There are growing fears that Zimbabwe is missing out on the potential benefits that may be derived from a more defined participation of the aviation sector in improving accessibility of tourist destinations in the country. This research sought to establish the challenges being faced by the aviation sector in improving the accessibility of tourist destinations in Zimbabwe. The research utilised a qualitative research approach.| Publisher:
International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
An assessment of the relationship between road network connectivity and touri...Alexander Decker
The document assessed the relationship between road network connectivity and tourist patronage in Lokoja, Nigeria. It found that the level of road network connectivity in Lokoja was only 40%, indicating a low level. It also found that the hotel with the lowest Shimbel index, and thus most accessible, was Kogi Hotels Ltd., which had the highest average monthly patronage of 45 tourists. However, the relationship between road network accessibility and tourist patronage level was determined to be only 7%, considered too low for a strong relationship. Therefore, other factors beyond road connectivity need to be examined to understand tourist patronage levels fully.
This document discusses strategies employed by Australian bricks and mortar (B&M) travel agents to compete with virtual travel agents. It begins by providing background on the rise of virtual agents and how they intensified competitive pressure on B&M agents. It then examines some of the key strategies B&M agents have adopted to succeed, such as enriching their offerings with personalized services, focusing on travel packages, and leveraging their strengths in areas like satisfying customer's emotional needs and handling complex travel plans. The document also notes that while virtual agents increased competition, B&M agents have shown resilience by adapting their business models and maintaining a customer base through their ability to provide value that online alternatives lack, such as addressing unique customer needs through
Assessment of Tourism industry in Nueva EcijaIJAEMSJORNAL
Tourism plays an important role in establishing a nation like the Philippines and serves as one of the state’s contributor. A total of 205 tourist respondents were surveyed from different tourist spots in Nueva Ecija. Descriptive method of research was used. Also, the researcher used likert-scale type questionnaire and analyzed the data through statistical data treatment such as mean and weighted mean. In light of the foregoing results, the researcher concluded that the tourist spots in Nueva Ecija greatly appealed its visitors through its uniqueness, historical value and natural aesthetics and were evaluated as “Excellent.” Thus, the accessibility to these tourist spots was evaluated as “Fair.”Further, the difficulties and problems encountered by tourists, in terms of “Transportation” was evaluated as “Fair.” Thus, the areas for the development of tourism should focus more on improving the aspect transportation than tourism service facility as this aspect was evaluated as “Excellent.”
Effect of business expansion on business opportunities in kisumufredrickaila
This study analyzed the effect of airport expansion on business opportunities in Kisumu, Kenya. The airport expansion started in 2008 and involved expanding the runway and upgrading terminal facilities. The study found that the expansion led to increased tourist visits, increased sales for wholesale and retail businesses, and more financial institutions in the region. However, the airport has not been fully utilized to create maximum business opportunities. While many businesses anticipated growth from more airport passengers, most were established before 2007 rather than because of the expansion. The expansion promoted some tourism, retail, and financial sector growth but did not significantly motivate the fishing industry due to lack of cargo facilities. In summary, the airport upgrade created some new opportunities but has not been fully leveraged to maximize economic
Strategies Employed Article by Khurram KayaniK Kayani
This document discusses strategies used by bricks-and-mortar (B&M) travel agents in Australia to compete with virtual travel agents. It finds that B&M agents have adopted strategies like enhancing their online presence, offering personalized services, and bundling travel packages. This allows them to capitalize on their strengths like providing personal consultation and expertise in arranging complex trips. Meanwhile, online travel providers see technologies like e-commerce as important for growth by allowing direct marketing and customer feedback. Overall, the document examines how both B&M agents and online providers in Australia have adapted to increased competition in the travel industry.
Measuring Tourist Service Satisfaction at Destination: A Case Study of Cox...b-planning
This study examines existing tourism services of the highly trafficked destination of Cox’s Bazar Sea beach in
Bangladesh using a tourist satisfaction analysis. Using observation and self-determined questionnaire survey, the study
classified tourist to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and measured satisfaction level using five point
Likert- scales against seventeen selected variables. The findings of this study suggest that tourists were mostly satisfied with
amenities related to destination management, with a natural attraction to the beach and relaxation facilities provided by the
destination. In contrast, tourists were disappointed with facilities such as health and emergency services, transportation
services, tour guides, information services and night life. The outcome of this empirical research will enable planners,
investors, destination mang ers and other vested interest groups to better understand tourist expectations and formulate
improved strategies, regional policy and a balanced approach toward sustainable tourism development in the region
The document discusses the role of transportation in tourism and its development. It notes that globalization and technological advances have reduced distances and increased interconnectedness, driving growth in international travel and tourism. Transportation is crucial to the tourism industry as it connects origins and destinations and without it, most tourism would not exist. The document then examines different modes of transportation used in tourism, factors influencing tourist transportation options, and how transportation is critical to the development and competitiveness of tourist destinations.
An assessment of the relationship between road network connectivity and touri...Alexander Decker
The document assessed the relationship between road network connectivity and tourist patronage in Lokoja, Nigeria. It found that the level of road network connectivity in Lokoja was only 40%, indicating a low level. It also found that the hotel with the lowest Shimbel index, and thus most accessible, was Kogi Hotels Ltd., which had the highest average monthly patronage of 45 tourists. However, the relationship between road network accessibility and tourist patronage level was determined to be only 7%, considered too low for a strong relationship. Therefore, other factors beyond road connectivity need to be examined to understand tourist patronage levels fully.
This document discusses strategies employed by Australian bricks and mortar (B&M) travel agents to compete with virtual travel agents. It begins by providing background on the rise of virtual agents and how they intensified competitive pressure on B&M agents. It then examines some of the key strategies B&M agents have adopted to succeed, such as enriching their offerings with personalized services, focusing on travel packages, and leveraging their strengths in areas like satisfying customer's emotional needs and handling complex travel plans. The document also notes that while virtual agents increased competition, B&M agents have shown resilience by adapting their business models and maintaining a customer base through their ability to provide value that online alternatives lack, such as addressing unique customer needs through
Assessment of Tourism industry in Nueva EcijaIJAEMSJORNAL
Tourism plays an important role in establishing a nation like the Philippines and serves as one of the state’s contributor. A total of 205 tourist respondents were surveyed from different tourist spots in Nueva Ecija. Descriptive method of research was used. Also, the researcher used likert-scale type questionnaire and analyzed the data through statistical data treatment such as mean and weighted mean. In light of the foregoing results, the researcher concluded that the tourist spots in Nueva Ecija greatly appealed its visitors through its uniqueness, historical value and natural aesthetics and were evaluated as “Excellent.” Thus, the accessibility to these tourist spots was evaluated as “Fair.”Further, the difficulties and problems encountered by tourists, in terms of “Transportation” was evaluated as “Fair.” Thus, the areas for the development of tourism should focus more on improving the aspect transportation than tourism service facility as this aspect was evaluated as “Excellent.”
Effect of business expansion on business opportunities in kisumufredrickaila
This study analyzed the effect of airport expansion on business opportunities in Kisumu, Kenya. The airport expansion started in 2008 and involved expanding the runway and upgrading terminal facilities. The study found that the expansion led to increased tourist visits, increased sales for wholesale and retail businesses, and more financial institutions in the region. However, the airport has not been fully utilized to create maximum business opportunities. While many businesses anticipated growth from more airport passengers, most were established before 2007 rather than because of the expansion. The expansion promoted some tourism, retail, and financial sector growth but did not significantly motivate the fishing industry due to lack of cargo facilities. In summary, the airport upgrade created some new opportunities but has not been fully leveraged to maximize economic
Strategies Employed Article by Khurram KayaniK Kayani
This document discusses strategies used by bricks-and-mortar (B&M) travel agents in Australia to compete with virtual travel agents. It finds that B&M agents have adopted strategies like enhancing their online presence, offering personalized services, and bundling travel packages. This allows them to capitalize on their strengths like providing personal consultation and expertise in arranging complex trips. Meanwhile, online travel providers see technologies like e-commerce as important for growth by allowing direct marketing and customer feedback. Overall, the document examines how both B&M agents and online providers in Australia have adapted to increased competition in the travel industry.
Measuring Tourist Service Satisfaction at Destination: A Case Study of Cox...b-planning
This study examines existing tourism services of the highly trafficked destination of Cox’s Bazar Sea beach in
Bangladesh using a tourist satisfaction analysis. Using observation and self-determined questionnaire survey, the study
classified tourist to their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and measured satisfaction level using five point
Likert- scales against seventeen selected variables. The findings of this study suggest that tourists were mostly satisfied with
amenities related to destination management, with a natural attraction to the beach and relaxation facilities provided by the
destination. In contrast, tourists were disappointed with facilities such as health and emergency services, transportation
services, tour guides, information services and night life. The outcome of this empirical research will enable planners,
investors, destination mang ers and other vested interest groups to better understand tourist expectations and formulate
improved strategies, regional policy and a balanced approach toward sustainable tourism development in the region
The document discusses the role of transportation in tourism and its development. It notes that globalization and technological advances have reduced distances and increased interconnectedness, driving growth in international travel and tourism. Transportation is crucial to the tourism industry as it connects origins and destinations and without it, most tourism would not exist. The document then examines different modes of transportation used in tourism, factors influencing tourist transportation options, and how transportation is critical to the development and competitiveness of tourist destinations.
