture.
This document provides an introduction to the topic of jurisprudence. It defines jurisprudence as the study of fundamental legal principles and their philosophical, historical, and social basis. It discusses different definitions of jurisprudence provided by various legal scholars. It also outlines the scope and significance of jurisprudence, and explains how jurisprudence is related to other disciplines like sociology, psychology, ethics, economics, history, and politics.
Sources of Human Rights in Islam and WesternEHSAN KHAN
Human rights are a special sort of inalienable moral entitlement. They attach to all persons equally, by virtue of their humanity, irrespective of race, nationality, or membership of any particular social group. Human rights belong to an individual as a consequence of being human. The term came into wide use after World War II, replacing the earlier phrase "natural rights," which had been associated with the Greco-Roman concept of natural law since the end of the Middle Ages. As understood today, human rights refer to a wide variety of values and capabilities reflecting the diversity of human circumstances and history. They are conceived of as universal Universality of human rights is controutrsial, applying to all human beings everywhere, and as fundamental, referring to essential or basic human needs.
The concept of human rights is based on the belief that every human being is entitled to enjoy her/his rights without discrimination. Human rights differ from other rights in two respects. Firstly, they are characterized by being:
This document discusses the concept of rule of law and its role in national development. It begins by providing examples from Greek mythology and language of the goddess Eunomia, who represented law and good order. It then discusses:
- Different definitions and understandings of rule of law, from a practical focus on law and order to philosophical concepts of accountability and limiting government power.
- How rule of law requires good laws and governance, and relies on the balance between the sovereign power of government and citizen participation.
- The role of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches in upholding rule of law to prevent arbitrary exercise of power and advance compliance, sustainability, and predictability of laws.
- How
The document discusses various topics related to legal systems and constitutions, including:
1. The definition of key concepts like law, rights, and morality.
2. Different schools of thought on law, such as positivism and the historical school.
3. Major legal systems like civil law, common law, and sharia law.
4. The sources and branches of law. It also discusses legal rights and how laws are applied.
5. The purpose and role of constitutions in establishing the structure and limits of government power. The constitution is considered the higher law of the land.
The document discusses the rule of law in the UK. It states that the rule of law is a fundamental principle of the UK's unwritten constitution, meaning that the law applies equally to everyone, including rulers. It establishes the relationship between the government and citizens by ensuring a government of law rather than of individual people. The rule of law is enforced by the courts and is the ultimate controlling factor that the UK constitution is based upon.
This document provides an overview of a textbook on political science concepts and theories for Class XII students. It covers key topics such as law, liberty, equality, justice, human rights, and dharma.
The document includes chapters on the definition and nature of law, the relationship between law and morality, and the different sources and types of law. It discusses perspectives on what law is, whether it is dependent on morality, and the role of coercion. The chapter on liberty explores the complex meaning of the term and how it relates to free choice without external constraints.
The textbook appears to take an in-depth look at foundational political concepts from both Western and Indian viewpoints. It examines these ideas through discussions
LAW700 Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods.docxstirlingvwriters
This document discusses the relationship between human rights, democracy, and the rule of law within the United Nations. It explains that while the UN charter does not include a bill of rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights established fundamental freedoms and rights for all people. The forum on human rights, democracy, and the rule of law at the UN provides a platform to discuss these topics and identify best practices. The document concludes that through instruments like human rights, democracy, and the rule of law, the UN has helped advance international justice and law.
This article discusses the proposal of a redevelopment of the judicial enforcement step mainly in regards of public interest litigation. That is to say whenever the judiciary has before itself the responsibility to provide an answer for the claims to the accomplishment of public policies, it must focus on ensuring the contradictory as a co-participation one. The constitutional proceedings require from the judiciary a new approach with regards to dealing with old and new litigations. As for public interest litigations it is necessary to rebuild the foundation of mainstream judicial proceeding theory so that it can go beyond the debate between liberal and socializing stances and thus enable a discoursive formation of the decision and of its enforcement. Basing on 5º paragraph of the article 461 from Brazilian Civil Procedures Code, this article argues that it should be created a procedure in the judicial enforcement step whereby the parties (and others) may settle about its form, timing and scheduling, supported by an expert mediator, who would be supposed to technically assist the parties' settlement efforts. In this way, the enforcement of public interest litigation acquires a “soft character” as it becomes more effective since it allows that its form will not come from a monocratic doer, but from the deliberation of the very ones affected by the claimed public police, and thus the enforcement has better chances to succeed.
The Law-Making Process
Definition And History Of Case Law Essay
Subjects of International Law
Application Of Rule Of Law Essay
Tort Law of Negligence Essay
Product Liability Essay
Contract Law Assignment : Contract Laws
Law School Essay
What Law Means To Me Essay
Business Law Questions and Answers
The Rule of Law Essay
The Language Of The Law Essay
The Importance Of International Law
Common Law And The Statute Law Essay
Different Aspects Of Law Essay
The document defines the rule of law as having four universal principles:
1) Government and individuals are accountable under the law.
2) Laws are clear, publicized, stable, just, applied evenly and protect fundamental rights.
3) Laws are enacted, administered and enforced through processes that are accessible, fair and efficient.
4) Justice is delivered in a timely manner by competent, impartial and independent representatives who adequately serve their communities.
