This document summarizes a study on the influence of corporate ethical codes of conduct on the production of quality products among pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. The study used a sample of 280 managers from pharmaceutical companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The study found a significant relationship between adherence to ethics codes, enforcement of procedures, and customer satisfaction, and the production of quality products. Based on these findings, the study recommends that pharmaceutical companies establish written ethics codes to guide employee behavior and ensure high quality product production.
ROLE OF ISO CERTIFICATION ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN STATE CORPORATIONS...paperpublications3
Abstract: ISO Certification involves integration of processes in an organization in such a manner that there is continuous improvement which is aimed at attaining customer satisfaction and achieving organizational targets and goals. State corporations in Kenya have had their fair share of challenges in achieving their organizational performance targets and as a result they have adopted ISO certification as one of the management measures to mitigate these challenges. It is for this reason that this study examined the role of ISO certification on organizational performance in state corporations in Kenya. The target population was 1,120 employees of five ISO certified state corporations in Kisumu town, Kenya. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 275 respondents were sampled through systematic random sampling design. Data collection instruments that were used were questionnaires and document analysis. Content validity was achieved through peer review of questionnaires while reliability was measured using test-retest method. Data analysis was analyzed using descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS 18.0 and presented through distribution tables. Pearson Correlation Co-efficient for organizational targets was 0.546, while for management commitment was 0.596, for customer focus was 0.717 and for monitoring of processes was 0.688; all showed a positive and significant correlations with Organizational Performance. Regression analysis indicated that all ISO Certification variables contributed to significant and positive change in performance. The researcher therefore concluded that ISO Certification play a role on Organizational Performance in state corporations in Kenya.
Corporate culture has a significant influence on ethics and professional behavior that starts with corporate owners (i.e. shareholders), downstream through boardrooms, its executives leading by examples, to purchasing professionals and all members of the supply chain taking part of the overall corporate social responsibility.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
Corporate culture and organizational effectivenessAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of corporate culture on organizational effectiveness in the Nigerian banking industry. The study surveyed 388 managers from 24 Nigerian banks. It found that adaptability positively influences profitability and market share, but not productivity. Shared mission, employee involvement, and shared values were positively related to profitability, productivity, and market share. The study concluded that corporate culture significantly influences organizational effectiveness. It recommends that in addition to adaptability, organizations should minimize costs and waste and share their mission and values with employees to promote effectiveness.
NEW GLOBAL OPEN WEB E BANKING MARKET HANDLING INTERNATIONAL GREEK CHARGES GR0112005674 Name und Anschrift des Leistenden Name/Unternehmen E.D.GOUTOS SA Postleitzahl 21300 Ort PORTOCHELI GREECE Staat Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika Steuernummer/USt-IdNr. 93172860596 Sitz des Geldinstitutes GREECE Bankleitzahl (Sortcode) 20122262 Bank Identification Code (BIC) HRB68648
This study examines the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance of pharmaceutical firms in Pakistan. The study uses data from annual reports of 20 multinational and 90 national pharmaceutical firms from 2003-2013. Regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of various corporate governance mechanisms (board composition, board size, board education, board experience) and CEO duality on financial performance measured by return on assets and return on sales. The results indicate that board composition, size, education and experience are positively associated with financial performance, while CEO duality is negatively associated with performance. Thus, better corporate governance through greater board independence and separation of CEO/chairperson roles can enhance pharmaceutical firm performance in Pakistan.
This document discusses how corporate culture can be used as a tool for control and effectiveness in organizations. It defines corporate culture as the values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by employees in an organization. The document reviews literature showing that strong, adaptive cultures that encourage employee involvement can enhance organizational responsiveness, commitment, and goal achievement. It recommends that managers share the organizational mission and values with employees to increase involvement and serve as an informal control mechanism. An effective culture can motivate employees and help the organization adapt to changes in the external environment.
Organisational climate and corporate performanceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between organizational climate and corporate
performance in the Nigerian oil industry. The study utilized questionnaires and interviews with 382 employees from
seven major oil companies in Nigeria. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between
organizational climate dimensions of recognition for achievement, organizational support, and cohesion with corporate
performance. Specifically, these three dimensions of organizational climate were found to have a positive influence on
corporate performance. The implications of these findings for management practice are also discussed.
ROLE OF ISO CERTIFICATION ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN STATE CORPORATIONS...paperpublications3
Abstract: ISO Certification involves integration of processes in an organization in such a manner that there is continuous improvement which is aimed at attaining customer satisfaction and achieving organizational targets and goals. State corporations in Kenya have had their fair share of challenges in achieving their organizational performance targets and as a result they have adopted ISO certification as one of the management measures to mitigate these challenges. It is for this reason that this study examined the role of ISO certification on organizational performance in state corporations in Kenya. The target population was 1,120 employees of five ISO certified state corporations in Kisumu town, Kenya. Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 275 respondents were sampled through systematic random sampling design. Data collection instruments that were used were questionnaires and document analysis. Content validity was achieved through peer review of questionnaires while reliability was measured using test-retest method. Data analysis was analyzed using descriptive statistics with the aid of SPSS 18.0 and presented through distribution tables. Pearson Correlation Co-efficient for organizational targets was 0.546, while for management commitment was 0.596, for customer focus was 0.717 and for monitoring of processes was 0.688; all showed a positive and significant correlations with Organizational Performance. Regression analysis indicated that all ISO Certification variables contributed to significant and positive change in performance. The researcher therefore concluded that ISO Certification play a role on Organizational Performance in state corporations in Kenya.
Corporate culture has a significant influence on ethics and professional behavior that starts with corporate owners (i.e. shareholders), downstream through boardrooms, its executives leading by examples, to purchasing professionals and all members of the supply chain taking part of the overall corporate social responsibility.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
Corporate culture and organizational effectivenessAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of corporate culture on organizational effectiveness in the Nigerian banking industry. The study surveyed 388 managers from 24 Nigerian banks. It found that adaptability positively influences profitability and market share, but not productivity. Shared mission, employee involvement, and shared values were positively related to profitability, productivity, and market share. The study concluded that corporate culture significantly influences organizational effectiveness. It recommends that in addition to adaptability, organizations should minimize costs and waste and share their mission and values with employees to promote effectiveness.
NEW GLOBAL OPEN WEB E BANKING MARKET HANDLING INTERNATIONAL GREEK CHARGES GR0112005674 Name und Anschrift des Leistenden Name/Unternehmen E.D.GOUTOS SA Postleitzahl 21300 Ort PORTOCHELI GREECE Staat Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika Steuernummer/USt-IdNr. 93172860596 Sitz des Geldinstitutes GREECE Bankleitzahl (Sortcode) 20122262 Bank Identification Code (BIC) HRB68648
This study examines the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance of pharmaceutical firms in Pakistan. The study uses data from annual reports of 20 multinational and 90 national pharmaceutical firms from 2003-2013. Regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of various corporate governance mechanisms (board composition, board size, board education, board experience) and CEO duality on financial performance measured by return on assets and return on sales. The results indicate that board composition, size, education and experience are positively associated with financial performance, while CEO duality is negatively associated with performance. Thus, better corporate governance through greater board independence and separation of CEO/chairperson roles can enhance pharmaceutical firm performance in Pakistan.
This document discusses how corporate culture can be used as a tool for control and effectiveness in organizations. It defines corporate culture as the values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by employees in an organization. The document reviews literature showing that strong, adaptive cultures that encourage employee involvement can enhance organizational responsiveness, commitment, and goal achievement. It recommends that managers share the organizational mission and values with employees to increase involvement and serve as an informal control mechanism. An effective culture can motivate employees and help the organization adapt to changes in the external environment.
Organisational climate and corporate performanceAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between organizational climate and corporate
performance in the Nigerian oil industry. The study utilized questionnaires and interviews with 382 employees from
seven major oil companies in Nigeria. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between
organizational climate dimensions of recognition for achievement, organizational support, and cohesion with corporate
performance. Specifically, these three dimensions of organizational climate were found to have a positive influence on
corporate performance. The implications of these findings for management practice are also discussed.