Rating Framework to Evaluate Connection Flights at Tourist AirportsIJMREMJournal
Airport’s serving a tourist destination is an essential counterpart of the tourist demand supply chain, and their
productivity is related to the region’s attractiveness and is enhanced by the air transport business. In this paper,
the evaluation framework in order to prioritize the scheduled flights connecting two tourist airports is
introduced, taking into consideration their available yield seats. By adopting a systemic approach, the arrivals
from an airport that its connectivity is heavily depended on the departures of another airport are reviewed. The
methodology approach, based on inventory control theory and the numerical example, promotes the use of the
modeling formulation. The results would be essential for comparison and exercising to other similar cases.
The document discusses how demographic trends in GCC countries will impact travel in the region over the next 15 years. A growing population, including a large youth population, will result in many more travelers. Distinct traveler profiles are emerging, including independent travelers and middle-income travelers, in addition to existing segments like business travelers and families. This will fragment the market and create more diverse travel needs and aspirations. Increased spending power among GCC travelers will lead to a fourfold increase in outbound travel spending from the region by 2030.
Aviation as an industry is structurally extremely unattractive. It is very difficult to make profit in this industry. The industry is, weighed down by regulations, and influenced by several uncontrollable factors. The combined effect of these factors is historically the industry has never earned a rate of return above its investors’ capital; in fact, it has destroyed more money than it has created. The main objective of the paper is to highlight the major characteristics of the industry. Factors such as cost of oil or security have direct impact on operational effectiveness and risk management of an airline company. Factors such as natural disasters or health emergencies and socio-political culture of a country too affect the financial health of the industry. The paper deals with the Indian Civil Aviation Industry. This paper is a theoretical review. by providing some suggestions.
Accessibility Evaluation on Ethiopian and South African Airlines Website and ...dannyijwest
The document evaluates the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of Ethiopian Airlines and South African Airlines. It finds that both airlines need to improve the inclusive design of their online reservation systems by following universal design principles when enhancing their interactive systems. The evaluation assessed compliance with guidelines like WCAG 2.0 by analyzing pages for searching flights and booking flights. It identified issues like images missing alt text, small touch targets, and insufficient color contrast ratios that reduce accessibility for people with disabilities. The study recommends both airlines address these problems to make their digital services more inclusive and competitively positioned in the industry.
This document discusses the changing landscape of online travel distribution. It outlines the development of airline booking systems from individual airline reservation systems to global distribution systems that connected multiple airlines. The advent of online travel has disrupted this model by allowing airlines and travel providers to sell directly to consumers, reducing reliance on travel agents and distribution systems. A market research firm is being hired to study low online travel adoption in Hong Kong and help Huella gain market insight to develop an effective marketing strategy.
Problematic Infrastructure Factors Affecting Development in the 21st Century ...Premier Publishers
Good infrastructure is linked to economic growth and development, without deny. The study explores five problematic infrastructure factors affecting development in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwean nation has been struggling to recover from economic crisis, which has bedeviled the economy for quite a long time. The study identified and discussed five problematic infrastructure factors that hinders development. Addressing of the factors will place the country on a better position for recovery using a better recovery pace. The study utilized the Network Theory to support its argument. The identified factors are power cuts and shortages, poor road infrastructure, inefficient rail network within the country, water shortages and poor transport infrastructure for access to ports. The study employed the Relative Importance Index to enable the ranking of identified factors. Policies that target improvement of the identified problems will aid both short term and long-term development of the economy.
Class,During this week’s lesson, we learned about two differenVinaOconner450
Class,
During this week’s lesson, we learned about two different type of details. Covert details are designed to blend in with the surrounding environment. Vehicle selection begins with utilizing vehicles that are commonly found in the city, state, or country the principal will be traveling in. Sending out a decoy motorcade to divert attention away from the actual principal is one common tactic found within a covert detail (McGovern, 2011). The positives with utilizing this detail ensures the principal is able to move around discreetly with as little to no details made available to the adversary. Swapping vehicles multiple times is another way in which the protection team can keep the adversary in a reactive state to ensure maximum protection without broadcasting to everyone the principal is on the move. The cons to this type of detail involves the actual principal not agreeing with the vehicle choice he or she may be traveling in. Consistent threat updates and communication with the counter surveillance teams will help minimize the amount of exposure or risk to the principal. An additional area of concern for the covert detail is the strict compliance of Operational Security as we learned in the last lesson. One small detail that is leaked to the public about the principal may tip off the entire covert operation (McGovern, 2011). I would utilize a covert detail when making a visit to higher threat area. For example, when I was deployed to Afghanistan the Secretary of Defense at the time flew into the country in what seemed to be unannounced. Little did I know prior to taking this class this was called a “covert detail.” By design the secret service detail did not want anyone to know he was flying in and thus landed in the middle of the night unannounced to “most”.
An overt detail is the exact opposite. During an overt operation a lot more, details are made available outside the protection team. Public Affairs office and media teams have more situational awareness on when the principal is to arrive at least down to the day and sometimes the hour. The planned itinerary is made available to more personnel. Especially when there may be a planned speech to be given at a specific location at a specific time. I feel this makes the job of the protection team much more difficult. The counter-surveillance team has a lot more responsibility to ensure the information that is made available to the public is not used to plan a coordinated attack. The cons to this type of detail include additional manpower and resources to “lock-down” a specific area more because the public is more in tuned to what and when is exactly going to occur.
Nick
McGovern, G. (2011). Protective Operations: A Handbook for Security and Law Enforcement. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=71c2fbb7-974b-41b6-9700-7db9e5cf88e6%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&ppid=pp_Cover&vid=0&format=EB
Hello class,
Overt and covert operati ...
OITC annual Report 2015 - web - page per pageStefan Atchia
The annual report summarizes the African Development Bank's investments and activities in transport and ICT infrastructure in Africa for 2015. Some key points:
- The Bank invested $2 billion in 17 transport and ICT projects, 50% above target, to support economic growth, trade, and development across Africa.
- The Bank's active transport and ICT project portfolio reached $11 billion for 114 ongoing projects in 44 countries, with 40% focused on developing regional road corridors to boost integration, agriculture, and industrialization.
- Efforts were made to diversify into other modes like aviation, rail, maritime, and urban transport, which accounted for 30% of lending, including a bus rapid transit project in Tanz
This document summarizes tourism in Africa and its potential for economic growth. It finds that tourism currently contributes over $36 billion to Africa's GDP and is responsible for millions of jobs. However, Africa faces constraints like inadequate air and road transport that hamper tourism. If these constraints are addressed, tourism could be a significant driver of economic development across Africa by harnessing the region's natural and cultural assets. The document outlines opportunities and constraints to expanding Africa's tourism industry.
Analysis of Road Transport Dynamics in Gombe City, Gombe State, NigeriaAJSERJournal
Road transportation, particularly in developing world continuous to be among the crucial factors of global
change in the 21st century affecting the physical dimension of cities. As such, the paper examines the road transport
development in Gombe city. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, road maps of Gombe metropolis of
1996, 2005 and 2014 were acquired to determine the changes in road network development using alpha, beta and
gamma indices and 282 copies of questionnaire were distributed to assess the effects of road transport development on
commercial activities in the study area. The results of the computation of gamma: 56.9%, 57.9% and 60.0%, beta: 1.61,
1.70 and 1.80 and alpha 31.3%, 35.3% and 38.9% indices indicated that there is a significant increase in road
connectivity in Gombe metropolis from 1996 through the 2005 to 2014. Further results revealed 95% of the
respondents indicated that improvement in road network affects movement and economic activities in many ways
which include: provision of access to commercial outfits which bring about profit by locating along major roads,
junctions and roundabouts which in turn result to increase in income, improvement in standard of living and reduction
in poverty. It is therefore, concluded that road transport development dictate the pattern of urban commercial outfits
and also affects commercial activities positively. The study discovered the importance of road transport infrastructure
to the improvement of commercial activities in the study area. It is consequently, recommended that more roads should
be constructed, renovated and dualyzed in order to improve and diversify the commercial nature of Gombe metropolis.
The study further exposed that urban roads are given more priority in Gombe State. Thus, recommended that rural
roads should be improved to harness the economic potentials in the state at large.
Social media Impact on Tourism Industry Report by n@s!mNasim Khan
The document summarizes the findings of a 2017 travel survey conducted in Bangladesh that examined the impact of social media on the country's tourism industry. Key findings included that 55% of students and staff live within 10 miles of the surveyed universities and have the greatest potential to adopt more sustainable travel. Financial considerations, convenience and travel duration were found to influence travel choices. Comparisons to previous surveys found small increases in travel frequency and shifts toward more sustainable modes of transportation. The survey results will help inform sustainable travel plans and encourage more environmentally-friendly travel options.
Opening additional regional airports to international flights could significantly boost tourism and rural economies. While Australia currently restricts international entry points to eight major airports, regional airports have potential to stimulate tourism demand from countries like New Zealand. Barriers like high infrastructure costs and border agency staffing fees imposed on regional airports currently inhibit the growth of international tourism to rural areas. Designating more regional airports as international entry points would help Australia better capitalize on the trend of point-to-point air travel and dispersal of tourists outside major cities.