Go mena vss session 5_rol and hr_vanessa and gregory_role of rolBahi Shoukry
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to the rule of law and its importance for social cohesion in the Middle East and North Africa region, using Egypt as a case study. It discusses the meaning and elements of the rule of law, its relationship to human rights, sustainable development, and social cohesion. It also summarizes the United Nations' perspective on the rule of law as outlined in declarations and reports. The document then examines two cases from Egypt involving civic participation, judicial harassment, and discrimination against women to illustrate challenges to establishing the rule of law.
Introduction There cannot be said to be any kind.pdfbkbk37
The document discusses the relationship between human rights, democracy, and the rule of law within the United Nations. It notes that while the UN Charter does not include a bill of rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights established fundamental freedoms and rights for all people. These concepts give effect to environments where nations can promote development while ensuring equal justice and preventing discrimination. The UN supports democracy worldwide and has done more than any other organization to support democracy through activities like election monitoring and post-conflict constitution building. Overall, the UN has advanced international justice through treaties establishing international law and upholding principles of human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.
The document discusses whether international law can be considered true law. It presents different views on this question. John Austin argued that international law is not legally binding because it lacks a sovereign lawmaker and enforcement mechanisms. However, Oppenheim believed international law meets the criteria as a body of rules agreed upon by states and enforced through their common consent. Modern developments have strengthened international law, with the establishment of international legislation, courts like the ICJ, and collective enforcement through the UN. While Austin's view was valid historically, most scholars now agree international law can be considered true law based on these contemporary changes.
The document discusses various schools of thought in criminology from the 18th century to present. It covers the Classical, Positivist, and Chicago schools which focused on deterrence, biological and social causes of crime, and how urban environments influence crime rates. Later developments included sociological positivism linking crime to factors like poverty, differential association theory that crime is learned, and strain theory that societal pressures can cause some to turn to crime. The document provides details on the key thinkers and theories within each criminological paradigm.
This document discusses the relationship between democracy and the rule of law. It argues that for democracy to thrive, adherence to the rule of law is necessary. The rule of law requires that everyone, including the government, is bound by law. It also discusses the important role that an independent judiciary plays in upholding the rule of law and protecting democracy. Specifically, judges must interpret and apply laws impartially according to principles like certainty, generality, and equality. This helps ensure the constitution and people's rights are upheld against potential overreach by the other branches of government.
Public Policy Essay
Public Policy Reflection Paper
Procedural Public Policy Essay
Essay On Public Policy
Public Policy Importance
Essay on Public Policy and Administration
This document discusses the concept of due process and provides an overview of international treaties related to due process guarantees. It makes the following key points:
- Due process demands a fair judicial process administered by an impartial judiciary, though it is difficult to define comprehensively. Scholars generally agree that fairness and impartiality are prerequisites.
- The UN Charter and subsequent treaties like the UDHR and ICCPR have established international standards for fair trial and due process. The UDHR was the first international instrument to incorporate many fair trial standards.
- The ICCPR further elaborated on provisions from the UDHR and expanded protections for accused persons' rights through its articulation of fair trial values and defense
Similar to The Intension of Students on Strengthening Rule of Law through Education: A Study on Tertiary Level (18)
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0. The findings revealed that nature of generating wastewater from hygiene and sanitation procedure among inmates using restroom and flushing toilet at the rate of about 41-50 litres of water per inmate per day causes significant flooding, as well as generate chemical compounds which catalyses air and soil pollution. Inappropriate discharge of wastewater result to of outbreak of diseases in the custodial environment resulting in high rate of cholera, typhoid, malaria and dysentery. These health challenges constitute serious socio’- economic burden for the management of the custodian centres. The study also shows significant effects of effluent pollution in the area of study at a level of 0.05% significance. Thus, recommendations were made to proffer solution to the menace of effluent discharge on pollution crises around the environment correctional centres.
The Nigerian society of today is torn between the jealousies of Christianity and Islam, and to a little extent, the distinct, but more accommodating values and customs of the indigenous religions of the well over 250 ethnic nationalities. As it were, Nigerians still find themselves involved together in social, economic and political relationships. However, there is the crisis identity and the rights of these different cultural groups, and or orientations, of preserving their distinct ways of life, and yet working together in jointly constructing a society that enhances their self-worth, self-esteem and self-realization at their deepest level of existence. Our paper acknowledges the spate of global interaction in this new world in the making which spirit has forced or fused the coexistence of individuals of different ideological political, religious and moral persuasions. The paper argues on this score that the resultant agitations of these religious groups are what counts as the tensions of the present polity. that, the manipulation of religion or religious practices as a form of discrimination as is evident in the prosecution of the Sharia project violates the rights of other citizens. The paper argues on a second count that, religious pluralism is not contrary to the values and customs of the Nigerian social system, and that, the different religious persuasions, which outlook and practices sometimes contradicts each other; apparently diverse and opposed, are simply expressions from different viewpoints and by different method of one ultimate truth which has the capacity for national integration, social harmony and sustainable human development. The paper advances a philosophy of religious tolerance as an institutional frame and atmosphere in which humanity shares in the richness of its different traditions for a better and more humanized world.