The Future of Environment Health and Safety functions in global organisations Adele White
Based on the knowledge of our clients’ organizations, we have built a picture of the EHS management challenge. Business leaders must respond quickly to these changes and their organizations need flexibility to be able to accelerate change.
Examining corporate reputation and commitment to business social responsibili...Alexander Decker
This document examines the relationship between corporate reputation, commitment to business social responsibility (BSR), and organizational performance in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. It reviews literature on BSR, corporate reputation, and BSR commitment. The study aims to address gaps in previous research that focused mainly on developed countries and large firms. A conceptual framework is developed indicating relationships between the variables. Survey data from 248 manufacturing firms in Nigeria is analyzed to test the pathways in the framework. The results reveal a positive association between corporate reputation and organizational performance, but an insignificant relationship between commitment to BSR and organizational performance. This indicates that while BSR awareness exists, social concerns may not be fully committed to, especially in developing countries. Managerial and theoretical implications are
MBA MCO101 Unit 10 Lecture 11 200806 XxDerek Nicoll
This document summarizes key topics from a course on operations management, entrepreneurship, innovation, and ethics. The three main topics covered are:
1. Operations management concepts like productivity, quality management, service operations, and different types of manufacturing processes.
2. Innovation and how it benefits companies, the technology cycle, managing innovation through goals and experimental approaches.
3. Workplace ethics including unethical managerial behaviors, types of workplace deviance, US sentencing guidelines for organizations, and steps managers can take to improve ethical decision making and social responsibility.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of the textbook "Introduction to Management 11e" by John Schermerhorn. It addresses the following topics:
1. The external environment of organizations includes the general environment (conditions like technology, economy, etc.) and the specific environment (stakeholders like customers, suppliers, competitors).
2. Key issues in managing the external environment are customer relationship management, supply chain management, achieving competitive advantage, managing environmental uncertainty, and ensuring organizational effectiveness.
3. Emerging challenges around sustainability include managing environmental capital, practicing green management, ensuring human sustainability through workplace policies, and driving innovation around sustainable and social business models.
4. Organizations drive innovation through new
The document discusses organizational environment and its impact on organizations. Organizational environment refers to the set of forces surrounding an organization that can affect its operations and access to resources. These forces include customers, suppliers, competitors, government regulations, technology, the economy, and more. Researchers have found that organizations adapt their structures based on the complexity of their environment - stable environments suit mechanistic structures while unstable environments require more organic structures. Managers can enact strategies to buffer or bridge the organization from its task environment and seek legitimacy from the institutional environment.
STRATEGY FORMULATION MODEL TO IMPROVE IMPLEMENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESP...IAEME Publication
This research is based on reality condition of Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) activity in generic CSR program. Many companies implement CSR based on
external pressures, such as regulators, environmentalists and other associations. CSR
Implementation is not an internal awareness of company to improve social
environment and has no relevance to main activities and corporate strategy.
Therefore, it does not give benefits to the performance and competitive advantage.
This research focus is to develop a CSR implementation model based on internal
awareness of company by examining the leadership behavior to formulate CSRoriented
strategy formulation in an effort to improve company performance. This
research location is Makassar Industrial Estate (PT.KIMA). The unit analysis is
company. The samples are 81 leaders at general manager level and leadership of
company functional manager level. The study proves that transformational leadership
stylehas a significant effect on CSR-oriented strategy formulation. Leaders with
ethical integrity rules, norms and policies will increase the leadership commitment to
formulate the company's strategy by taking into account aspects of natural and social
environment in addition to main purpose to generate profits. Organizational learning
culture improves the effectiveness of corporate strategy formulation. Strategy
formulation will improve leadership commitment to create CSR implementation
Boards Contributing to the Protection of the Environment: Looking at the Dyna...CSCJournals
The inconclusiveness of previous research on the relationship between women on boards and pro-environmental initiatives calls for a reassessment of this association. Following the social identity theory, this study examines the influence of women on boards on the corporate decisions related to the emissions reduction, by distinguishing between women as out-group members and men as in-group members. Using an econometric model that employs a sample of FTSE-MIB companies over the years 2009-2018, the findings show that the ability of the board to use the women’s contribution changes according to the dynamics between out-group and in-group. Specifically, when the board has only one women director, the in-group members (men) fail to consider in their decisions the woman’s perspectives and her sensitivity toward the environmental consequences of the business activities. These dynamics influence the board’s attention towards the protection of the environment. When the out-group reaches a considerable size (three women) the dynamics between in-group and out-group change and the board becomes more engaged in environmental issues. The results also find that there is a turning point, after which the board engagement towards a better protection of the environment does not increase with the number of women directors, showing an inverted U-shaped relationship.
Environmental sustainability is an important component of a firm’s Corporate Social Responsibility. It relates to
firm practices that ensure the conservation of the environment and natural resources, such as water, land and air.
This research study aims to study the concept in relation to firm performance in Jordan. It proposes that
environmental sustainability practices of a company in Jordan’s manufacturing industry positively influence its
financial performance. For this purpose, the study assesses the relationship between environmental sustainability
score and the profitability ratios. Results reveal a significant positive impact of sustainability score on the ROA of
the companies. It is therefore recommended to manufacturing firms in Jordan to focus more on environmental CSR
and sustainability practices, which would result in improved efficiency and profitability.
Audit Quality and Environment, Social, and Governance RisksCSCJournals
This study examines the association between a firm’s environment, social and governance (ESG) risks and audit quality. We measure audit quality using two proxies: audit fees and discretionary accruals. ESG risk is measured using Representative Risk Index from the RepRisk AG database. Using a sample of public U.S. firms from the period between 2007 and 2016, we find that there is positive association between audit fess and ESG risk implying that firms pay higher audit fees when their ESG risk increase in order obtain higher quality audit services. We also find that there is a negative relationship between ESG risk measures and discretionary accruals suggesting firms assessed having high ESG risks do not manage their earnings as much. Overall, our results indicate that auditors take ESG risks of a firm into account when performing financial statements audit.
This document discusses the importance of institutionalizing ethics within organizations. It defines institutionalizing ethics as formally integrating ethics into daily business practices, policies, decision-making, and culture at all levels of the organization. It recommends three key ways to institutionalize ethics: establishing a code of ethics, appointing an ethics committee, and including ethics training in management development programs. Institutionalizing ethics helps counter unethical behavior and creates an environment where ethical decisions are fostered.
Pfizer considers sustainability in its decision making across economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Economically, Pfizer uses audits and key performance indicators to measure sustainability. Environmentally, it aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 from a 2012 baseline. Socially, its programs encourage aging well and provide global health fellowships. Pfizer works to balance its business needs with responsible stewardship.
A presentation on sustainability of Pfizer using Triple Bottom Line.
This was researched and presented by my colleagues and I as part of the Accounting Issues module.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of workplace ethics on employee and organizational productivity in India. It begins by defining ethics, morals, and values. It then discusses the importance of ethical behavior and employment relations for organizational development and productivity.
The paper reviews literature on the topics of ethics and employee commitment. It presents the objectives and conceptual framework of the study, which used a survey method to collect data from 100 employees across sectors in India.
The results found relationships between ethical standards like integrity, work attitude, commitment, teamwork, and discipline with organizational productivity. Commitment had the strongest relationship. However, integrity and discipline were found to have negative impacts. The paper concludes that observing workplace ethics through
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of business ethics on Nigerian financial institutions. It provides an overview of ethics and corporate image. It discusses ethical leadership and the characteristics of an ethical leader. It also reviews cross-cultural differences within business environments and how perceptions of ethics can vary between cultures. The document aims to explore unethical practices within the Nigerian financial sector and their effects on these institutions.
A Study On Ethical Dilemmas Of Managers At Workplace.PdfDeja Lewis
This document reports on a study about the ethical dilemmas faced by managers in the workplace. It begins with an abstract summarizing the importance of business ethics and transparency for organizations. The introduction discusses the concept of ethical dilemmas for managers and how business ethics policies can communicate organizational priorities.
The study objectives were to identify areas where managers encounter ethical dilemmas, analyze managerial attitudes toward ethics, evaluate how managers overcome dilemmas, and understand how company strategies like codes of ethics support managers. The methodology involved surveying managers from various industries in India. Results found managers were generally ethical but did face dilemmas. Company strategies were meant to help managers navigate dilemmas and maintain ethics.