The Future of Air Travel: Eight Disruptive Waves of ChangeCognizant
The document discusses 8 disruptive waves that will impact air travel by 2025: 1) Macroeconomic turbulence, 2) Disruptive new travel services, 3) New business models like subscription aviation and flight sharing, 4) Alternate modes of transport, 5) Frictionless travel experiences, 6) Next-generation travelers, 7) Immersive experiences using VR/AR, and 8) Hyper-personalization. Travel providers need to prepare for these changes through agility, strategic partnerships, sustainability efforts, and exploring new business models to remain competitive.
This document discusses the implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in Qatar, a developing country. It outlines several challenges Qatar faces in developing a fully functional ITS network, such as coordinating different stakeholders, adopting other countries' ITS systems, keeping up with changing technology, integrating new systems with existing infrastructure, and budget constraints. The document provides an overview of Qatar's rapid infrastructure growth and associated traffic and safety issues. It also summarizes Qatar's national ITS master plan and the expected benefits of a comprehensive ITS network for improving transportation systems and road user experience.
This document summarizes a study on cruise passengers' satisfaction with their visit to Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. The study involved surveying 1,361 cruise passengers in October and November 2009. It found that while overall satisfaction was high, passengers were less satisfied with city infrastructure like traffic and cleanliness. Americans tended to be more demanding of full satisfaction. Over half said they would return as land tourists and over 60% would recommend the destination, indicating potential for tourism growth. The study used factor and cluster analysis to examine satisfaction levels and identify opportunities to improve the onshore experience in Cartagena de Indias.
Running Head AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 1Aviati.docxtoddr4
Running Head: AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 1
Aviation Safety Challenges in Africa Draft
Ivan Brian Temanju
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 2
Abstract
Aviation remains to be one of the most dynamic industries, often marked by new
technological innovations aimed at providing superior, efficient, safe and seamless airspace
utilization among the key industry players. Security and safety remain to be key considerations
in the aviation industry, as they protect international civil aviation against unlawful acts of
intrusion that may negatively impose on the passengers, airline crew and the general public as
well. Nonetheless, aviation safety in Africa has been a growing concern, especially since the
rates of accidents and insecurity concerns in Africa exceed the global average. Despite the
adoption of new aviation laws, as well as marked improvements in certain areas of the African
aviation industry, there still exist disparities in relation to technological infrastructure,
restrictive traffic regimes, adherence to global aviation standards and government regulations
all of which have come in the way of the realization of aviation safety in Africa. Whereas these
challenges have largely been blamed for Africa’s struggling aviation safety standards, it is
without a doubt that the aviation industry in Africa is the most promising industry in the world,
especially as a result of the growing demand for aviation services that are spread in the vast
continent. Hence, in a bid to enhance aviation safety in Africa, the industry needs to be more
receptive of the adoption of open-skies policies, the African airlines need to abide by the
international global aviation standards and the technological infrastructure requires a boost as
a means to capitalize on safety.
Keywords: Aviation Terrorism, Aviation Safety, Aviation Security
AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 3
Introduction
Since the inception of aviation, safety has been a growing concern throughout the
industry. When effectively implemented, aviation safety has been proven to save money, time
and equipment. Nevertheless, implementing an aviation safety program is a daunting task,
which requires attention to detail, as well as a thorough analysis of past accident rates, legal
responsibilities, financial impact, historical data from other organizations and data from
multiple training programs to decide what will work best for the organization at hand.
Unfortunately, there lacks a universal aviation safety program, and hence each organization
must decide what works best for them even when it does not work for other organizations (Shila
& Anne, 2015). Also, the country in which an airline organization operates is largely influenced
by the existing country laws, availability of resources as well as technological infrastructure. In
the recent past, aviation safety in Africa has been in the l.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0. The findings revealed that nature of generating wastewater from hygiene and sanitation procedure among inmates using restroom and flushing toilet at the rate of about 41-50 litres of water per inmate per day causes significant flooding, as well as generate chemical compounds which catalyses air and soil pollution. Inappropriate discharge of wastewater result to of outbreak of diseases in the custodial environment resulting in high rate of cholera, typhoid, malaria and dysentery. These health challenges constitute serious socio’- economic burden for the management of the custodian centres. The study also shows significant effects of effluent pollution in the area of study at a level of 0.05% significance. Thus, recommendations were made to proffer solution to the menace of effluent discharge on pollution crises around the environment correctional centres.
The Nigerian society of today is torn between the jealousies of Christianity and Islam, and to a little extent, the distinct, but more accommodating values and customs of the indigenous religions of the well over 250 ethnic nationalities. As it were, Nigerians still find themselves involved together in social, economic and political relationships. However, there is the crisis identity and the rights of these different cultural groups, and or orientations, of preserving their distinct ways of life, and yet working together in jointly constructing a society that enhances their self-worth, self-esteem and self-realization at their deepest level of existence. Our paper acknowledges the spate of global interaction in this new world in the making which spirit has forced or fused the coexistence of individuals of different ideological political, religious and moral persuasions. The paper argues on this score that the resultant agitations of these religious groups are what counts as the tensions of the present polity. that, the manipulation of religion or religious practices as a form of discrimination as is evident in the prosecution of the Sharia project violates the rights of other citizens. The paper argues on a second count that, religious pluralism is not contrary to the values and customs of the Nigerian social system, and that, the different religious persuasions, which outlook and practices sometimes contradicts each other; apparently diverse and opposed, are simply expressions from different viewpoints and by different method of one ultimate truth which has the capacity for national integration, social harmony and sustainable human development. The paper advances a philosophy of religious tolerance as an institutional frame and atmosphere in which humanity shares in the richness of its different traditions for a better and more humanized world.
More Related Content
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Rating Framework to Evaluate Connection Flights at Tourist AirportsIJMREMJournal
Airport’s serving a tourist destination is an essential counterpart of the tourist demand supply chain, and their
productivity is related to the region’s attractiveness and is enhanced by the air transport business. In this paper,
the evaluation framework in order to prioritize the scheduled flights connecting two tourist airports is
introduced, taking into consideration their available yield seats. By adopting a systemic approach, the arrivals
from an airport that its connectivity is heavily depended on the departures of another airport are reviewed. The
methodology approach, based on inventory control theory and the numerical example, promotes the use of the
modeling formulation. The results would be essential for comparison and exercising to other similar cases.
The document discusses how demographic trends in GCC countries will impact travel in the region over the next 15 years. A growing population, including a large youth population, will result in many more travelers. Distinct traveler profiles are emerging, including independent travelers and middle-income travelers, in addition to existing segments like business travelers and families. This will fragment the market and create more diverse travel needs and aspirations. Increased spending power among GCC travelers will lead to a fourfold increase in outbound travel spending from the region by 2030.
Aviation as an industry is structurally extremely unattractive. It is very difficult to make profit in this industry. The industry is, weighed down by regulations, and influenced by several uncontrollable factors. The combined effect of these factors is historically the industry has never earned a rate of return above its investors’ capital; in fact, it has destroyed more money than it has created. The main objective of the paper is to highlight the major characteristics of the industry. Factors such as cost of oil or security have direct impact on operational effectiveness and risk management of an airline company. Factors such as natural disasters or health emergencies and socio-political culture of a country too affect the financial health of the industry. The paper deals with the Indian Civil Aviation Industry. This paper is a theoretical review. by providing some suggestions.
Accessibility Evaluation on Ethiopian and South African Airlines Website and ...dannyijwest
The document evaluates the accessibility of the websites and mobile applications of Ethiopian Airlines and South African Airlines. It finds that both airlines need to improve the inclusive design of their online reservation systems by following universal design principles when enhancing their interactive systems. The evaluation assessed compliance with guidelines like WCAG 2.0 by analyzing pages for searching flights and booking flights. It identified issues like images missing alt text, small touch targets, and insufficient color contrast ratios that reduce accessibility for people with disabilities. The study recommends both airlines address these problems to make their digital services more inclusive and competitively positioned in the industry.
This document discusses the changing landscape of online travel distribution. It outlines the development of airline booking systems from individual airline reservation systems to global distribution systems that connected multiple airlines. The advent of online travel has disrupted this model by allowing airlines and travel providers to sell directly to consumers, reducing reliance on travel agents and distribution systems. A market research firm is being hired to study low online travel adoption in Hong Kong and help Huella gain market insight to develop an effective marketing strategy.
Problematic Infrastructure Factors Affecting Development in the 21st Century ...Premier Publishers
Good infrastructure is linked to economic growth and development, without deny. The study explores five problematic infrastructure factors affecting development in Zimbabwe. The Zimbabwean nation has been struggling to recover from economic crisis, which has bedeviled the economy for quite a long time. The study identified and discussed five problematic infrastructure factors that hinders development. Addressing of the factors will place the country on a better position for recovery using a better recovery pace. The study utilized the Network Theory to support its argument. The identified factors are power cuts and shortages, poor road infrastructure, inefficient rail network within the country, water shortages and poor transport infrastructure for access to ports. The study employed the Relative Importance Index to enable the ranking of identified factors. Policies that target improvement of the identified problems will aid both short term and long-term development of the economy.