The study investigates the analysis on the relationship between green accounting and green design for enterprise. Expost-facto research design was use for the study. The secondary data used in the study covered a period of 10 years (2011-2020) and were sources from Business record of vital foam Nig. Ltd, the data were analyze using multiplied linear regression. From the analysis of the data and test of hypothesis result show green accounting and green design for enterprise have both positive and negative effect on the enterprise but due to external and internal factors. It is on this account that the study therefore recommend that enterprise should make sure they have appropriate and well designed green accounting design to be able to stand the test of time.
Ethnomusicologists have undergone several types of research of music cultures of the world. These studies had led to myriads of findings that have given shape to the ethnographic study in field of music and allied disciplines. As much as findings revealed various components of music cultures of many ethnic descents, much is yet to be discovered about the determination of how the recontextualization process affects the transfer of various elements of the music cultures. This paper through historical analysis of existing literature assists to investigate and suggest elements of music culture that cannot evade possible transfer and those thoughts of as unnecessary in the process of recontextualization. The discourse also gives explicit definition to music as found in culture as well as music as culture itself.
The company’s performance which is considered quite important in providing an evaluation for investor decision making triggers further research to find out what factors can improve company performance. Companies have several motivations in risk disclosure, in line with legitimacy theory, that companies tend to take corporate action and behavior similar to the industry itself. This study will examine and analyze the effect of Clan organizational culture on company performance with the intervening variable of risk management disclosure. The research method used is quantitative with multiple linear regression through the Eviews application.
Coral reef ecosystems are useful, among others, as a source of food, a habitat for marine biota, a source of livelihood, and a tourist attraction with high economic value. This study aims to: (i) explain and describe the condition of coral reefs and the factors that cause damage to coral reefs in Perjuangan Village, (ii) determine the role of the church in the management and maintenance of coral reef ecosystems in Perjuangan Village, and (ii) explain the Christian ethics in the management and maintenance of the coral reef ecosystem in Perjuangan Village.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0.
The document discusses the challenges of solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that the majority of solid waste generated is leftover food, plastic, and paper. On average, each person produces 0.3kg of waste daily. Nearly all respondents admit to never separating recyclables from other waste. Most waste collection is done informally by children. Most respondents also acknowledge disposing of waste through unsafe and illegal means like burning or dumping, with no formal waste management system. The study calls for the government to increase education on waste policies and introduce better management strategies.
In most developing countries like Zambia, entrepreneurs contribute largely in a society’s economic growth and major interruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic can have a negative impact on the well-being of its citizenry and businesses. The onset of the COVID 19 pandemic found many entrepreneurs unprepared and hence several businesses in societies were profoundly disrupted. During this crisis, entrepreneurs faced unexpected new challenges of creating sustainable business strategies.
This study explored the factors that hinder females from accessing senior leadership roles in selected public secondary schools in Solwezi district. To achieve the research purpose, a qualitative approach was employed in order to undertake a direct exploration, analysis and interpretation anchored on a narrative research design.
There are growing fears that Zimbabwe is missing out on the potential benefits that may be derived from a more defined participation of the aviation sector in improving accessibility of tourist destinations in the country. This research sought to establish the challenges being faced by the aviation sector in improving the accessibility of tourist destinations in Zimbabwe. The research utilised a qualitative research approach.| Publisher:
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Urbanization is a widespread occurrence across the nation. Urbanism has been affecting the rise in urban crime as a result of societal perception. According to empirical data, crime has risen in metropolitan areas. The study issue is dependent on the specific types of crime that occur in urban settings. | Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
This study has examined the trafficking of Karamoja women and girls from North-Eastern Uganda into Nairobi, Kenya. Trafficking in human beings remains a big challenge confronting the international community. The menace remains a global problem with the countries of the Third World bearing the greatest brunt.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the leadership constructs of eight young women student leaders in the Philippines. The study used a multiple case study approach to interview the participants. Four themes emerged from the interviews: 1) positive values like responsibility, work ethic, and morality; 2) positive identity; 3) being a guide and source of inspiration; and 4) collaboration skills. Late adolescents and those from non-sectarian schools had more developed leadership constructs. The study argues for understanding young women's leadership concepts to promote positive development.
Universities groom up graduates with very specific and detail knowledge. In the fastest growing world specialization is required to serve the purpose. University graduates with tremendous knowledge and efficiency can serve the nation with their full potential. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS).