Improving and promoting ethical behavior in business relationsAlexander Decker
This document discusses improving and promoting ethical behavior in business relations. It begins by introducing the objective of the study, which is to investigate the main reasons people indulge in unethical practices and how this affects corporate image and profitability. It then provides context on business ethics and conceptualizes common unethical behaviors such as abusive conduct, conflicts of interest, and dishonesty. The document categorizes causes of unethical behavior and discusses how companies can encourage ethical practices through codes of conduct, training programs, and anonymous reporting systems. Overall, the document analyzes factors that influence unethical behavior and how organizations can establish standards to improve ethics.
Corporate Governance Mechanism and Sustainability of Health Care Firms in Nig...ijtsrd
This study was carried out to examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanism and sustainability of health care firms in Nigeria. The study is vital as it portrays the extent to which corporate governance mechanism ensures organizational sustainability. In order to determine the relationship between corporate governance mechanism CGM and sustainability, CGMs key proxy variables were used in the study, namely board independence BI and board diligence BD while sustainability on the other hand was measured by social environmental performance. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation and the statistical test of parameter estimates was conducted using ordinary least square model. The study anchored on the Stewardship Theory adopted an Ex Post Facto Approach. Hence, data were collected from the annual reports and accounts of listed health care firms in Nigeria for the period 2016 2020. The empirical analysis of the research indicates that there is a significant and positive relationship between board independence, board diligence and sustainability of listed health care firms in Nigeria at 1 significant level. Thus, the study concludes that corporate governance mechanism ensures sustainability of quoted health care firms in Nigeria. In lieu of this, the study recommended that companies should re examine the frequency of meetings of the Board. Attention should be focused on the efficiency and not the frequency of meetings of the Board. Also in the composition of corporate board, there shall be independent directors and female directorship presence as thus ensures organizational sustainability. Onuora, J. K. J. | Obiora Fabian. | Iloghalu Chika. R "Corporate Governance Mechanism and Sustainability of Health Care Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49500.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/49500/corporate-governance-mechanism-and-sustainability-of-health-care-firms-in-nigeria/onuora-j-k-j
A Study On Importance Of Ethics In OrganizationsCheryl Brown
This document discusses the importance of ethics in organizations. It notes that while ethics are being neglected by some organizations seeking short-term profits, maintaining ethical practices is important for long-term success and reputation. The study aims to understand gaps between how organizations formulate ethics policies versus how they are implemented. It also seeks to understand how organizations can balance economic demands with ethical conduct. Maintaining transparency, accountability, and a culture that rewards ethical behavior can help organizations achieve this balance.
Concept of business ethics, the importance of ethics in business, myths about business ethics, morale reasoning, the morality of profit motive, ethics and philosophy, ethics and morality, benefits of business ethics, code of conducts; meaning and importance of social responsibility, the evolution of CSR, a morale argument of CSR, increasing relevancy of CSR, social responsibility and ethics, CSR domains.
Ethical practices of the professional accountant in nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research study on the ethical practices of professional accountants in Nigeria. It finds that while ethical codes are documented, some accountants do not fully practice ethics. The study examines the extent to which accountants reflect ethical values in their work. It collects data through questionnaires and journals. The findings show penalties for unethical members are inadequate and accountants should adhere closely to ethical codes for their profession to endure. The study recommends accountants pay attention to good ethical conduct and strictly follow codes of conduct.
Board Attributes and Sustainability Disclosure of Quoted Companies in the Bui...ijtsrd
The study examined the effect which board attributes, namely board size, board independence and board diligence meeting have on sustainability disclosure of industrial goods firms in Nigeria. The study is based on a sample of nine listed building material companies under industrial goods sector in Nigeria Exchange Group Plc from 2012 2019. Collected data were analyzed with pooled ordinary least square regression including diagnostic test to confirm the assumptions of the regression. The empirical result indicates that board size has positive and significant effect on sustainability disclosures. Board independence and board diligence have positive but insignificant influence on sustainability disclosures on listed building g material firms in Nigeria. Findings of the study have important policy implications that corporate board attributes can reduce information asymmetry between firm management and investors through sustainability disclosures thereby showing increase concern for stakeholders. The study recommends that regulatory bodies should ensure that all listed firms should comply with the requirements of having sufficient members on the board as specified on the Nigerian Code of Corporate Governance 2018 and Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 . Emeka Nwokeji N. A | Ohajiano Nwannekalecturer | Agubata N. S "Board Attributes and Sustainability Disclosure of Quoted Companies in the Building Material Sub-Sector of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47904.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47904/board-attributes-and-sustainability-disclosure-of-quoted-companies-in-the-building-material-subsector-of-nigeria/emeka-nwokeji-n-a
1) The document discusses ethics in business decision-making and defines ethics as "the rules and standards applied by individuals when making decisions in their business environment." It argues that conducting business ethically is critical for long-term organizational sustainability.
2) It notes that while regulation is important, it is not sufficient on its own to ensure ethical behavior as businesses can find ways around it. Fostering an ethical culture and providing a decision-making process that considers stakeholders is important.
3) The document identifies three key performance indicators of sustainable and ethical businesses: return on capital employed, leadership trust, and corporate reputation. It argues that performing well on all three will lead to long-term success.
The Future of Environment Health and Safety functions in global organisations Adele White
Based on the knowledge of our clients’ organizations, we have built a picture of the EHS management challenge. Business leaders must respond quickly to these changes and their organizations need flexibility to be able to accelerate change.
Examining corporate reputation and commitment to business social responsibili...Alexander Decker
This document examines the relationship between corporate reputation, commitment to business social responsibility (BSR), and organizational performance in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria. It reviews literature on BSR, corporate reputation, and BSR commitment. The study aims to address gaps in previous research that focused mainly on developed countries and large firms. A conceptual framework is developed indicating relationships between the variables. Survey data from 248 manufacturing firms in Nigeria is analyzed to test the pathways in the framework. The results reveal a positive association between corporate reputation and organizational performance, but an insignificant relationship between commitment to BSR and organizational performance. This indicates that while BSR awareness exists, social concerns may not be fully committed to, especially in developing countries. Managerial and theoretical implications are
MBA MCO101 Unit 10 Lecture 11 200806 XxDerek Nicoll
This document summarizes key topics from a course on operations management, entrepreneurship, innovation, and ethics. The three main topics covered are:
1. Operations management concepts like productivity, quality management, service operations, and different types of manufacturing processes.
2. Innovation and how it benefits companies, the technology cycle, managing innovation through goals and experimental approaches.
3. Workplace ethics including unethical managerial behaviors, types of workplace deviance, US sentencing guidelines for organizations, and steps managers can take to improve ethical decision making and social responsibility.
This document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 4 of the textbook "Introduction to Management 11e" by John Schermerhorn. It addresses the following topics:
1. The external environment of organizations includes the general environment (conditions like technology, economy, etc.) and the specific environment (stakeholders like customers, suppliers, competitors).
2. Key issues in managing the external environment are customer relationship management, supply chain management, achieving competitive advantage, managing environmental uncertainty, and ensuring organizational effectiveness.
3. Emerging challenges around sustainability include managing environmental capital, practicing green management, ensuring human sustainability through workplace policies, and driving innovation around sustainable and social business models.
4. Organizations drive innovation through new
The document discusses organizational environment and its impact on organizations. Organizational environment refers to the set of forces surrounding an organization that can affect its operations and access to resources. These forces include customers, suppliers, competitors, government regulations, technology, the economy, and more. Researchers have found that organizations adapt their structures based on the complexity of their environment - stable environments suit mechanistic structures while unstable environments require more organic structures. Managers can enact strategies to buffer or bridge the organization from its task environment and seek legitimacy from the institutional environment.
STRATEGY FORMULATION MODEL TO IMPROVE IMPLEMENTATION OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESP...IAEME Publication
This research is based on reality condition of Corporate Social Responsibility
(CSR) activity in generic CSR program. Many companies implement CSR based on
external pressures, such as regulators, environmentalists and other associations. CSR
Implementation is not an internal awareness of company to improve social
environment and has no relevance to main activities and corporate strategy.