Class,During this week’s lesson, we learned about two differenVinaOconner450
Class,
During this week’s lesson, we learned about two different type of details. Covert details are designed to blend in with the surrounding environment. Vehicle selection begins with utilizing vehicles that are commonly found in the city, state, or country the principal will be traveling in. Sending out a decoy motorcade to divert attention away from the actual principal is one common tactic found within a covert detail (McGovern, 2011). The positives with utilizing this detail ensures the principal is able to move around discreetly with as little to no details made available to the adversary. Swapping vehicles multiple times is another way in which the protection team can keep the adversary in a reactive state to ensure maximum protection without broadcasting to everyone the principal is on the move. The cons to this type of detail involves the actual principal not agreeing with the vehicle choice he or she may be traveling in. Consistent threat updates and communication with the counter surveillance teams will help minimize the amount of exposure or risk to the principal. An additional area of concern for the covert detail is the strict compliance of Operational Security as we learned in the last lesson. One small detail that is leaked to the public about the principal may tip off the entire covert operation (McGovern, 2011). I would utilize a covert detail when making a visit to higher threat area. For example, when I was deployed to Afghanistan the Secretary of Defense at the time flew into the country in what seemed to be unannounced. Little did I know prior to taking this class this was called a “covert detail.” By design the secret service detail did not want anyone to know he was flying in and thus landed in the middle of the night unannounced to “most”.
An overt detail is the exact opposite. During an overt operation a lot more, details are made available outside the protection team. Public Affairs office and media teams have more situational awareness on when the principal is to arrive at least down to the day and sometimes the hour. The planned itinerary is made available to more personnel. Especially when there may be a planned speech to be given at a specific location at a specific time. I feel this makes the job of the protection team much more difficult. The counter-surveillance team has a lot more responsibility to ensure the information that is made available to the public is not used to plan a coordinated attack. The cons to this type of detail include additional manpower and resources to “lock-down” a specific area more because the public is more in tuned to what and when is exactly going to occur.
Nick
McGovern, G. (2011). Protective Operations: A Handbook for Security and Law Enforcement. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook?sid=71c2fbb7-974b-41b6-9700-7db9e5cf88e6%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&ppid=pp_Cover&vid=0&format=EB
Hello class,
Overt and covert operati ...
OITC annual Report 2015 - web - page per pageStefan Atchia
The annual report summarizes the African Development Bank's investments and activities in transport and ICT infrastructure in Africa for 2015. Some key points:
- The Bank invested $2 billion in 17 transport and ICT projects, 50% above target, to support economic growth, trade, and development across Africa.
- The Bank's active transport and ICT project portfolio reached $11 billion for 114 ongoing projects in 44 countries, with 40% focused on developing regional road corridors to boost integration, agriculture, and industrialization.
- Efforts were made to diversify into other modes like aviation, rail, maritime, and urban transport, which accounted for 30% of lending, including a bus rapid transit project in Tanz
This document summarizes tourism in Africa and its potential for economic growth. It finds that tourism currently contributes over $36 billion to Africa's GDP and is responsible for millions of jobs. However, Africa faces constraints like inadequate air and road transport that hamper tourism. If these constraints are addressed, tourism could be a significant driver of economic development across Africa by harnessing the region's natural and cultural assets. The document outlines opportunities and constraints to expanding Africa's tourism industry.
Analysis of Road Transport Dynamics in Gombe City, Gombe State, NigeriaAJSERJournal
Road transportation, particularly in developing world continuous to be among the crucial factors of global
change in the 21st century affecting the physical dimension of cities. As such, the paper examines the road transport
development in Gombe city. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, road maps of Gombe metropolis of
1996, 2005 and 2014 were acquired to determine the changes in road network development using alpha, beta and
gamma indices and 282 copies of questionnaire were distributed to assess the effects of road transport development on
commercial activities in the study area. The results of the computation of gamma: 56.9%, 57.9% and 60.0%, beta: 1.61,
1.70 and 1.80 and alpha 31.3%, 35.3% and 38.9% indices indicated that there is a significant increase in road
connectivity in Gombe metropolis from 1996 through the 2005 to 2014. Further results revealed 95% of the
respondents indicated that improvement in road network affects movement and economic activities in many ways
which include: provision of access to commercial outfits which bring about profit by locating along major roads,
junctions and roundabouts which in turn result to increase in income, improvement in standard of living and reduction
in poverty. It is therefore, concluded that road transport development dictate the pattern of urban commercial outfits
and also affects commercial activities positively. The study discovered the importance of road transport infrastructure
to the improvement of commercial activities in the study area. It is consequently, recommended that more roads should
be constructed, renovated and dualyzed in order to improve and diversify the commercial nature of Gombe metropolis.
The study further exposed that urban roads are given more priority in Gombe State. Thus, recommended that rural
roads should be improved to harness the economic potentials in the state at large.
Social media Impact on Tourism Industry Report by n@s!mNasim Khan
The document summarizes the findings of a 2017 travel survey conducted in Bangladesh that examined the impact of social media on the country's tourism industry. Key findings included that 55% of students and staff live within 10 miles of the surveyed universities and have the greatest potential to adopt more sustainable travel. Financial considerations, convenience and travel duration were found to influence travel choices. Comparisons to previous surveys found small increases in travel frequency and shifts toward more sustainable modes of transportation. The survey results will help inform sustainable travel plans and encourage more environmentally-friendly travel options.
Opening additional regional airports to international flights could significantly boost tourism and rural economies. While Australia currently restricts international entry points to eight major airports, regional airports have potential to stimulate tourism demand from countries like New Zealand. Barriers like high infrastructure costs and border agency staffing fees imposed on regional airports currently inhibit the growth of international tourism to rural areas. Designating more regional airports as international entry points would help Australia better capitalize on the trend of point-to-point air travel and dispersal of tourists outside major cities.
The Future of Air Travel: Eight Disruptive Waves of ChangeCognizant
The document discusses 8 disruptive waves that will impact air travel by 2025: 1) Macroeconomic turbulence, 2) Disruptive new travel services, 3) New business models like subscription aviation and flight sharing, 4) Alternate modes of transport, 5) Frictionless travel experiences, 6) Next-generation travelers, 7) Immersive experiences using VR/AR, and 8) Hyper-personalization. Travel providers need to prepare for these changes through agility, strategic partnerships, sustainability efforts, and exploring new business models to remain competitive.
This document discusses the implementation of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) in Qatar, a developing country. It outlines several challenges Qatar faces in developing a fully functional ITS network, such as coordinating different stakeholders, adopting other countries' ITS systems, keeping up with changing technology, integrating new systems with existing infrastructure, and budget constraints. The document provides an overview of Qatar's rapid infrastructure growth and associated traffic and safety issues. It also summarizes Qatar's national ITS master plan and the expected benefits of a comprehensive ITS network for improving transportation systems and road user experience.
This document summarizes a study on cruise passengers' satisfaction with their visit to Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. The study involved surveying 1,361 cruise passengers in October and November 2009. It found that while overall satisfaction was high, passengers were less satisfied with city infrastructure like traffic and cleanliness. Americans tended to be more demanding of full satisfaction. Over half said they would return as land tourists and over 60% would recommend the destination, indicating potential for tourism growth. The study used factor and cluster analysis to examine satisfaction levels and identify opportunities to improve the onshore experience in Cartagena de Indias.
Running Head AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 1Aviati.docxtoddr4
Running Head: AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 1
Aviation Safety Challenges in Africa Draft
Ivan Brian Temanju
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 2
Abstract
Aviation remains to be one of the most dynamic industries, often marked by new
technological innovations aimed at providing superior, efficient, safe and seamless airspace
utilization among the key industry players. Security and safety remain to be key considerations
in the aviation industry, as they protect international civil aviation against unlawful acts of
intrusion that may negatively impose on the passengers, airline crew and the general public as
well. Nonetheless, aviation safety in Africa has been a growing concern, especially since the
rates of accidents and insecurity concerns in Africa exceed the global average. Despite the
adoption of new aviation laws, as well as marked improvements in certain areas of the African
aviation industry, there still exist disparities in relation to technological infrastructure,
restrictive traffic regimes, adherence to global aviation standards and government regulations
all of which have come in the way of the realization of aviation safety in Africa. Whereas these
challenges have largely been blamed for Africa’s struggling aviation safety standards, it is
without a doubt that the aviation industry in Africa is the most promising industry in the world,
especially as a result of the growing demand for aviation services that are spread in the vast
continent. Hence, in a bid to enhance aviation safety in Africa, the industry needs to be more
receptive of the adoption of open-skies policies, the African airlines need to abide by the
international global aviation standards and the technological infrastructure requires a boost as
a means to capitalize on safety.
Keywords: Aviation Terrorism, Aviation Safety, Aviation Security
AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 3
Introduction
Since the inception of aviation, safety has been a growing concern throughout the
industry. When effectively implemented, aviation safety has been proven to save money, time
and equipment. Nevertheless, implementing an aviation safety program is a daunting task,
which requires attention to detail, as well as a thorough analysis of past accident rates, legal
responsibilities, financial impact, historical data from other organizations and data from
multiple training programs to decide what will work best for the organization at hand.
Unfortunately, there lacks a universal aviation safety program, and hence each organization
must decide what works best for them even when it does not work for other organizations (Shila
& Anne, 2015). Also, the country in which an airline organization operates is largely influenced
by the existing country laws, availability of resources as well as technological infrastructure. In
the recent past, aviation safety in Africa has been in the l.
Similar to Challenges Facing Zimbabwe’s Aviation Sector in Promoting Accessibility of Domestic Tourist Destinations | IJRISS (20)
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0. The findings revealed that nature of generating wastewater from hygiene and sanitation procedure among inmates using restroom and flushing toilet at the rate of about 41-50 litres of water per inmate per day causes significant flooding, as well as generate chemical compounds which catalyses air and soil pollution. Inappropriate discharge of wastewater result to of outbreak of diseases in the custodial environment resulting in high rate of cholera, typhoid, malaria and dysentery. These health challenges constitute serious socio’- economic burden for the management of the custodian centres. The study also shows significant effects of effluent pollution in the area of study at a level of 0.05% significance. Thus, recommendations were made to proffer solution to the menace of effluent discharge on pollution crises around the environment correctional centres.