Education, Skills, Employment, Opportunities, Challenges, Marginal, Graduates
As an embodiment of human rights, freedom of speech in public is the right of every individual and has been constitutionally guaranteed in Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. That is the reason why legal certainty is needed regarding the concept of handling crowds and legal reform in the handling and regulation of demonstrations by the police so that human rights violations do not happen. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
freedom of speech, Indonesian legal system
Malaysia is not only unique country with a multicultural diversity but also has a rich and numerous culture and heritage treasures. Therefore, as technology growth across world, many cultural heritages might become missing without any effective efforts in preservation and conservation of the culture and heritage. Within this scenario, the qualitative study was conducted through documents review, a field observation followed by a face-to-face interview with corresponding respondents to empirically ascertain the narrative history and uniqueness of Gasing Leper Terengganu which further propose an alternative approach in preserving Gasing Leper Terengganu’s heritage.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Customer satisfaction may be summed up as the feeling of pleasure that customers have after using or engaging with a company’s product or service. For water as product must be of good quality, sufficient quantity and fair pricing to customers to feel satisfied. This study examines customers’ satisfaction of Municipal water supply in Jos-Metropolis of Plateau State, Nigeria. A mixed research method was applied on the unpredictable customers behaviour towards water supply from PWSC in 7 randomly selected districts of Yelwa, Rahol-Kanang, Nassarawa, Kufang, Federal Lowcost and Utan using purposive sampling and a structured questionnaire was administered on 372 respondents while interviews and FGD was also conducted to complement data collected. The data was analyzed using percentages and regression analysis of SPSS 23.0 application. The findings revealed customers’ satisfaction is reliant on the distribution of sufficient quantity and good quality water for sustainable health. Despite a major affirmation to the quantity and quality of water supplied. Customers, yet attested to coloured, tasteful and particle filled the water supplied from PWSC and demonstrated non-satisfaction to the quality, quantity and price of water supply. This was supported by the regression analysis result showing insignificance on the variables tested at 0.05 significant levels. However, recommendations were made to model PWSC water distribution strategies to meet the global standard for efficient water distribution and among others.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
This study examined the impact of tax reforms on the liquidity of Nigerian stock market. Secondary data were used for this study. The relevant data were sourced from Securities and Exchange Commission Statistics and Federal Inland Revenue Service Statistics Report between 1982 and 2021. Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) Model comprising Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition (VD) was used to analyze the determinants and the liquidity of the stock market. The results of the VAR Model showed that the stock market liquidity (proxied by turnover ratio) significantly responded to changes in the movement of the tax reform indicators and positive both in the short and long run. This study concluded that a positive relationship exists between tax reforms and stock market liquidity. It was recommended that the regulatory body of tax administration must intensify efforts to mitigate the impacts of the global financial crisis on the Nigerian Exchange Group.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
More from International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) (20)
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
The Intension of Students on Strengthening Rule of Law through Education: A Study on Tertiary Level
1. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue XI, November 2019|ISSN 2454-6186
www.rsisinternational.org Page 1
The Intension of Students on Strengthening Rule of
Law through Education: A Study on Tertiary Level
Md Arman Hossain
University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
Abstract:-The concept of rule of law is that the state is governed
by the law, not by any particular government. This paper
displays the present condition of the rule of law in curriculum
and students’ intention in getting a course or a training program
on the rule of law in their curriculum. In this study, 23 in-depth
interviews with different university going students of different
disciplines—science, social science, medical and engineering, 2
key-informant interviews, and 3 focus group discussions (FGDs),
along with intensive studies from various secondary sources,
were conducted.
Keywords: Supremacy of law, Fundamental rights, Absence of
knowledge, Shared responsibility, Inclusive decision
I. INTRODUCTION
ule of law remains a constant theme in development
policy and practice, and in recent policy discourse and
international commitments it has gained new levels of
prominence. Of course, rule of law and justice are concepts
that have been bandied around for many decades, gaining
ground at different times, for different reasons, and following
(more or less) shifting normative orientations and goals across
a range of development policy agendas(Kirby, 1980).
Rule of law embodies the doctrine of supremacy of law. It is
basic and fundamental necessity for a disciplined and
organized society. If a government acts according to the
principle of rule of law then individual liberty and right can be
protected in better way. The principle implicit in the rule of
law that executive must act under the law, and not by its own
decree or fiat, is still a cardinal principle of the common law
system (“Всеобщая Декларация прав человека: роль и
значение в условиях миропорядка на основе господства
права Rule of law.,” 2008). At its core, the rule of law is a
means of ordering society – including the state‐citizen
relationship. It includes systems of rules and regulations, the
norms that infuse them, and the means of adjudicating and
enforcing them. While older policy conceptions of the rule of
law in development emphasized security and property rights, a
broader understanding opens up space for new thinking about
the rule of law in the context of the post‐2015 agenda
(Summary, 2015). Concepts such as “justice”, “the rule of
law” and “transitional justice” are essential to understanding
the international community’s efforts to enhance human
rights, protect persons from fear and want, address property
disputes, encourage economic development, promote
accountable governance and peacefully resolve
conflict(Nations, 2004).
The Rule of law envisages law operating as a relatively stable
set of norms available as public knowledge. It requires
that laws be public and that they be promulgated well in
advance of individuals' being held responsible for complying
with them.1
There is no doubt that the rule of law pervades
every Constitution as an underlying principle. But a majority
of countries worldwide is declining in the areas of human
rights, checks on government powers, and civil and criminal
justice. The greatest decline is seen in Fundamental Rights (71
countries dropped out of 113), which measures absence of
discrimination, right to life and security, due process, freedom
of expression and religion, right to privacy, freedom of
association, and labour rights (World Justice Project, 2019).
To ensure the mass people to be known about Rule of law and
engaged in works to ensure it throughout the country, young
people from 12-30 years old should be taught to be informed,
resourceful, and self-reliant leaders who are able to shape a
peaceful world (Fedotov & Azoulay, 2019). But this is the
most necessary to find out the intensions of the students to get
the rule of law in their formal curriculum specially who are
studying science, medical and engineering. This study
intended to find out their intensions and thinking for the
concept ‘Educating for the Rule of Law’.