Therefore, it does not give benefits to the performance and competitive advantage.
This research focus is to develop a CSR implementation model based on internal
awareness of company by examining the leadership behavior to formulate CSRoriented
strategy formulation in an effort to improve company performance. This
research location is Makassar Industrial Estate (PT.KIMA). The unit analysis is
company. The samples are 81 leaders at general manager level and leadership of
company functional manager level. The study proves that transformational leadership
stylehas a significant effect on CSR-oriented strategy formulation. Leaders with
ethical integrity rules, norms and policies will increase the leadership commitment to
formulate the company's strategy by taking into account aspects of natural and social
environment in addition to main purpose to generate profits. Organizational learning
culture improves the effectiveness of corporate strategy formulation. Strategy
formulation will improve leadership commitment to create CSR implementation
Boards Contributing to the Protection of the Environment: Looking at the Dyna...CSCJournals
The inconclusiveness of previous research on the relationship between women on boards and pro-environmental initiatives calls for a reassessment of this association. Following the social identity theory, this study examines the influence of women on boards on the corporate decisions related to the emissions reduction, by distinguishing between women as out-group members and men as in-group members. Using an econometric model that employs a sample of FTSE-MIB companies over the years 2009-2018, the findings show that the ability of the board to use the women’s contribution changes according to the dynamics between out-group and in-group. Specifically, when the board has only one women director, the in-group members (men) fail to consider in their decisions the woman’s perspectives and her sensitivity toward the environmental consequences of the business activities. These dynamics influence the board’s attention towards the protection of the environment. When the out-group reaches a considerable size (three women) the dynamics between in-group and out-group change and the board becomes more engaged in environmental issues. The results also find that there is a turning point, after which the board engagement towards a better protection of the environment does not increase with the number of women directors, showing an inverted U-shaped relationship.
Environmental sustainability is an important component of a firm’s Corporate Social Responsibility. It relates to
firm practices that ensure the conservation of the environment and natural resources, such as water, land and air.
This research study aims to study the concept in relation to firm performance in Jordan. It proposes that
environmental sustainability practices of a company in Jordan’s manufacturing industry positively influence its
financial performance. For this purpose, the study assesses the relationship between environmental sustainability
score and the profitability ratios. Results reveal a significant positive impact of sustainability score on the ROA of
the companies. It is therefore recommended to manufacturing firms in Jordan to focus more on environmental CSR
and sustainability practices, which would result in improved efficiency and profitability.
Audit Quality and Environment, Social, and Governance RisksCSCJournals
This study examines the association between a firm’s environment, social and governance (ESG) risks and audit quality. We measure audit quality using two proxies: audit fees and discretionary accruals. ESG risk is measured using Representative Risk Index from the RepRisk AG database. Using a sample of public U.S. firms from the period between 2007 and 2016, we find that there is positive association between audit fess and ESG risk implying that firms pay higher audit fees when their ESG risk increase in order obtain higher quality audit services. We also find that there is a negative relationship between ESG risk measures and discretionary accruals suggesting firms assessed having high ESG risks do not manage their earnings as much. Overall, our results indicate that auditors take ESG risks of a firm into account when performing financial statements audit.
This document discusses the importance of institutionalizing ethics within organizations. It defines institutionalizing ethics as formally integrating ethics into daily business practices, policies, decision-making, and culture at all levels of the organization. It recommends three key ways to institutionalize ethics: establishing a code of ethics, appointing an ethics committee, and including ethics training in management development programs. Institutionalizing ethics helps counter unethical behavior and creates an environment where ethical decisions are fostered.
Pfizer considers sustainability in its decision making across economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Economically, Pfizer uses audits and key performance indicators to measure sustainability. Environmentally, it aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% by 2020 from a 2012 baseline. Socially, its programs encourage aging well and provide global health fellowships. Pfizer works to balance its business needs with responsible stewardship.
A presentation on sustainability of Pfizer using Triple Bottom Line.
This was researched and presented by my colleagues and I as part of the Accounting Issues module.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of workplace ethics on employee and organizational productivity in India. It begins by defining ethics, morals, and values. It then discusses the importance of ethical behavior and employment relations for organizational development and productivity.
The paper reviews literature on the topics of ethics and employee commitment. It presents the objectives and conceptual framework of the study, which used a survey method to collect data from 100 employees across sectors in India.
The results found relationships between ethical standards like integrity, work attitude, commitment, teamwork, and discipline with organizational productivity. Commitment had the strongest relationship. However, integrity and discipline were found to have negative impacts. The paper concludes that observing workplace ethics through
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of business ethics on Nigerian financial institutions. It provides an overview of ethics and corporate image. It discusses ethical leadership and the characteristics of an ethical leader. It also reviews cross-cultural differences within business environments and how perceptions of ethics can vary between cultures. The document aims to explore unethical practices within the Nigerian financial sector and their effects on these institutions.
A Study On Ethical Dilemmas Of Managers At Workplace.PdfDeja Lewis
This document reports on a study about the ethical dilemmas faced by managers in the workplace. It begins with an abstract summarizing the importance of business ethics and transparency for organizations. The introduction discusses the concept of ethical dilemmas for managers and how business ethics policies can communicate organizational priorities.
The study objectives were to identify areas where managers encounter ethical dilemmas, analyze managerial attitudes toward ethics, evaluate how managers overcome dilemmas, and understand how company strategies like codes of ethics support managers. The methodology involved surveying managers from various industries in India. Results found managers were generally ethical but did face dilemmas. Company strategies were meant to help managers navigate dilemmas and maintain ethics.
Improving and promoting ethical behavior in business relationsAlexander Decker
This document discusses improving and promoting ethical behavior in business relations. It begins by introducing the objective of the study, which is to investigate the main reasons people indulge in unethical practices and how this affects corporate image and profitability. It then provides context on business ethics and conceptualizes common unethical behaviors such as abusive conduct, conflicts of interest, and dishonesty. The document categorizes causes of unethical behavior and discusses how companies can encourage ethical practices through codes of conduct, training programs, and anonymous reporting systems. Overall, the document analyzes factors that influence unethical behavior and how organizations can establish standards to improve ethics.
Corporate Governance Mechanism and Sustainability of Health Care Firms in Nig...ijtsrd
This study was carried out to examine the relationship between corporate governance mechanism and sustainability of health care firms in Nigeria. The study is vital as it portrays the extent to which corporate governance mechanism ensures organizational sustainability. In order to determine the relationship between corporate governance mechanism CGM and sustainability, CGMs key proxy variables were used in the study, namely board independence BI and board diligence BD while sustainability on the other hand was measured by social environmental performance. Two hypotheses were formulated to guide the investigation and the statistical test of parameter estimates was conducted using ordinary least square model. The study anchored on the Stewardship Theory adopted an Ex Post Facto Approach. Hence, data were collected from the annual reports and accounts of listed health care firms in Nigeria for the period 2016 2020. The empirical analysis of the research indicates that there is a significant and positive relationship between board independence, board diligence and sustainability of listed health care firms in Nigeria at 1 significant level. Thus, the study concludes that corporate governance mechanism ensures sustainability of quoted health care firms in Nigeria. In lieu of this, the study recommended that companies should re examine the frequency of meetings of the Board. Attention should be focused on the efficiency and not the frequency of meetings of the Board. Also in the composition of corporate board, there shall be independent directors and female directorship presence as thus ensures organizational sustainability. Onuora, J. K. J. | Obiora Fabian. | Iloghalu Chika. R "Corporate Governance Mechanism and Sustainability of Health Care Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49500.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/49500/corporate-governance-mechanism-and-sustainability-of-health-care-firms-in-nigeria/onuora-j-k-j
A Study On Importance Of Ethics In OrganizationsCheryl Brown
This document discusses the importance of ethics in organizations. It notes that while ethics are being neglected by some organizations seeking short-term profits, maintaining ethical practices is important for long-term success and reputation. The study aims to understand gaps between how organizations formulate ethics policies versus how they are implemented. It also seeks to understand how organizations can balance economic demands with ethical conduct. Maintaining transparency, accountability, and a culture that rewards ethical behavior can help organizations achieve this balance.