The Nigerian society of today is torn between the jealousies of Christianity and Islam, and to a little extent, the distinct, but more accommodating values and customs of the indigenous religions of the well over 250 ethnic nationalities. As it were, Nigerians still find themselves involved together in social, economic and political relationships. However, there is the crisis identity and the rights of these different cultural groups, and or orientations, of preserving their distinct ways of life, and yet working together in jointly constructing a society that enhances their self-worth, self-esteem and self-realization at their deepest level of existence. Our paper acknowledges the spate of global interaction in this new world in the making which spirit has forced or fused the coexistence of individuals of different ideological political, religious and moral persuasions. The paper argues on this score that the resultant agitations of these religious groups are what counts as the tensions of the present polity. that, the manipulation of religion or religious practices as a form of discrimination as is evident in the prosecution of the Sharia project violates the rights of other citizens. The paper argues on a second count that, religious pluralism is not contrary to the values and customs of the Nigerian social system, and that, the different religious persuasions, which outlook and practices sometimes contradicts each other; apparently diverse and opposed, are simply expressions from different viewpoints and by different method of one ultimate truth which has the capacity for national integration, social harmony and sustainable human development. The paper advances a philosophy of religious tolerance as an institutional frame and atmosphere in which humanity shares in the richness of its different traditions for a better and more humanized world.
The study investigates the analysis on the relationship between green accounting and green design for enterprise. Expost-facto research design was use for the study. The secondary data used in the study covered a period of 10 years (2011-2020) and were sources from Business record of vital foam Nig. Ltd, the data were analyze using multiplied linear regression. From the analysis of the data and test of hypothesis result show green accounting and green design for enterprise have both positive and negative effect on the enterprise but due to external and internal factors. It is on this account that the study therefore recommend that enterprise should make sure they have appropriate and well designed green accounting design to be able to stand the test of time.
Ethnomusicologists have undergone several types of research of music cultures of the world. These studies had led to myriads of findings that have given shape to the ethnographic study in field of music and allied disciplines. As much as findings revealed various components of music cultures of many ethnic descents, much is yet to be discovered about the determination of how the recontextualization process affects the transfer of various elements of the music cultures. This paper through historical analysis of existing literature assists to investigate and suggest elements of music culture that cannot evade possible transfer and those thoughts of as unnecessary in the process of recontextualization. The discourse also gives explicit definition to music as found in culture as well as music as culture itself.
The company’s performance which is considered quite important in providing an evaluation for investor decision making triggers further research to find out what factors can improve company performance. Companies have several motivations in risk disclosure, in line with legitimacy theory, that companies tend to take corporate action and behavior similar to the industry itself. This study will examine and analyze the effect of Clan organizational culture on company performance with the intervening variable of risk management disclosure. The research method used is quantitative with multiple linear regression through the Eviews application.
Coral reef ecosystems are useful, among others, as a source of food, a habitat for marine biota, a source of livelihood, and a tourist attraction with high economic value. This study aims to: (i) explain and describe the condition of coral reefs and the factors that cause damage to coral reefs in Perjuangan Village, (ii) determine the role of the church in the management and maintenance of coral reef ecosystems in Perjuangan Village, and (ii) explain the Christian ethics in the management and maintenance of the coral reef ecosystem in Perjuangan Village.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique.
Effluent pollution is the degradation of the physical, chemical or biological properties of sewage, altered as a result of the introduction of certain substances which renders it unsafe and therefore, regarded as wastewater. This paper aims to examine the effects of effluent pollution on the socio-economic ,environment, and health status of people around (9) custodial centres in Nigeria. The study locations are Medium Security Custodial Centres Kuje (Abuja ), Kirikiri (Lagos), Suleja (Abuja ), Badagry (Lagos), Ikoyi (Lagos), Female Kirikiri (Lagos), Maximum Security Custodial centres (Kirikiri-Lagos and Port-harcourt Rivers) and Correctional Farm Centre Dukpa (Abuja) In the study, descriptive survey method was used after familiarity with the environment and selection of 372 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The process of questionnaire administration, interviews and Focused Group Discussions (FGD), was systematically applied in collection of data which were analyzed using frequency /percentage modules. Consequently, inferential statistics was adapted to test the hypothesis postulated using SPSS 20.0.
The document discusses the challenges of solid waste management in Monrovia, Liberia. It finds that the majority of solid waste generated is leftover food, plastic, and paper. On average, each person produces 0.3kg of waste daily. Nearly all respondents admit to never separating recyclables from other waste. Most waste collection is done informally by children. Most respondents also acknowledge disposing of waste through unsafe and illegal means like burning or dumping, with no formal waste management system. The study calls for the government to increase education on waste policies and introduce better management strategies.
In most developing countries like Zambia, entrepreneurs contribute largely in a society’s economic growth and major interruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic can have a negative impact on the well-being of its citizenry and businesses. The onset of the COVID 19 pandemic found many entrepreneurs unprepared and hence several businesses in societies were profoundly disrupted. During this crisis, entrepreneurs faced unexpected new challenges of creating sustainable business strategies.
This study explored the factors that hinder females from accessing senior leadership roles in selected public secondary schools in Solwezi district. To achieve the research purpose, a qualitative approach was employed in order to undertake a direct exploration, analysis and interpretation anchored on a narrative research design.
Urbanization is a widespread occurrence across the nation. Urbanism has been affecting the rise in urban crime as a result of societal perception. According to empirical data, crime has risen in metropolitan areas. The study issue is dependent on the specific types of crime that occur in urban settings. | Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
This study has examined the trafficking of Karamoja women and girls from North-Eastern Uganda into Nairobi, Kenya. Trafficking in human beings remains a big challenge confronting the international community. The menace remains a global problem with the countries of the Third World bearing the greatest brunt.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the leadership constructs of eight young women student leaders in the Philippines. The study used a multiple case study approach to interview the participants. Four themes emerged from the interviews: 1) positive values like responsibility, work ethic, and morality; 2) positive identity; 3) being a guide and source of inspiration; and 4) collaboration skills. Late adolescents and those from non-sectarian schools had more developed leadership constructs. The study argues for understanding young women's leadership concepts to promote positive development.
Universities groom up graduates with very specific and detail knowledge. In the fastest growing world specialization is required to serve the purpose. University graduates with tremendous knowledge and efficiency can serve the nation with their full potential. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS).
Education, Skills, Employment, Opportunities, Challenges, Marginal, Graduates
As an embodiment of human rights, freedom of speech in public is the right of every individual and has been constitutionally guaranteed in Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. That is the reason why legal certainty is needed regarding the concept of handling crowds and legal reform in the handling and regulation of demonstrations by the police so that human rights violations do not happen. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
freedom of speech, Indonesian legal system
Malaysia is not only unique country with a multicultural diversity but also has a rich and numerous culture and heritage treasures. Therefore, as technology growth across world, many cultural heritages might become missing without any effective efforts in preservation and conservation of the culture and heritage. Within this scenario, the qualitative study was conducted through documents review, a field observation followed by a face-to-face interview with corresponding respondents to empirically ascertain the narrative history and uniqueness of Gasing Leper Terengganu which further propose an alternative approach in preserving Gasing Leper Terengganu’s heritage.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Customer satisfaction may be summed up as the feeling of pleasure that customers have after using or engaging with a company’s product or service. For water as product must be of good quality, sufficient quantity and fair pricing to customers to feel satisfied. This study examines customers’ satisfaction of Municipal water supply in Jos-Metropolis of Plateau State, Nigeria. A mixed research method was applied on the unpredictable customers behaviour towards water supply from PWSC in 7 randomly selected districts of Yelwa, Rahol-Kanang, Nassarawa, Kufang, Federal Lowcost and Utan using purposive sampling and a structured questionnaire was administered on 372 respondents while interviews and FGD was also conducted to complement data collected. The data was analyzed using percentages and regression analysis of SPSS 23.0 application. The findings revealed customers’ satisfaction is reliant on the distribution of sufficient quantity and good quality water for sustainable health. Despite a major affirmation to the quantity and quality of water supplied. Customers, yet attested to coloured, tasteful and particle filled the water supplied from PWSC and demonstrated non-satisfaction to the quality, quantity and price of water supply. This was supported by the regression analysis result showing insignificance on the variables tested at 0.05 significant levels. However, recommendations were made to model PWSC water distribution strategies to meet the global standard for efficient water distribution and among others.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
This study examined the impact of tax reforms on the liquidity of Nigerian stock market. Secondary data were used for this study. The relevant data were sourced from Securities and Exchange Commission Statistics and Federal Inland Revenue Service Statistics Report between 1982 and 2021. Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) Model comprising Impulse Response Function (IRF) and Variance Decomposition (VD) was used to analyze the determinants and the liquidity of the stock market. The results of the VAR Model showed that the stock market liquidity (proxied by turnover ratio) significantly responded to changes in the movement of the tax reform indicators and positive both in the short and long run. This study concluded that a positive relationship exists between tax reforms and stock market liquidity. It was recommended that the regulatory body of tax administration must intensify efforts to mitigate the impacts of the global financial crisis on the Nigerian Exchange Group.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
The environment has been erroneously perceived as a god’s-given resource to be explored and exploited for production of goods and services necessary for the satisfaction of human needs and comfort. This perception inspired man to engage in breath-taking explorations into the huge vaults of the heavens with ozone layer depletion, green house effect as consequences resulting to global warming, climate change, loss of biodiversity on one hand and pollution, deforestation, flooding, draught, famine, flood, extreme weather events on the other hand, as global catastrophic threats to human kind. These problems have become a major concern of the international community who has called for a new type of education for a better understanding of the complexity of the problems of the environment as well as for effective management of environmental resources. This type of education is referred to as environmental education. This paper explored the library as a medium for the dissemination of knowledge of the environment and its problems. It explored various ways through which knowledge of environmental problems and their prevention is promoted through the instrumentality of the library. It concludes that library as a reservoir of knowledge should be equipped with materials containing information on environmental problems and as well as be made accessible to all humans in every part of the globe.| Publisher: International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
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Challenges Facing Zimbabwe’s Aviation Sector in Promoting Accessibility of Domestic Tourist Destinations | IJRISS
1. Challenges Facing Zimbabwe’s Aviation Sector in Promoting
Accessibility of Domestic Tourist Destinations
Tendayi Makwara1*, Brendon Mukarati2, Nabars Makwara3
1Department of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure Sciences, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
2Department of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure Sciences, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
3AFC Holdings, Gweru, Zimbabwe
ABSTRACT
There are growing fears that Zimbabwe is missing out on the potential benefits that may be derived from a
more defined participation of the aviation sector in improving accessibility of tourist destinations in the
country. This research sought to establish the challenges being faced by the aviation sector in improving the
accessibility of tourist destinations in Zimbabwe. The research utilised a qualitative research approach. In-
depth interviews were conducted with the key informants in the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
Development, Zimbabwe Tourism Authority, Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe and airline
representatives. Convenience sampling was mostly used in the research whereby respondents were selected
based on their availability. The challenges identified were that there is a lack of proper policy coordination
between tourism and aviation authorities, inadequacy of operational airports near tourism destinations and
limited financial resources on part of the ministries in charge of the tourism and aviation sectors. The
research recommended an improvement in policy coordination between the aviation and tourism sectors and
intensified efforts in sourcing finances for the aviation sector rehabilitation program.