1.1. What is the rule of law?
The rule of law is the subject of competing theories.2
The
Venice Commission analysed the definitions proposed by
various authors coming from different systems of law and
State organisation, as well as diverse legal cultures. The
Commission considered that the notion of the Rule of Law
requires a system of certain and foreseeable law, where
1
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rule-of-law/
2
A concise summary of the competing approaches is provided by Paul Craig,
Formal and Substantive Conceptions of the Rule of Law (1997): “Formal
conceptions of the rule of law address the manner in which the law was
promulgated (was it by a properly authorized person . . .); the clarity of the
ensuing norm (was it sufficiently clear to guide an individual’s conduct so as
to enable a person to plan his or her life, etc.); and the temporal dimension of
the enacted norm (was it prospective . . .). Formal conceptions of the rule of
law do not however seek to pass judgment upon the actual content of the law
itself. They are not concerned with whether the law was in that sense a good
law or a bad law, provided that the formal precepts of the rule of law were
themselves met. Those who espouse substantive conceptions of the rule of
law seek to go beyond this. They accept that the rule of law has the formal
attributes mentioned above, but they wish to take the doctrine further. Certain
substantive rights are said to be based on, or derived from, the rule of law.
The concept is used as the foundation for these rights, which are then used to
distinguish between “good” laws, which comply with such rights, and “bad”
laws which do not.”
R
2. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue XI, November 2019|ISSN 2454-6186
www.rsisinternational.org Page 2
everyone has the right to be treated by all decision-makers
with dignity, equality and rationality and in accordance with
the laws, and to have the opportunity to challenge decisions
before independent and impartial courts through fair
procedures. The Commission warned against the risks of a
purely formalistic concept of the Rule of Law, merely
requiring that any action of a public official be authorised by
law. “Rule by Law”, or “Rule by the Law”, or even “Law by
Rules” are distorted interpretations of the Rule of Law.3
As defined by the United Nations Secretary General, the rule
of law is ‘a principle of governancein which all persons,
institutions and entities, public and private, including the State
itself,are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated,
equally enforced and independentlyadjudicated, and which are
consistent with international human rights norms and
standards’(United Nations, 2004, p. 4).
The rule of law is a concept that describes the supreme
authority of the law over governmental action and individual
behaviour. It corresponds to a situation where both the
government and individuals are bound by the law and comply
with it. It is the antithesis of tyrannical or arbitrary
rule(Valcke, 2016).
The rule of law provides a mechanism of accountability that
safeguard against the abuse ofstate power.It ensures the
population is not at the mercy of those who seize power and
wield it to oppresswith arbitrary and unjust rules and
processes.A society that supports the rule of law is not one
composed of uncritical and obedient citizens;rather it is one
whose citizens understand and respect just laws, are aware of
their function,know how to engage with them constructively
and how to challenge them, as needed, withinthe appropriate
mechanisms and institutions(Nations, 2004).
1.2. What is the role of education in promoting the rule of
law?
Education can promote the rule of law and culture of
lawfulness by Encouraging learners to value and apply the
principles of the rule of law in their daily lives,allowing them
to make decisions that are ethically responsible.
The role of education becomes more important when it comes
about equipping learners with the appropriate knowledge,
values, attitudes, and behaviours they needto contribute to the
continued improvement and regeneration of the rule of law in
society morebroadly (Nations, 2004).
3
See Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Motion for a
resolution presented by Mr Holovaty and others, The principle of the rule of
law, Doc. 10180, § 10. In this context, see also the Copenhagen document of
the CSCE, para. 2: “[participating States] consider that the rule of law does
not mean merely a formal legality which assures regularity and consistency in
the achievement and enforcement of democratic order, but justice based on
the recognition and full acceptance of the supreme value of the human
personality and guaranteed by institutions providing a framework for its
fullest expression.”
1.3 What can education do to strengthen the rule of law?
It is only education which can ensure the development and
acquisition of key knowledge, values, attitudes and behaviours
related to rule of law. The educational institutions will support
learners to move from ‘learning about’ the rule of law and the
different forms of risks ofcrime to ‘learning to’ act − by
committing to values and responsibilities based on human
rights,being compelled to make informed decisions, feeling
empowered to ward off threats to the ruleof law as well as
being able to act and engage in change processes that support
the rule of law. Moreover it, certainly, must ensure learning
speaks to the real issues and dilemmas of young people facing
challenges to therule of law (Nations, 2004).
If schools or any other educational setting are to play a
meaningful role in the strengthening of the RoL, they should
be governed by, and strive to apply, the principles of the RoL.
This means ensuring all aspects of school management and
school life, including teacher-teacher relations, learner-teacher
relations, and school-family relations, are guided by a culture
of fairness, rights, accountability and transparency, consistent
with international human rights norms and standards (Nations,
2004).
II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The precondition to maintain the rule of law is to be known
about the concept. But the study visualizes that a majority
(56.5%) students don’t get any course on Rule of law so that
an astonishing number of university going students (65.5%),
some even completed graduation, lack proper knowledge
about Rule of law Table 01. This result indicates thatthe
gradual decline of the Rule of law from most of the countries
is the absence of knowledge on it (David Agrast et al., 2019).