Concept of business ethics, the importance of ethics in business, myths about business ethics, morale reasoning, the morality of profit motive, ethics and philosophy, ethics and morality, benefits of business ethics, code of conducts; meaning and importance of social responsibility, the evolution of CSR, a morale argument of CSR, increasing relevancy of CSR, social responsibility and ethics, CSR domains.
Ethical practices of the professional accountant in nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research study on the ethical practices of professional accountants in Nigeria. It finds that while ethical codes are documented, some accountants do not fully practice ethics. The study examines the extent to which accountants reflect ethical values in their work. It collects data through questionnaires and journals. The findings show penalties for unethical members are inadequate and accountants should adhere closely to ethical codes for their profession to endure. The study recommends accountants pay attention to good ethical conduct and strictly follow codes of conduct.
Board Attributes and Sustainability Disclosure of Quoted Companies in the Bui...ijtsrd
The study examined the effect which board attributes, namely board size, board independence and board diligence meeting have on sustainability disclosure of industrial goods firms in Nigeria. The study is based on a sample of nine listed building material companies under industrial goods sector in Nigeria Exchange Group Plc from 2012 2019. Collected data were analyzed with pooled ordinary least square regression including diagnostic test to confirm the assumptions of the regression. The empirical result indicates that board size has positive and significant effect on sustainability disclosures. Board independence and board diligence have positive but insignificant influence on sustainability disclosures on listed building g material firms in Nigeria. Findings of the study have important policy implications that corporate board attributes can reduce information asymmetry between firm management and investors through sustainability disclosures thereby showing increase concern for stakeholders. The study recommends that regulatory bodies should ensure that all listed firms should comply with the requirements of having sufficient members on the board as specified on the Nigerian Code of Corporate Governance 2018 and Companies and Allied Matters Act 2020 . Emeka Nwokeji N. A | Ohajiano Nwannekalecturer | Agubata N. S "Board Attributes and Sustainability Disclosure of Quoted Companies in the Building Material Sub-Sector of Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47904.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/47904/board-attributes-and-sustainability-disclosure-of-quoted-companies-in-the-building-material-subsector-of-nigeria/emeka-nwokeji-n-a
1) The document discusses ethics in business decision-making and defines ethics as "the rules and standards applied by individuals when making decisions in their business environment." It argues that conducting business ethically is critical for long-term organizational sustainability.
2) It notes that while regulation is important, it is not sufficient on its own to ensure ethical behavior as businesses can find ways around it. Fostering an ethical culture and providing a decision-making process that considers stakeholders is important.
3) The document identifies three key performance indicators of sustainable and ethical businesses: return on capital employed, leadership trust, and corporate reputation. It argues that performing well on all three will lead to long-term success.
Impact of Accounting Ethics on the Practice of Accounting Profession In Nigeria.IOSR Journals
This study is an empirical investigation of the impact of ethical values on the practice of accounting
profession in Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, research questions were raised, hypotheses were
formulated, and a review of related literature was made. The main objective of this study is to examine if
accounting ethics have much impact on the practice of accounting profession in Nigeria, the factors that make
the accountants breach accounting rules and if ethical codes of conduct address all the issues that border on
ethical practices. The study employed a synthesis of descriptive and survey research methods. The major
instrument used for generating the primary data was the questionnaire, which was designed in five-response
option of likert-scale. Two hundred and fifty (250) questionnaires were administered, two hundred and nineteen
(219) questionnaires were completed and returned. The data generated for this study were analysed through
mean scores while the stated hypotheses were statistically tested with z-test. Our findings revealed that there are
other major influence which accountants believe have impact on their professional conducts like policies and
rules of companies where accountants work, religion were found not to have major influence in the professional
conduct of accountants. The legal system and societal value systems also inter-played in the accountants’
professional conduct. It was recommended among others that the accountant in practice needs to pay attention
to good ethical conduct and there is the need to adhere strictly to the ethical code of conduct.
This chapter discusses business ethics, social responsibility, and environmental sustainability. It defines key terms like business ethics, code of ethics, social responsibility, and sustainability. It explains why ethics is important in business and discusses strategies for ensuring ethical practices like establishing a code of ethics and whistleblowing policies. The chapter also discusses sustainability reporting and ways for businesses to protect the environment, such as pursuing ISO 14000/14001 certification. Overall, the chapter emphasizes the importance of businesses operating ethically and sustainably to protect stakeholders, the environment, and their own reputations.
An appraisal on small firms corporate cultureprjpublications
This document discusses the relationship between corporate culture, innovation, and reward systems in small firms. It argues that developing a corporate culture that supports innovation must be accompanied by an appropriate reward system. A study of small firms in Chennai found a statistically significant relationship between corporate cultures that support innovation and reward system features. Most innovative companies have reward systems that encourage and reinforce innovative behaviors that are part of the corporate culture. Statistically significant relationships were also found among innovation rewards, corporate culture, and different features of variable pay systems.
The document discusses business ethics and issues. It defines ethics as a branch of philosophy concerned with concepts like good, bad, right, and wrong. Business ethics strives to determine if specific practices are morally acceptable. Following ethics is important for companies' reputations and avoiding fines. Some key ethical issues in business include employee rights, marketing practices, and ensuring fairness and justice. Adhering to ethical guidelines helps companies avoid losing sight of values like fairness.
The document discusses concepts related to organizational environments and culture. It explains that changing environments can affect organizations and describes the four components of the general environment and five components of the specific environment. It also discusses how organizational cultures are created and how they can help companies be successful.
Effect of Corporate Governance on Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Compa...YogeshIJTSRD
The study determined the extent corporate governance affect profitability of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria using board size, board independence, directors’ shares and profit margin of quoted manufacturing companies in Nigeria. Only secondary data was used for the successful execution of this research work. Three hypotheses were formulated for this study while data extracted through the financial statement was tested with the Regression statistical tool using the E view 9. The outcome of the analyses carried out showed that board size has negative but significant effect on net profit margin of manufacturing companies quoted on the Nigeria Stock Exchange. It is therefore recommended that board size should be relative to the firm’s business need, scope and complexity. Since no two firms are exactly alike in all ramifications, it is important that an appropriate size be understood to be a function of each firm’s circumstances. Setting arbitrary board size benchmarks will therefore be counterproductive. Okoye, Pius V. C. | Ugwu, Scholastica C. "Effect of Corporate Governance on Profitability of Quoted Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44953.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/44953/effect-of-corporate-governance-on-profitability-of-quoted-manufacturing-companies-in-nigeria/okoye-pius-v-c
Influence of Management Committee on Performance of Cooperative Societies in ...YogeshIJTSRD
This document discusses the influence of management committees on the performance of cooperative societies in tertiary institutions in Kaduna State, Nigeria. It begins with an introduction to cooperatives and their role in addressing economic issues. It then discusses management committees, their responsibilities, and challenges they face. The study examined how the socioeconomic characteristics of committee members influence cooperative performance. The conclusion suggests that addressing issues that could hurt performance is important. It recommends that cooperatives ensure committee members are service-driven, not ambitious or authority-seeking.
Corporate Governance and Business Ethics discusses the importance of ethics in business. It defines business ethics as applying moral principles to business decisions and relationships. Maintaining ethical practices is important for building trust with stakeholders and encouraging productivity and talent retention. Unethical conduct can arise from pressures like unrealistic objectives or competition but ethical companies consider impacts on communities, equality and sustainability. The document examines the role of ethics in corporate governance and relationships. It provides examples of companies with strong ethics like Patagonia as well as those involved in misconduct like Volkswagen. Overall it emphasizes that good governance requires upholding values through vision and conduct standards.