Keywords: accessibility; domestic tourist destinations; challenges; aviation sector; Zimbabwe
INTRODUCTION
The aviation industry has arguably been the backbone in the development and growth of the global tourism
and hospitality industry. Air transport facilitates people’s mobility, making long distance travel faster and
safer (Mangwiro, 2022). Air transport has an important role in connecting rural areas and islands with
urbanized areas of a country (Rocha, 2017). The development of connectivity and improved transportation
facilities is one of the key strategies for a government to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor
(Yeoh et al., 2013). According to Guiver & Stanford (2014) good accessibility has the tendency to improve
a destination’s attractiveness to tourists and increase arrivals.
Researches have shown that governments around the world are implementing different policies to improve
air connectivity to their less developed areas. A research done by Vasiliy et al. (2019) shows that the
aviation sector in Russia has excelled in boosting connectivity over the country’s vast geographical
expanses. Warnock-Smith & O’Connell (2011) also found out that the Carribean Islands which are
inaccessible by land have been made accessible by air.
The United States of America is also one such country which demonstrates how the aviation sector through
a high level of participation by airlines fosters tourism destination accessibility. The United States of
America has a very high volume of airlines from small commuter airlines and regional airlines to major hub
airlines that connect the country to every continent on the planet. These airlines also have partnerships with
smaller regional and commuter airlines which then connects passengers from any part of the globe to many
tourism destinations within the country such as the Yellowstone and Yosemite national parks, Walt Disney
park, Grand Canyon national park, Hawaiian Islands, Rocky Mountains, Lake Michigan and the South
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS |Volume VII Issue II February 2023
Page 888
www.rsisinternational.org
2. Beach in Miami just to mention a few (Dennis, 1994; Goetz & Vowles, 2009; Ashford et al, 2013).
Regionally, Botswana has benefitted a lot from its active aviation sector. Botswana does not have a large
national flag carrier like its neighbors but the efforts of the small Air Botswana are complemented by
smaller commuter airlines which have ensured that every tourism destination in the country is accessible.
Air Botswana and other airlines like Mack Air provide air connectivity to tourist centers and many tourist
hotspots through-out the Okavango Delta. Good air connectivity has helped Botswana to become one of the
most sought after destinations in Southern Africa (Otiso et al., 2011 Leechor, 2017).
In Zimbabwe a research done by Nyaruwata & Runyowa (2017) established that less than 1% of the visitors
to Zimbabwe use air transport internally. The lack of use of air transport for internal movements of tourists
was mainly due to the national carrier’s operational challenges and poor market viability. This lack of
internal air connectivity led to uneven geographical distribution of tourists in the country. Kabote et al.
(2019) also posit that the few air transport users within Zimbabwe were business travellers that were
sponsored by their employers. More so, these air trips were only used to connect Harare to Bulawayo and
Harare-Bulawayo to Victoria Falls routes. Whilst there were a few flights to Victoria Falls, there was
virtually no air transport available to all other destinations in the country. Thus, despite tourists wanting to
use this transport mode, its non-availability forced them to look for alternatives with the majority using cars
and buses. The researchers recommended either a policy shift or a serious need to capacitate Air Zimbabwe
by replacing the old fleet with smaller aircrafts to ply the domestic routes (Kabote et al., 2019).
In order to address the downward spiral in Zimbabwe’s aviation sector, the Government of Zimbabwe has
embarked on a rehabilitation, expansion and modernisation program of its aviation infrastructure, a move
that is expected to drive Zimbabwe’s travel and tourism industry. Noting the critical role played by the
aviation industry in the facilitation and growth of the tourism and hospitality industry, government has
committed itself to the provision of a “reliable, safe and world-class air transport infrastructure and
services”. In its National Tourism Recovery and Growth Strategy Vision 2025, the Government of
Zimbabwe targets to increase tourist arrivals to over 5,5 million by 2023, as well as grow tourism receipts
from US$1 billion in 2017 to US$3,5 billion by 2023 (National Tourism and Growth Strategy, 2021).
According to Mangwiro (2022) the Victoria Falls International Airport has started reaping benefits of the
expansion and modernisation drive. The Buffalo Range Airport has had its terminal building refurbished and
its runaway redeveloped. The project at the Robert Mugabe International Airport is expected to be complete
in the first half of 2023. Though there is notable progress on the refurbishment of airports, it can be argued
that much concentration is on the international airports. Mangwiro (2022) also added that most domestic
airports in the country are not yet renovated. The slow progress in resuscitation of domestic airports
prompted the researcher to investigate the challenges which are being faced by the aviator sector in
promoting accessibility of Zimbabwe’s domestic tourist destinations. The main objectives of the research
were to examine the challenges facing the aviation sector in promoting accessibility of Zimbabwe tourism
destinations and to suggest a set of recommendations on how the aviation sector can improve destination
accessibility in Zimbabwe.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Destination accessibility defined
Accessibility is the means by which a tourist can reach the point of service delivery. The special feature of
the tourism industry is the immovability of the product meaning the consumer has to be physically present
at the site in order to receive service thus accessibility can also be defined as the possibility to receive
tourism service (Chin et al. 2018). Due to the uniqueness and the intangible pleasures which tourist
attractions bring to travellers, tourists are motivated to travel to them but that process must be affordable
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3. financially and physically (Lam & Zhang, 1999).
Good accessibility denotes a case where the location of tourism destinations or attractions is linked to the
more relevant transport corridors that connect the tourist to their desired destination (Toth & David, 2010).
Accessibility is related to the possibility to visit, to feel, to see or watch special events, to realize or
understand and experience (Pizam, 2009). It is related to fulfilling the desires or wants whose creation is
inspired by tourist attractions (Kumar et al., 2012). Even though transport can be an attraction in itself,
accessibility is not tourism but rather a means of arriving at the point of tourism satisfaction (Yu et al,
2019). Conclusively, tourism cannot occur without accessibility.
Importance of destination accessibility
Destination accessibility enhances destination competitiveness even without the existence of social media
marketing. Good accessibility at a destination informs and improves destination attractiveness. When a
destination is relatively accessible it creates tourist satisfaction which influences revisit intentions thus
increasing the frequencies and volumes of tourist arrivals (Law 2021).
Destination accessibility at its best improves the service quality that is enjoyed by tourists when they come
to visit the attractions in a destination (Adebukola & Fagbemi, 2019). If the travel process is smooth or
characterised of less hurdles such as long queues at airports and poorly maintained roads, tourists enjoy their
travel more and tend to give positive word of mouth inviting others to visit the attraction. It can therefore be
said that when there are negative sentiments in a destination due to low levels of visitor satisfaction,
improving the degree of accessibility will increase positive visitor sentiments (Natalia et al., 2019).
Additionally, when accessibility is improved in a destination, it improves the economic success of that
particular tourist destination. The ease of accessibility to destinations spurs the growth of tourism at a
destination. This generally begins a chain reaction where the derived increase in tourism incomes will allow
for further investment towards tourism projects which creates more capacity for a destination.