In order to ensure the rule of law throughout the country and
let everyone know about it the inclusion of Rule of law in the
formal curriculum is important as more than 80% participants,
including the students from engineering, medical and science
discipline, believe that they must get a course on Rue of Law
which would allow them to know and apply it in their life
Table 01. Educating for the Rule of law is necessary to
nurture trust. Education systems that uphold and promote
respect for the rule of law, in adherence with international
human rights and fundamental freedoms, nurture trust
between learners and public institutions (Global Citizenship
Education for the Rule of law : Doing the right thing, n.d.).
Education institutions have an important role to play in
forging Rule of law in cultivating a sense of shared
responsibility for our common future. This is why a key pillar
of global citizenship education is learning about the Rule of
law.4
The study also indicates that more than 80% of students
believe that Rule of law can be ensured throughout the
country by educating for the Rule of law.
Promoting the rule of law through education also helps
4
https://en.unesco.org/news/how-education-can-strengthen-rule-law
3. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue XI, November 2019|ISSN 2454-6186
www.rsisinternational.org Page 3
learners acquire the knowledge, skills, values and attitudes
they need to contribute constructively to society. It allows
them to positively shape public institutions and their policies,
thereby encouraging non-violent and peaceful avenues of
civic engagement.5
The students desire to play their role to
ensure Rule of law in the society after getting known and
understood it by maintaining Rule of law in their own life
(30%), promoting Rule of law before everyone (22%),
standing against unlawful behaviour and raising awareness
(17%) and encouraging others (12%) Figure 01.
In spite of having an astonishing desire of most of the students
in learning rule of law and playing their role in establishing it
throughout the society there could be a number of obstacles to
be implemented—the mode of introducing it can be one of the
most challenging to set out. It can be a great deal to measure
and think of the trainer or teacher to teach the students if
military members would be the best one or the trained
faculties. But the issues can be solved taking a considerable
and inclusive decision.
The role of students in strengthening rule of law
The shift toward younger populations is a global phenomenon,
but nowhere is the phenomenon—and the accompanying
youth bulge—more pronounced or has the growth been faster
than in the world. In many developing and post-conflict
countries, the youth population constitutes over 60-70% of the
population, yet more needs to be done in the rule of law and
legal empowerment sectors to address unlawful issues.
All groups in society, specially the students, need to learn
about, identify with and respect human rights, democracy and
the rule of law (Europe, 2018). The youth, specially, who are
students, have the most possibility to be an ambassador of rule
of law. Students can better understand the importance of the
rule of law in a democracy by investigating how it is valued
and challenged in different countries around the world.
The students, generally, struggle to access their rights and are
often prevented from enjoying the autonomy required to
participate in and fully contribute to society. Long-considered
to be an essential building block for the health of democracies,
youth participation must be protected from threats to
participatory democracy in the form of laws, tax regulations
and other measures that restrict, inter alia, youth
organizations’ activity and their right to freedom of assembly
and association (Europe, 2018).
The students are holding the light of power to influence a
decision of government. Over the past history, youth has
proven their capability to uphold laws and human rights
throughout the world. When students will learn substantive
information about their rights and responsibilities and practice
cooperative learning and positive interaction with adults and
each other, they can take action when unlawful things which
will take place in the country, just as importantly, they will be
5
https://en.unesco.org/news/how-education-can-strengthen-rule-law
able to respond to individuals who view the law as something
that is remote, impersonal, or punitive.
Inclusion of training programme on rule of law in the
curriculum
Issues regarding quality education and corruption can only be
effectively addressed if all relevant sections of society commit
fully to fundamental ethical principles for public and
professional life, rather than relying only on top-down
regulatory measures(Europe, 2018).The corrupted persons,
generally, lack a big picture of the consequences of their
deeds –how it damages government policies and crackdowns
the dreams of millions. The terrorists are, ironically,
brainwashed, not having proper knowledge of religion and not
being thought of the sufferings of the affected people and their
families, they commit terrorist activities. Here, the education
institutions have an important role to play in forging the new
engagement model with young people and in cultivating a
sense of shared responsibility for our common future
(UNESCO, 2019).
Schooling can play a potential role in resolving deeply
entrenched problems such as corruption, organized crime or
drug trafficking, educational programmes need to be
immediately relevant to the real-life contexts of learners in
order to deliver meaningful learning with long-term impact.
This implies placing learners in the active role of problem
solvers – i.e. those who can understand and find solutions to
realistic dilemmas and conflicts. Learning about abstract
notions of the RoL will not lead to sustainable change,
especially if there are discrepancies between the RoL values
taught in the classroom and those that prevail in the school
environment, families or society at large. In such contexts, it
is notably important that education programmes inspire and
sustain learners’ motivation, confidence and creative abilities
to strive to improve their situation.
To avoid cultivating cynicism or indifference, education
personnel and teachers need to help learners deal with the
frustrations, anger, and possible disillusionment that result
from this discrepancy, and develop hope and constructive
responses. Well-guided educational programmes can foster
personal transformations that empower learners to play a
constructive role in society and re-build the RoL (and its
institutions) where necessary, provided they take into account
the social environment of learners, and in particular, the
degree of dissonance between norms and values taught in
schools and those that prevail outside(Nations, 2004).