External Environmental Factors and Organizational Productivity in Selected Oi...ijtsrd
External environment is a firm’s aggregate of factors, exogenous to the organization that may have potential to affect organizational performance. The main objective of the study was to examine the effect of external environmental factors on organizational productivity in oil service firms in Port Harcourt, River State. Resource dependency theory was employed as the theoretical framework for the study. The study adopted survey research design. The population of the work constituted 1875 employees from 20 randomly selected oil service firms. The sample size for the study was 330 arrived at using Taro Yamane formula. The data generated through questionnaire were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that technological factors have significant effect on organizational productivity and that political factors have significant effect on organizational productivity. The study further indicated that economic factors have significant effect on organizational productivity and that socio cultural factors have significant effect on organizational productivity. It was therefore concluded that external environmental factors have significant effect on organizational productivity in oil servicing firms in Port Harcourt. The study recommended among other things that oil service firms should be proactive in dealing with the changes and trends in external environmental environment. Njideka Phina Onyekwelu | Nnabugwu Obiageli Chinwe "External Environmental Factors and Organizational Productivity in Selected Oil Service Firms in Port Harcourt" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30563.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/30563/external-environmental-factors-and-organizational-productivity-in-selected-oil-service-firms-in-port-harcourt/njideka-phina-onyekwelu
This summary provides an overview of a research article that examines factors affecting innovation capacity in the manufacturing industry in Nakuru County, Kenya, using Buzeki Dairy Limited as a case study. The study found that management style had the strongest influence on innovation capacity, with a consultative, idea-encouraging style that motivates employees being most conducive to innovation. Almost half of employees reported low involvement in decision-making. The study recommends more employee involvement in decisions through suggestion boxes or meetings. The research article provides context on innovation and its importance for competitiveness. It also reviews literature on how organizational factors like management style and culture can influence innovation capacity.
Similar to The influence of corporate ethical codes of conduct on the production of quality products among pharmaceutical companies in nigeria (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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The influence of corporate ethical codes of conduct on the production of quality products among pharmaceutical companies in nigeria
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2012
The Influence of Corporate Ethical Codes of Conduct on the
Production of Quality Products among Pharmaceutical
Companies in Nigeria
Fidelis A. Ayatse, Ph.D.
Department of Business Management
Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi- Nigeria
*Email of the corresponding author: ayatsefidelis@yahoo.com
Abstract
Business ethics is an important topic for all companies’ to consider today. Unfortunately, over the last
decade, the number of business scandals has increased in the industry, and this change has been highlighted
by the media. This trend presents pharmaceutical companies as well as NAFDAC with a challenge to
ensure that ethical behavior and ethical decision making are evident to those both inside and outside the
industry. This study used a sample of 280 managers drawn from pharmaceutical companies listed on NSE
using a random sampling technique. Based on the findings and conclusions, the study thus recommends
that managers of pharmaceutical companies should ensure that their firms have written code of ethics that
crystallizes the basic rules, standards and behaviors necessary to achieve production of quality products in
the industry.
Key words: Corporate ethical codes, adherence to code of conduct and quality products.
1. Introduction
The number of cases of inappropriate business ethics featured in news headlines has increased over the last
decade. Corporate scandals have become commonplace, and the reputations of many businesses have
suffered. With the increase in international trade transactions across countries with varying laws, norms and
standards, the potential for ethical dilemmas in the world of business has increased. As a result, many
companies have had to explicitly state their ethics through codes of conduct (Nwachukwu, 2004). Other
firms utilize ethics training to ensure that their employees are aware of the organizations expectations.
In today’s competitive business environment, a corporate code of ethics according to Okpara (2003) should
serve as the foundation upon which employees make decisions based on honesty, integrity, confidence and
trust. A written code of ethics provides employees with an understanding and knowledge of what their
organizations expect from them in terms of responsibilities and behavior. A code of ethics to Velasquez
(2006) reflects corporations’ standards and established realistic modes of behavior that applies to everyone
in the company, from the board of directors to the newest employee. According to Nwachukwu (2004), a
code of ethics is important because it provides visible guidelines, stability to an organization, and a point of
focus for everyone in the organization. The reputation of an organization and its actions reflect the ethical
conduct that affects its potentials for profit and growth. All levels of employees need to be aware of
company policies regarding ethics in order to make the right decisions in difficult business situations, to
know how and when to seek help when faced with ethical dilemmas, and to know where to report possible
unethical conduct.
Several researchers (Carson, 2003; Chang, & Ha, 2001; Donaldson & Dunfee, 1994; Dubinsky & Loken,
1989., Lovell, 2002; and Warren, & Tweedale, 2002) have attempted to measure the growth of ethical
standards in various countries. One of the more significant attempts consists of articles published in the
special edition of the Journal of Business Ethics in October 1997. Blackwell’s Encyclopedic Dictionary of
Business Ethics (Werhane & Freeman, 1997) provides summaries of ethical standards from nearly every
continent. In this regard, increasing number of organizations, of all types, are now publishing a code of
conduct that sets out the professional standards required of members. This is very common in the United
States of America, Canada, Germany, France, and Britain. In Nigeria most oil companies and ASUU have
code of conduct manuals for their employees (Nnadi, 2008).
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2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2012
Unethical behaviour in organizations has caused damage or injury to millions of investors and
organizational stakeholders. Globally, the situation in the United States of America and Europe is not in
any way different from other parts of the world. In the USA, a legislative response to a series of corporate
scandals eventually led to the release of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, otherwise known as SOX. The
Act requires a higher performance standard for business firms (England, 2006).
The rising incidence, in recent years in Nigeria, of sub standard production of products among the
pharmaceutical companies has been a very big issue. Sub standards and unwholesome products produced
through unethical means in the industry proved a major factor in contributing to high death rates in the
country. This research work is therefore an attempt to find out to what extent pharmaceutical companies
and regulatory agencies have contributed in safeguarding the industry in the country. The situation as it is,
gives an indication that there is damaging impact of unethical practices on the economy, the nation’s image
and loss of public confidence in the industry. It is therefore, in view of the proceeding problems as caused
by the activities of pharmaceutical companies that this study revolves.
1.1 Hypotheses for the Study
To guide the researcher in the achievement of the objectives of the study, the following relational research
hypotheses are hereby formulated for testing:
H01 There is no significant relationship between adherence to code of ethics and the
production of quality products by the pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria.
H02 There is no significant relationship between enforcement procedures (proper
documentation, product standardization and regulatory laws) and the production of quality products.
H03 There is no significant relationship between customer’s satisfaction and the
production of quality products by the pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria.
2. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
This study is based on the earlier works of Elegido (2000); Okpara (2003); Weaver, Treino and Cochran
(1999); Winstanley and Woodall 2003; Wulfson (1998). These researchers have suggested that formal
codes of ethics generally will inhibit unethical behaviour of employees in organizations. Jones (as cited in
Velasquez, 2006) agreed that a written code of ethics provides employees with an understanding and
knowledge of what their organizations expect from them in terms of responsibilities and behaviour.
According to Arnold (2003); Asgary and Mitschow (2002); Carroll (1999); Cragg (2002); Elegido (2000);
Hoffman (2006), a code of ethics is important because it provides visible guidelines, stability to an
organization, and a point of focus for everyone in the organization. Results of a research conducted by
Trevino, Weaver and Reynolds (2006) lend support to the proposition that there is a relationship between
ethical codes of conduct and employee’s behavior. All levels of employees need to be aware of company
policies regarding ethics in order to make the right decisions in difficult business situations, to know how
and when to seek help when faced with ethical dilemmas, and to know where to report possible unethical
conduct. Researchers such as Elegido (2000); Nwachukwu (2004); Wulfson (1998) have also suggested
that organizations that have adopted codes of ethics have helped to facilitate ethical decision-making for
their workers thereby leading to positive work attitudes and possibly to higher levels of organizational
commitment. We therefore, anticipate that employees will be more committed to organizations that have
adopted codes of ethics.
2.1 Code of Ethics and Business Conduct
One response by business to the question of ethics has been to develop a code of ethics that is
communicated to all employees (Dzurgba, 2007; Elegido, 2000; Nwachukwu, 2004). A written code of
ethics provides employees with an understanding and knowledge of what their organizations expect from
them in terms of responsibilities and behaviour. A code of ethics reflects corporation standards and
establishes realistic modes of behaviour that applies to everyone in the company, from the board of
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3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2012
directors to the newest employee (Ogundele, 2005., Rue & Byars, 2000). According to Nwachukwu (2004),
a code of ethics is important because it provides visible guidelines and a point of focus for everyone in the
organization. The reputation of an organization and its actions reflect the ethical conduct that affects its
potential for profit and growth. All levels of employees need to be aware of company policies regarding
ethics in order to make the right decisions in difficult business situations, to know how and when to seek
help when faced with ethical dilemmas, and to know where to report possible unethical conduct.