Air transport and destination accessibility
Nyaruwata & Runyowa (2017, p.1) says, “…transport plays a critical role for the success of the tourism
sector, provides the umbilical cord that binds tourism destinations and their source markets and ensures that
tourists can be dispersed geographically within a destination”. Since the introduction of passenger flights
during the years succeeding the Second World War the air travel has been an integral and inseparable part of
tourism. It can therefore be said that air transport is one of the most importation transport modes in tourism.
The aviation sector also improves tourism destination accessibility in the form of the actions of other players
in the aviation sector such as government aviation regulators and private operators. Investment in the
construction of improved aviation infrastructure by civil aviation authorities is yet another chief factor to
note since they upgrade or construct new airports which open up a destination to airlines which bring
tourists to a new or previously inaccessible tourism destination (Lohmann & Vianna, 2016). The industry
regulators also engage into bilateral agreements with aviation industry regulators of other countries which
allows airlines from their respective countries to fly between them (Lohmann & Vianna, 2016).
Air transport policies such as airspace liberalization and ‘open skies’ agreements underpin growth in air
travel (Zhang & Findlay, 2014; Álvarez-Díaz, 2019). Also the existence of agreements between airlines
themselves may also improve the accessibility of tourism destinations because they mostly result in the
formulation of dense air transport networks between a tourism destination and various source markets as
well as countless travel promotions which exposes the destination to new groups of travellers who
previously could not access that particular destination. The aviation sector is therefore highly instrumental in
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4. improving destination accessibility because it facilitates the movement of travellers from source markets to
their destinations.
Challenges faced by the aviation sector in improving destination accessibility
The aviation sector has a lot of strategic advantages in promoting tourism destination accessibility as
highlighted above. However, the sector is also burdened with a myriad of problems which tend to stall its
progress in fostering seamless destination accessibility. Sylva & Amah (2021) pointed out that the global
airline industry is full of challenges related to airport infrastructure, finance, safety and security, geography
and country’s regulatory and economic frameworks.
According to Sylva & Amah (2021) the infrastructural challenges being faced by the domestic aviation
sector include poor quality of infrastructure, inadequate provision of power, inadequate number of fleet and
poor technology. Phillips (2015) noted that Nigeria does not have modern landing aids such as adequate
airfield lighting and instrument landing systems to allow planes to land at night. Adebukola & Fagbemi
(2019) added that governments in Sub Saharan Africa are negligent to provide reliable power hence airport
authorities resort to use of alternative power sources like diesel which is very costly and non-sustainable.
Still on infrastructural challenges, Adebukola & Fagbemi (2019) posits that most airlines in Sub Saharan
Africa do not have adequate number and sizes of fleets to service domestic routes. This has resulted in most
operators preferring to service more populated routes leaving the less popular destinations unserved.
Serrano & Kazda (2020) admit that financing the airport facilities expansion is a major challenge to
governments and the aviation industry. In some cases the funding of the airport renovations may come from
the public purse but in some cases a larger share will have to be financed by carriers and the public through
higher airport taxes and user fees. Most aviation regulatory authorities have no obvious source of funding to
upgrade and modernise airport facilities. Xu & Dioumessy (2019) also observed that the operational cost of
African carriers is higher than most carriers in other parts of the world. Fuel for airlines is very expensive
and in most African countries it is 20% more expensive compared to other continents. Faajir and Zidan
(2016) submit that inspite of monetary interventions from governments, the resources cannot meet the
aviation industry’s financial demands. Additionally, most African governments have huge debts which
makes it difficult for them to borrow funds for the development of the aviation sector.
Policy and regulatory challenges are also rampant in the aviation industry. The aviation industry in African
countries suffers setbacks due to lack of good strategies that that can address the peculiarities of the sector
(Omoleke, 2012; Pam, 2012). In some cases the policies are not properly implemented. Further, there is a
lack of cooperation between tourism regulators and aviation sector regulators. This lack of cooperation
results in misalignment between policies of ministries that oversee various aspects of the aviation industry.
In most cases, supervising ministries impose conflicting directives to the regulatory bodies, thus creating
sub-optimal outcomes in the sector (Omoleke, 2012). Ndlovu (2013) also added that continued lack of
compliance with ICAO requirements is a major concern. The aviation as a whole faces the risk of having
major airports and aircraft maintenance entities closed owing to failure to meet international regulatory
requirements. Such action would undermine efforts to rebuild the tourism trade and to attract potential
private investors.
Additionally, corporate governance and managerial challenges also cripple the efforts to improve destination
accessibility by air. These challenges mainly include uncontrolled corruption, poor project planning skills.
Isah (2018) highlighted that opines that poor corporate governance and bad management has led to the
proliferation of unethical practices and dubious activities which end up stunting the growth of the airline
industry. He added that transparency and accountability only exist in the theoretical realm. Pam (2012) also
added that some systems in the aviation sector are devoid of proper checks and balances thereby opening a
floodgate of financial malpractices. This resulted in the rapid depletion of human resource capital and
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5. encouraged some management staff who anticipated their unwarranted exit to loot the system to coma (Pam,
2012).
Moreover, according to Palmer (2013) the aviation industry is strangulated by unfavourable human resource
practices such as neglect of training and personnel development. This has resulted in deficiency in skilled
manpower. Over the years, dearth of skilled personnel has been a major constraint to Africa’s ability to meet
its safety oversight functions in the aviation industry.
Another challenge being faced by the aviation sector in promoting destinations accessibility is the ever-
changing consumer needs which can result in airlines being unable to meet the expectations of their target
markets. In the airline industry, meeting the expectation of the customer in service quality and price is an
important role to identify the success of the airline companies. According to Abdelghany & Abdelghany
(2016), traveller anticipation is one of the challenge faced by the airline companies, where expectations of
the customers are mounting at a faster pace. Every airline has to comply with the expectations of the target
market for long term survival. Sometimes this ends up leading airlines off the path of fostering accessibility
because by trying to improve their service quality, the airfares end up being expensive and a destination
becomes financially inaccessible to tourists.
Literature reviewed above evidence that most countries especially in Africa fail to develop their aviation
sectors due to a myriad of challenges which exist. Challenges like corruption, ill-informed legislative
policies and frameworks as well as mismanagement are some of the reasons why the aviation sector fails to
fully show its prowess in the improvement of tourism destination accessibility in some regions. This
research therefore seeks to unearth the challenges of the Zimbabwean aviation sector in the implementation
its aviation infrastructure rehabilitation, expansion and modernisation program.
METHODOLOGY
The research was a qualitative research. The respondents relevant for this study were the Zimbabwe’s
tourism and civil aviation sector regulators as well as airline representatives. To select the actual
respondents for the study, key informant and convenience sampling techniques were employed. According
to Elmusharaf (2012) key informant sampling is when respondents are selected as a result of their personal
skills, or position within a society, are able to provide more information and a deeper insight into what is
going on around them. Convenience sampling is when respondents are chosen because they are close at
hand and can be easily accessed (Emerson, 2015). The researchers therefore selected 4 destination
marketing managers from the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority, 4 marketing executives from the Civil
Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe, 2 representatives from the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure
Development and 12 airline country managers. The 12 passenger airlines used for the research were those
that fly to and within Zimbabwe and these were Air Zimbabwe, Fastjet Zimbabwe, Halstead’s Aviation
Company, South African Airlink, Comair T/A British Airways, Air Namibia, Air Tanzania, Malawian
Airlines, Rwandair, Kenya Airways, Ethiopian Airways, Emirates Airlines. In total, the sample size used for
the research was made up of 22 respondents and this was deemed appropriate for the aim of the research.
This study utilized in-depth interviews as its main data collection instrument. Due to the restrictions brought
by the Covid 19 pandemic, both face to face and telephone interviews were utilised so as to minimise face to
face interactions. The interviews were semi structured in nature. Semi structured interviews typically
consists of a dialogue between researcher and participant, guided by a flexible interview protocol and
supplemented by follow-up questions, probes and comments (Melissa & Lisa, 2019). An interview guide
was used and all responses were recorded. Each interview session lasted for at most 25minutes. Permission
and consent to carry out the research was first sought from the organizations and data collection was done
for 2 months from early February to mid-March 2022. The interviews allowed the researchers to explore
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6. participant thoughts, feelings and beliefs about the challenges being faced in improving air accessibility of
tourist destinations in Zimbabwe.
In terms of data analysis, the thematic data analysis method was used in this research. Thematic analysis is
a qualitative analytic method for identifying, analysing and reporting themes within data (Braun & Clarke
2006). It organises and describes data in rich detail and interprets various aspects of the research topic.
Using thematic data analyisis, the researchers prepared summaries from the data collected and organized
them into categories. The main categories derived were on the state on the avition sector, challenges faced in
improving accessibility of tourist destinations and the future of the Zimbabwe’s aviation sector. The study
participants were more than willing to participate in this research as they felt that the research was of much
relevance to them. Out of the 22 scheduled interviews, 21 were held sucessfully resulting in 95% response
rate. A detailed data presentation and analysis is shown in the findings section below.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The state of the aviation sector in Zimbabwe
The interviewees were asked about the state of the aviation sector in Zimbabwe. It was found out that in
terms of the aviation infrastructure available to foster tourist destinations accessibility, the country had 13
local airports which included both international and domestic airports. Out of these 13 airports which had
been put under study only 3 that is Harare R.G Mugabe International Airport, Bulawayo J.M Nkomo
International Airport and the Victoria Falls International Airport were practically available to commercial
airlines for them to conduct daily scheduled flights. The other 10 airports were either out of commission or
simply not attractive because of them not being well maintained or serviced enough to generate and support
sufficient air travel demand. These were Buffalo Range Airport, Bulawayo J. Nkomo International Airport,
Centenary Airport, Charles Prince Airport, R. G. Mugabe International Airport, Hwange National Park
Airport, Hwange Town Airport, Kariba Airport and Masvingo Airport.