The effectiveness of training programs is well acknowledged
all over the world. To ensure the rule of law through
education, the undergraduate education curriculum should
introduce a periodical academic residential/ non-residential
training on the rule of law in the first semester. The training
program should be made mandatory for the students of the
undergraduate level of every subject and course. The program
will cover the consequences that come into existence for the
absence of the rule of law. The real and heart-thriving stories
4. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue X
www.rsisinternational.org
of the victims, who are the sufferers of the absence of the rule
of law, can be added to make every student know about the
importance of the rule of law. A student of physics,
biotechnology or business must have that training so that they
can also figure out the consequences of the unlawful dec
anyone takes, and make them aware of it.
The military figures can take the responsibility to train the
youth, including the faculty members and staff in every
institution. The training program can be designed by the
experts of the specific fields of rule of law
ethics, anti-corruption, crime prevention and criminal
justice, trafficking in persons/smuggling of migrant, wildlife,
forest and fisheries crime counter-terrorism etc.
As the students are getting only academic and discipline
bounded education, they don’t have a big picture of the rule of
law and its application in real life. Compulsory training
program is the best way to teach every student, regardless of
their subject or course, in hand about the rule of law. The
unique and compulsory three-month residential
education ̶ Training and Resource Centre (TARC), made
BRAC University of Bangladesh unique. The students who
have gone TARC expressed that the opportunity makes
students very disciplined and hard-working that it helps
lead their lives in a very systematic way
effectiveness of training. It helps a student get what the
authority is eagerly trying to provide. The concept can be
applied for letting every student aware of the rule of law and
the role of them to establish it throughout the country.
Once the training will be accomplished, it can be assessed and
measured throughout a student’s academic years in various
ways. For example, to assess students’ anti-corruption
set, the students can be given a small fund at the final year/
semester level and can be asked to ensure the proper
utilization of the fund where the successful utilizers will be
rewarded. This process will allow the authority to teach and
practice anti-corruption in their real lives. The
also find out a way to inject the idea that this is how they must
ensure the proper utilization of government or non
government funds throughout their careers.
Here comes the role of youth in ensuring the rule of law. The
trained youth can train the other community people
voluntarily by running projects in every area of the country.
The strong and successful introduction and continuation of the
training project can let every citizen aware of the rule of law.
But the most important factor is the training program with its
design should be sustainable and useful. Though this will be a
long process to train every citizen about the rule of law, this is
the best way to ensure the rule of law through education.
Immediately, when the youth can stand against corruption,
unlawful decision and terrorism, it pays off
6
Amin, Sabita, S. "TARC- My own experience." Star Campus
2006, retrieved from
www.thedailystar.net/campus/2006/10/01/experience.htm
and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue XI, November
f the absence of the rule
of law, can be added to make every student know about the
A student of physics,
biotechnology or business must have that training so that they
can also figure out the consequences of the unlawful decision
The military figures can take the responsibility to train the
youth, including the faculty members and staff in every
institution. The training program can be designed by the
rule of law ̶ integrity and
crime prevention and criminal
trafficking in persons/smuggling of migrant, wildlife,
terrorism etc.
As the students are getting only academic and discipline
bounded education, they don’t have a big picture of the rule of
law and its application in real life. Compulsory training
program is the best way to teach every student, regardless of
their subject or course, in hand about the rule of law. The
month residential
Training and Resource Centre (TARC), made
BRAC University of Bangladesh unique. The students who
have gone TARC expressed that the opportunity makes
working that it helps them
lives in a very systematic way 6
This is the
effectiveness of training. It helps a student get what the
authority is eagerly trying to provide. The concept can be
applied for letting every student aware of the rule of law and
m to establish it throughout the country.
Once the training will be accomplished, it can be assessed and
measured throughout a student’s academic years in various
corruption mind-
small fund at the final year/
semester level and can be asked to ensure the proper
utilization of the fund where the successful utilizers will be
rewarded. This process will allow the authority to teach and
corruption in their real lives. The authority will
also find out a way to inject the idea that this is how they must
ensure the proper utilization of government or non-
Here comes the role of youth in ensuring the rule of law. The
train the other community people
voluntarily by running projects in every area of the country.
The strong and successful introduction and continuation of the
training project can let every citizen aware of the rule of law.
the training program with its
design should be sustainable and useful. Though this will be a
long process to train every citizen about the rule of law, this is
the best way to ensure the rule of law through education.
against corruption,
unlawful decision and terrorism, it pays off. Many has
Star Campus, vol. 1, no. 9,
retrieved from
www.thedailystar.net/campus/2006/10/01/experience.htm
witnessed the immediate reformation of the government
traffic policy, when a tragic traffic accident has triggered mass
protests by students who have taken to the streets of
Bangladesh's capital to demand that authorities improve road
safety (Pokharel, Ahmed and Wilkinson, 2018). The incident
proves that if youth stands and speaks out, every injustice can
be turned into justice within a very small period of time.
While universally agreed human rights, norms and standards
provide its normative foundation, the rule of law must be
anchored in a national context, including its culture, history
and politics. States, therefore, do have different national
experiences in the development of
law (UN). The plans will also be made in accordance with the
socio-economic condition of a country.