The world’s leading companies lead because they set the standards of performance and behaviour that
others aspire to. They are clear about what they believe in and what they want to be. The code of conduct
crystallizes the basic rules, standard and behaivours necessary to achieve those objectives (Dubinsky &
Loken, 1989; Elegido, 2000; Nwachukwu, 2004). It provides requirements and guidance, expressed as
clearly, concisely and consistently as is possible, within a single company-wide document for all
employees on a number of enterprises – wide risk areas. The code of conduct is a common reference point
for anyone who is unclear about what is expected of them in a specific situation; a valuable toolkit that can
help put a business principle into practice (Dzurgba, 2007).
3. Research Methodology
In this study, the researcher adopted a cross-sectional design or survey. The sample size used for this study
consisted of five pharmaceutical companies listed on NSE. The instruments used to gather data were hand
delivered to the employees identified for this study. Research assistants were responsible for hand
delivering and collection of the instruments. The instruments were coded and were returned anonymously
to a central place where they were collected by the research assistants and returned to the researcher.
Indeed, this procedure was not considered a problem or perceived to constitute a bias because the identities
of respondents were protected.
3.1 Validation of the Research Instruments
The instruments used in this research were submitted to a panel of experts in the field of study for
validation. The panel was asked to review the content of the items in each of the instruments and determine
if the items were within the linguistic capabilities and understanding by pharmaceutical companies in
Nigeria. The panel was also asked to eliminate items or questions they found to be irrelevant to the
Nigerian work environment, and make suggestions on how to simplify the items that were not relevant. The
experts independently and anonymously recommended the use of the instruments for this study. The panel
also indicated that the instruments were good measures of the concepts identified for this study. Our study
calls for the adoption of a Multivariate Statistical Technique for the examining the linear correlations
between the variables via the instrumentality of Predictive Analytic Software.
3.2 Model Specification
The researcher hereby specifies the model to be adopted to facilitate data analysis and to test hypothesis. It
is hoped that such would help in answering research questions and to attain the research objectives. Details
of the model in question can be spelt out briefly as follows:
Production of quality products is measured in terms of the performance, reliability, safety, long lasting and
expressed mathematically as PRQ.
PRQ = Production of Quality Products.
PRQ = Performance (y1) + reliability (y2) + Safety (y3) + Long lasting (y4).
PRQo = f(y1, y2, y3, y4)
Corporate Ethical Code is captured by the degree of excellence in the practical production of the product. It
is measured in terms of Adherence to code of ethics, Enforcement procedures, compliance to ethical
provisions, Customer complains/response, Whistle blowing policy and Attitude of foreign businessmen.
ICE = Influence of Cooperate Ethical Codes
ICEo = Influence of Cooperate Ethical Codes Variables (Education and Training
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4. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2012
(x1) + Compliance to enforcement procedures (x2) + Customer satisfaction (x3) +Whistle
blowing policy (x4) + Attitude of foreign businessmen (x5).
ICEo = (x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)
ICEo = f(x1, x2, x3, x4, x5)
Therefore,
PRQ = f(xo)
PRQ = f (x1, x2, x3, x4, x5)
PRQ = f(ICE)
4. Method of Data Analysis
The Methodology adopted for our data analysis was guided largely by the nature of our research problem
and the hypotheses to be verified. A statistical technique relevant to this study was utilized to establish the
existence or otherwise of the relationship between the observance of ethical standards and the production of
quality products. Our study calls for the adoption of a Multivariate Statistical Technique (Multiple Linear
Regression model) for examining the linear correlations between two or more variables via the
instrumentality of PASW (Predictive Analytic SoftWare) SPSS 18 statistical software to facilitate
necessary computations. Multiple regression is required for this study because a single-predictor model is
inadequate to describe the true relationship between the dependent variable Y (the response variable) and
its potential predictors (X1, X2, X3, …).
4.1 Empirical Results
This study uses data for a sample of 280 managers of selected pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. The
analysis embraces the Multiple Regression as suggested by Doane and Seward (2008), that the dependent
(response) variable (Y) is assumed to be related to the X independent (predictors) variables X1, X2, X3 ---
Xp as par our model above.
Tables 1.1(a), and 1.1(b) present the regression model summary and ANOVA for overall significance of
the model while Figure 1.1 and table 2.1 explain the regression test for normality of residuals and model
coefficients respectively. Once the regression model has been constructed, it is important to confirm the
goodness of fit of the model and the statistical significance of the estimated parameters. Commonly used
checks of goodness of fit include the R-Squared, analysis of the pattern of residuals and hypothesis testing.
Statistical significance can be checked by an F- test of the overall fit, followed by t-tests of individual
parameters. Interpretations of these diagnostic tests rest heavily on the model assumptions as earlier stated
above.
Table 1.1(a): Regression Model Statistics
Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Estimate Durbin-Watson
Adjusted R Square
1 .992 .984 .984 .424 1.873
Source: Field survey, 2012.
R is a measure of the correlation between the observed value and the predicted value of the criterion
variable. Here, it is the correlation between the quality of production as obtained from the participants and
the levels predicted for them by our predictor variables. It is calculated to be 0.992, which indicates that our
model does well at predicting the dependent variable (Quality of Production).
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5. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.3, 2012
Coefficient of determination (R2) is the square of this measure of overall fit and indicates the proportion of
the variance in the criterion variable which is accounted for by our model. Here, the proportion of the
variance in quality of production scores accounted for by our set of predictor variables (Adherence to
ethics, enforcement procedures, customers’ satisfaction, etc.). In essence, this is a measure of how good our
prediction of the criterion variable can be by knowing the predictor variables. For our model, R Square is
0.984, which means that our model has accounted for 98.4% of the variation that exists in the quality of
production in the chosen pharmaceutical companies.
The Adjusted R Square value (adjusted coefficient of determination) is calculated which takes into account
the number of variables in the model and the number of observations (participants) our model is based on.
This Adjusted R Square value gives the most useful measure of the success of our model. It also gives us an
idea of how well our model can be generalized which means the closer it is to R Square, the better. The
difference between R Square and Adjusted R Square indicates how much less variation in the outcome we
would get if we used the entire population in our analysis, and not just our sample. This helps us to cross-
validate our model, and gives us confidence to generalize our findings to other samples from the
population. In our model, the value of the Adjusted R Square is 0.984, the same as the R Square. This
means that even if we had studied every member of the population, we would still have gotten the same
amount of variation in our result, and therefore we can generalize our findings for every sample from the
population.
For our model, the Durbin-Watson test statistic is calculated to be 1.873, which is reasonably close to 2.
The assumption has almost certainly been met. This table reports an ANOVA, which assesses the overall
significance of our model by testing whether the
Table 1.1(b): ANOVA for overall significance of the model
Model Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 3083.650 5 616.730 3427.934 .000a
Residual 49.296 274 .180
Total 3132.946 279
Source: SPSS Regression Printout, 2012.
model is significantly better at predicting the outcome than using the mean as a ‘best guess’ as cited by
Field (2005). Specifically, the F-ratio represents the ratio of the improvement in prediction that results from
fitting the model, relative to the inaccuracy that still exists in the model. For our model, the F-ratio is
3427.934, and the SPSS calculates the exact probability of that happening by chance, which is indicated by
‘Sig.’ in SPSS. Since sig. = 0.000, our model is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance.
Testing the Validity of the Regression model the analysis of regression residuals is an important tool for
determining whether the assumptions of the regression model are met by checking the validity of the model
assumptions in the multiple regression analysis. Residual plots are easy to use, and they convey much
information quickly. The saying “A picture is worth a thousand words” is a good description of the
technique of examining plots of regression residuals (Cooper and Schindler, 2006).
Consequently, more precise statements can be made about our data from a normal or Gaussian distribution,
named for its discoverer Karl Gauss (1777-1855). The Gaussian distribution is the well-known bell-shaped
curve which is in line with our analysis under investigation for normality test as presented in below.