The findings above demonstrate that Zimbabwe’s aviation sector is only 23% capable of providing constant
and guaranteed air access between tourism destinations in Zimbabwe. The inaccessibility of most tourist
destinations by air have resulted in poor visitor mobility within the country.
Challenges facing the aviation sector in Zimbabwe in promoting tourism destinations accessibility
The greatest challenge cited by all the interviewees was unavailability and inaccessibility of aviation
infrastructure in the country. The research uncovered that the 3 functional airports only benefit Harare,
Bulawayo and Matabeleland provinces. This is a real challenge because it restricts the aviation sector’s
contribution towards accessibility to a very small portion of the total number of local tourism destinations.
Given how time poor tourists are, if they want to visit Zimbabwe from France to see the Mavhuradonha
wilderness area, Lake Kariba and the Great Zimbabwe Monuments they have to spend at least two days at
each destination so the itinerary will not be possible in a week’s span. Duval and Schiff (2011) concurred
that airport based infrastructural challenges can have very negative impacts on the flow of air traffic as well
as tourist movements.
Findings obtained from the aviation sector representatives revealed that the major players in the tourism and
aviation sectors are suffering from budgetary constraints. The regulators are faced with a lot of financial
commitments which are only supported by smaller revenue streams.
It also became evident from the research that the current government’s flagship aviation infrastructure
rehabilitation and modernisation project at the Robert Mugabe International Airport is being funded by the
Chinese government through a loan of US$153 billion. The lack of funds may therefore derail the aviation
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7. sectors efforts to increase accessibility of the country’s tourist destinations.
Furthermore, it was discovered the aviation sector in Zimbabwe is struggling to enhance destination
accessibility to its fullest ability because of the harsh economic environment prevailing in the country. The
relatively poor performance of the economy characterized by low liquidity, high interest rates coupled with
high higher rates of inflation on the back of a devaluing currency has led to there being a growing number of
the population which would otherwise represent domestic travel demand losing much of their purchasing
power and discretionary incomes limiting their ability to use air transport for their tourism travels. The
consequence of this has low demand for air as a mode of transport. Low levels of demand mean the aviation
organizations are not receiving sufficient revenues to fund and maintain their equipment as well as their
skilled personnel. Therefore, at the end of the day the whole domestic aviation sector is no longer capable of
facilitating accessibility to local tourism destinations as a result of the conditions in the local economy.
More recently, it has also been discovered that the impact of unprecedented diseases such as the novel
corona virus has also had surprising but major impacts that have hindered the aviation sector’s ability to
promote tourist destinations accessibility in Zimbabwe. The high rates of infections and casualties at the
hand of the virus has resulted in the government like those of other states imposing travel restrictions
especially on international travel which as the research found was actually halted for much of the final two
quarters of 2020 and the results were that no tourists could be transported from one location to the other.
Another challenge was more to do with the structural constraints within the local tourism industry. It was
discovered that the true benefits of tourism to the economy could not be accurately determined given that
the country does not have a tourism satellite account as such it was difficult for regulators especially those
in aviation to quantify the benefits which the aviation sector obtains from tourism. On this background they
had no justification to motivate air operators actively participate in promoting tourist destination
accessibility.
The research also discovered that the locally based airlines were facing unique challenges in contrast to
others. The previously mentioned economic hardships has meant that the airlines cannot manage to honor
their financial obligations with creditors both at home and abroad leading to failure (Polska, 2011). Fly
Africa Zimbabwe and Rainbow airlines are examples of local carriers that could not survive the harsh
conditions while others such as Air Zimbabwe have been unable to acquire new equipment such as efficient
and comfortable aircraft and maintaining reputable safety standards leading to them being blacklisted in
Europe. Thus the impact of this on accessibility has been that Air Zimbabwe could not directly provide
direct access for European based tourists to Zimbabwean destinations.
A question was presented to the aviation sector respondents and tourism sector respondents on how they are
working together to facilitate air accessibility of the Zimbabwean tourism destinations. The responses from
the CAAZ, airlines and ZTA representatives indicated that they had some level of cooperation between the
sectors for example, ZTA partnered with Ethiopian Airways during the 2019 Sanganai/Hlanganani World
Tourism Expo. However, in most instances the level of involvement and collaboration was kept to a relative
minimum to avoid conflict of interest as well as to safeguard some corporate strategies and secrets
especially from the private sector organizations. The findings are in line with Omeleke (2012) observation
that the lack of cooperation between tourism ministries that oversee various aspects of aviation results in
misalignment of policies. For example, while the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority is trying to boost the
number of visitors flow into the country, the CAAZ is increasing the rates of its taxes and fees which
discourage aviation sector players from fully delivering tourists or visitors to the country.
80% of the respondents cited that there is a challenge of high fees and taxes charged at the airports. These
high taxes made it difficult for airlines to play their role effectively in providing air transport which
translates to the facilitation of tourism destination accessibility in Zimbabwe. Due to the relatively low
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8. volumes which the country’s aviation infrastructure can hold the overall costs of managing, maintaining and
growing the aviation infrastructure ends up being a burden for a few airlines. This translates to high fees and
taxes charged on both the airlines and their passengers which turns the sector into a highly priced system. It
was established in the findings that travelers ended up having to pay an extra 50USD as their own share of
departure taxes which is too expensive to attract the much needed traveler demand which could promote or
enhance the aviation sector’s ability to facilitate destination accessibility. Khadoroo (2007) concurs that
taxes and levies are necessary but if they are unsustainably high they will only lead to disappointing
outcomes as those systems are self-destructive leading to the suffering of accessibility initiatives as well as
the aviation regulators as well.
The future of the aviation sector and destination accessibility in Zimbabwe
Despite a myriad of challenges highlighted above, the research established that the Zimbabwean aviation
sector is making effort to improve destinations accessibility in the nation. The expansion of the three major
airports in the country is a notable development which took place. The sector is also planning to reopen and
refurbish all the district and town airports across the country’s 10 provinces. The research established that
Mutare airport was next on the modernization and expansion projects. It was also established that the Gweru
airport was recently reopened allowing room for airlines to provide regular services into the Midlands
provincial capital and when other airports across the country reopen, the aviation sector’s contribution
towards accessibility is poised to improve.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study concluded that the aviation sector in Zimbabwe is not in an admirable state as it fails to facilitate
accessibility of most tourist destinations in Zimbabwe. Another conclusion drawn from this study is that
even though the government is engaged in some projects which may improve the aviation sector’s ability to
facilitate tourist destination accessibility, the aviation sector’s focus is on facilitating visitors flow into the
country not primarily improving accessibility of tourist destinations. More so, the researchers concluded that
there are lower levels of institutional cooperation between aviation sector and the tourism industry. This was
signaled by a mismatch between their goals and the respective strategies which they use to achieve those
goals resulting in a situation where the strategies of one sector negatively affects the goals of the other
sector.
Another conclusion is that Zimbabwe’s aviation sector has also been found to be neglecting its local airlines
by not putting in place policies which encourage airlines to fly in Zimbabwe while encouraging fair
competition so as to protect the locally founded airlines that are actually important for the development of
the domestic tourism.
Another conclusion derived was that even though the challenges which hinder the aviation sector’s progress
and effectiveness in facilitating destination accessibility in Zimbabwe are many, the sector might perform
better in the future given the current changes in policy and infrastructure improvements.
The researchers recommend that the government reduces the taxes, navigation levies and other financial
obligations which the airlines operating in the Zimbabwe are paying. This can greatly improve the country’s
positive image thus attracting more airlines which will make the country’s tourism destinations easily
accessible by air.
The researchers also recommend that players in the aviation and tourism sectors especially the ZTA and the
CAAZ increase their levels of cooperation so as to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of their policies
and strategies. When they work together, their policies and strategies will have less predatory impacts than it
would be when they continue working in parallel to each other. Close cooperation in policy formulation will
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9. not only improve destination accessibility but it will also bring revenues to the aviation sector as well
triggering economy-wide development.
The researchers also recommend that the government puts in place measures to protect the locally owned
airlines from stiff competition from external airlines which might have been granted access to fly into the
country due the adoption of the open skies policy. This is because most of the foreign airlines are much
bigger and financially stable such that they may occupy key routes which might erase the main revenue
sources of locally based airlines and due to their relative financial weakness they might not be able to react
quickly or effectively enough leading to years of unsustainable operations and indebtedness and failure.
Resultantly, the market will be left for foreign domination which causes much derails in progressing
towards improving accessibility of tourist destinations in Zimbabwe.
Lastly, the researchers recommend that the aviation and the tourism sector must collaborate and come up
with policies which address the concerns on the aviation sector and the tourism sector. These dialogues must
also involve private businesses such as hotels and airlines to create self-administered cross-sectoral
initiatives which can be instrumental in enhancing the aviation sector’s contribution towards destination
accessibility. Elimination of policy discord can enhance accessibility of tourism destinations in Zimbabwe.
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