Table 01: Salient features of the selected characteristics of the respondents
Variables
Subject
Engineering
Medical
Science
Social Science
Gender
Male
Female
Finding a course on Rule of Law
1= Yes
0= No
Knowledge on Rule of Law
1= Yes
0= No
Importance of inclusion of Rule of Law in curriculum
1= important
0= not important
Source: Data collected through the field work and
Source: Data collected through the field work and analysed by the researcher
I, November 2019|ISSN 2454-6186
Page 4
witnessed the immediate reformation of the government
a tragic traffic accident has triggered mass
protests by students who have taken to the streets of
desh's capital to demand that authorities improve road
safety (Pokharel, Ahmed and Wilkinson, 2018). The incident
proves that if youth stands and speaks out, every injustice can
be turned into justice within a very small period of time.
agreed human rights, norms and standards
provide its normative foundation, the rule of law must be
anchored in a national context, including its culture, history
and politics. States, therefore, do have different national
experiences in the development of their systems of the rule of
law (UN). The plans will also be made in accordance with the
economic condition of a country.
Table 01: Salient features of the selected characteristics of the respondents
n=23
Percentage
13.0
17.4
17.4
52.2
30.4
69.6
43.5
56.5
34.8
65.2
Importance of inclusion of Rule of Law in curriculum
91.3
8.7
Source: Data collected through the field work and analysed by the researcher
Source: Data collected through the field work and analysed by the researcher
5. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |Volume III, Issue XI, November 2019|ISSN 2454-6186
www.rsisinternational.org Page 5
III. CONCLUSION
It is really appreciable that students from different disciplines
have a deep desire to have knowledge about the rule of law.
The policymakers of the countries should focus on the
introduction of the rule of law in education. As the study
covered students from all discipline, it can clearly be stated
that the initiative will be a fruitful and successful one to
establish rule of law in all spheres of the society. The
continuous decrease of the rule of law in every country
impulses the initiative to be implemented and spread as soon
as possible.
The 2030 Agenda’s ambition to tackle inequalities through
the “leave no one behind” pledge provides the international
community with a key opportunity to address discrimination
and advance human rights, including children’s rights, and
to establish more inclusive and equitable societies. It is
essential to seize this opportunity to ensure that respecting,
protecting and fulfilling children’s rights, in accordance with
the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) and
its Optional Protocols, is central to the implementation of the
2030 Agenda.
Students were actively involved in shaping the 2030 Agenda
and need to be given the space to actively participate in
implementation and in holding States to account to their
SDG and human rights commitments. States have the
obligation to encourage and enable children to participate in
the preparation of the State reports to the CRC Committee,
and therefore their role has been recognized as key for the
monitoring of the implementation of the CRC.
The capacity of students to influence public decision-making
on their own terms is largely dependent on the extent to
which their civil rights and freedoms are met. It is also
linked to the value and support provided by the State to the
human development of children and their transition from
childhood to adulthood. In many countries, children and
youth voices continue to be marginalized in decision-making
processes on issues concerning them and their opinions are
less valued than those of adults. This is particularly the case
for children and youth who are vulnerable and excluded,
including, amongst others, girls and young women, children
and youth with disabilities, children and youth from
minorities or children on the move.
Appearing to listen to students is relatively unchallenging,
but giving due weight to their views requires real change. It
is therefore important to ensure that adults, including actors
in civil society and decision-makers, are sensitized,
prepared, trained and supported about children’s rights,
including children’s right to participate in decision-making.
REFERENCES
[1]. David Agrast, M., Ponce, A., Harman, M., Hopkins, A., Ibrahim,
A., Chamness Long, S., … President, V. (2019). The World
Justice Project. Retrieved from
https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-
ROLI-2019-Single Page View-Reduced_0.pdf
[2]. Europe, R. by the S. G. of the C. of. (2018). State of Democracy,
Human Rights and the Rule of Law. Role of institutions, Threats to
institutions. 128th sess(May), 105. Retrieved from
https://rm.coe.int/state-of-democracy-human-rights-and-the-rule-
of-law-role-of-institutio/168086c0c5
[3]. Fedotov, Y., & Azoulay, A. (2019). Strengthening the rule of law
through education A guide for policymakers. Retrieved from
http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en
[4]. Global Citizenship Education for the Rule of Law : Doing the right
thing. (n.d.).
[5]. Kirby, M. D. (1980). The Politics of Law Reform. Politics, 15(1),
29–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/00323268008401728
[6]. Nations, U. (2004). Report of the UN Secretary-General, The rule
of law and transitional justice in conflict and post-conflict
societies (23 August 2004) UN DOC S/2004/616. (August).
https://doi.org/S/2010/579
[7]. Summary, E. (2015). Background Paper : Overview on the Rule of
Law and Sustainable Development for the Global Dialogue on
Rule of Law and the Post ‐ 2015 Development Agenda. 1–41.
[8]. Valcke, A. (2016). The Rule of Law : Its Origins and Meanings ( A
short guide for practitioners ). (March 2012).
[9]. World Justice Project. (2019). Rule of Law Index. In The World
Justice Forum II. Retrieved from
http://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/45447873.pdf
[10]. Всеобщая Декларация прав человека: роль и значение в
условиях миропорядка на основе господства права Rule of
Law. (2008). Право И Политика, 4(12), 2995–3003.