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6. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.3, 2012
Figure 1.1 Test for normality of residuals
Regression also assumes that the residuals are normally distributed. A deviation from this assumption
makes our analysis (and predictions) invalid. To test for normality of residuals, we examine the histogram.
SPSS plots a curve on the histogram to help us visualize the shape of the distribution. For our model, the
histogram actually shows a normal curve. This verifies that our assumption of normality of residuals has
been satisfied.
These b values indicate the relationship between quality of production and the respective independent
variables, whether positive or negative. For our data, all the three independent variables have positive b
values, indicating positive relationships. The b values further tell us to what degree each independent
variable affects the quality of production if the effects of all the other independent variables are held
constant. We shall examine them one after the other as follows:
Adherence to ethics (b=0.748): This value means that, for each unit increase in the adherence to ethics by
the block manufacturing firms, their quality of production increases by 0.748 units. This interpretation is
valid only if all the other variables are held constant.
Enforcement procedures (b=0.421): This says that for each unit increase in enforcement procedures, the
quality of production increases by 0.421 units. Again this only holds when all the other variables are held
constant.
Customer satisfaction (b=0.131): For each unit increase in customer satisfaction by the block
manufacturing firms, their quality of production increases by 0.131 units. This interpretation is valid only if
all the other variables are held constant. Meanwhile, the test for adherence, enforcement procedures and
customer satisfaction are presented in table 1.1(c) respectively.
Table 2.1 model coefficients.
Model Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta T Sig.
1 (Constant) -23.326 .824 -28.319 .000
Adherence to ethics .627 .006 .748 96.491 .000
Enforcement procedures .468 .009 .421 51.222 .000
Customers satisfaction .141 .009 .131 16.174 .000
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Vol.3, No.3, 2012
Source: SPSS Regression Printout, 2012
4.3 Test of Hypotheses
Hypothesis I
H0: Adherence to code of ethics has no significant effect/impact on the
production of quality products.
From the regression analysis output (highlighted in boldface), as presented in table 4.3(a) shows that
pharmaceutical companies do adhere to code ethics in the industry and they do produce qualitative
products for human consumption.
Decision Criteria: Reject the null hypothesis, if the b-value is greater than 0.05 level of significant, or
otherwise, accept the null hypothesis. We therefore reject the null hypothesis and conclude that adherence
to code of ethics has a positive impact (.748 Beta values) on the production of quality products in the
pharmaceutical industry.
Hypothesis II
H0: There is no significant relationship between enforcement procedures and
the production of quality products.
The data presented in table 4.3(b) shows that 47 percent of the respondents are of the opinion that managers
in pharmaceutical companies have a positive attitude towards enforcement procedures and compliance to
ethical provisions as stipulated by regulatory agencies.
Decision Criteria: Reject the null hypothesis if the beta value (.421) is greater than the critical value which
in our case is 0.05 significant levels. We therefore reject the null hypothesis and conclude that enforcement
procedures do have a significant relationship on the production of quality products in the pharmaceutical
industry.
Hypothesis III
H0: There is no significant relationship between customer’s satisfaction and
the production of quality products by the block manufacturing firms in
Nigeria.
It is relevant to state that question 13-16 of section “B” in the questionnaire were purposively designed to
ask for information about customer’s complaints and satisfaction. The responses on these questions were
analyzed at a 0.05 level of significance.
Decision rule: Since the calculated beta value. (.131) is greater than the critical value which in our case is
0.05 significant levels. We therefore reject the null hypothesis and conclude that customers’ satisfaction
does have a moderate relationship on the production of quality products.
4.4 Discussion
This study used data for a sample of 280 managers of pharmaceutical companies listed on Nigeria Stock
Exchange. The data is obtained from the pharmaceutical companies in respect of years 2004 – 2006. The
respondents were mainly male (70%) with a mean age of approximately 40 years. Over half of the sample
(51%) had five or more years experience in their present jobs. 38 percent had their job tenure of 1 to 5
years, only 6 percent held their present jobs for less than one year. The majority of the respondents (70%)
were at intermediate or senior management levels in their organizations and 30% were first time
supervisors.
The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the influence of ethical standards in the production
of quality, a focus on selected pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria and Benue state in particular. Prior
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Vol.3, No.3, 2012
findings from studies conducted in the United States and other advanced industrialized countries clearly
indicated that awareness of unethical activity is less prevalent in organizations that have adopted codes of
ethics (Okpara, 2003; England, 2006). This study provided additional support for this proposition in that
employees in pharmaceutical companies that had adopted corporate codes of ethics were significantly less
aware of wrongdoing than were employee in organizations without codes of ethical conduct. An ancillary
finding associated with the results raise some cause for concern. Specifically, only 6 percent of the
respondents reported that their organizations had formal codes of ethics. This finding stands in sharp
contrast to previous research findings in the west particularly in the United States where nearly 75 percent
of organizations were reported to have adopted corporate codes of ethics (Elegido, 2000; Okpara, 2003;
Nnadi, 2008). Findings also indicated that 51 percent of study participants reported that they were “not
sure” if their organizations had a code of ethics.
Thus, this current research is in line with previous studies conducted by England (2006) Okpara (2003);
Trevino, Weaver and Reynolds (2006). The findings support the contention that unethical behavior will be
less prevalent in organization that have corporate codes of ethics than it is in those organizations that have
not formally adopted codes of ethics. The results in hypothesis one suggest that unethical behavior was less
rampant in pharmaceutical companies that had written codes of ethics. A significantly smaller percentage
of respondents (18.4 percent) in pharmaceutical companies that had written codes of ethics were aware of
wronging in their organizations when compared to the percentage of respondents (32.2 percent) in
organizations without a code of ethics who were aware of wrongdoings. Based on this result, it can be
concluded that the presence of corporate ethical codes of conduct is an important tool that could guide
managers in making better ethical decisions.
Also, the findings reported in hypothesis two indicate that significant differences were found between
levels of commitment with the organizations that adopted ethical codes of conduct and those who did not.
The present study also provides some support for this proposition in that the highest levels of commitment
were observed in those organizations with codes of ethics, this finding, suggests that pharmaceutical
companies concerned with ethical conduct build a supportive climate that includes values that emphasize
integrity and ethical conduct and that encourages commitment to the organizational values. This finding is
consistent with the previous findings in the west (England, 2006). Therefore, in the Nigerian context, as in
the western world, ethical codes of conduct appear to be one of the fundamental factors that can encourage
managerial commitment.
Results also indicated that the presence of corporate codes of ethics had no influence on employee’s
willingness to report observed wrongdoing. The general attitude of most managers as indicated by one
respondent is that “I m here to do my job, and to mind my business only”. Yet, another respondent stated
that “things happen to those who tell in my company and no one here wants to face the consequences of
telling management about unethical practices that go on daily in our firm”. This means that many members
of an organization might be ethical and are following the stated code of ethics, but do not want to report
those who violate ethical codes because of the consequences.
5. Conclusion
This research has revealed the need to increase education, awareness, training and information about
corporate ethical codes of conduct in employee and managers of pharmaceutical companies. The results of
the survey analysis show that respondents who had formal codes of ethics were more aware of wrongdoing
than were respondents in pharmaceutical companies without formal codes of ethics. The implication of this
is that top management should recognize the influence of written codes of ethics on employee’s behavior
and develop strategies to promote ethical behavior by creating training programs on ethical decision-
making, and by developing guidelines on how to enforce ethical codes when violated. These programs
should provide employees with the tools they need to identify ethical issues at work and strategies to
resolve them. With more attention to corporate ethical codes of conduct, it is likely that the current trends
of corporate scandals and unethical behaviour in industry can be reversed.
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Vol.3, No.3, 2012
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The Author
Born on December 31, 1967 in Benue State North Central Nigeria, Fidelis Ayatse received his B.sc and
MBA degrees at Usman Danfodiyo University, Sokoto and a Ph.D (Management Studies) from the Benue
State University, Makurdi Nigeria in 2010. His primary areas of research interest include Ethics, Strategic
Management, and Management Information System. His work may be found in a variety of Peer-reviewed
Journals including the Journal of Humanities, Journal of Development Studies, African Journal of
Economy and Society and the Journal of Management and Administration.
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