The document discusses the importance of evaluating outcomes in service delivery. It notes that while services often focus on outputs like clients served, evaluating outcomes is important to determine if a service is making a meaningful difference. Evaluating outcomes can improve services by providing insights into who benefits most and which program elements are most effective. Both monitoring data and evaluations are important, with evaluations helping to assess effectiveness, processes, and cost-effectiveness. The document outlines different evaluation methodologies and challenges in measuring outcomes.
Resetting Values in the aftermath of the banking crisisPaul Sweeney
In the aftermath of successive banking scandals, investigations have rightly identified a failure to “walk the talk” - actions have not been aligned with values.
It may be tempting to believe that a renewed push on resetting and embedding values will change behaviours.
And indeed it is a good start, but all our experience tells us that other factors are at play.
A presentation by Mark Darby, Chief Executive of Alliantist and Mike Maiden, Chief Executive of Staffs & West Midlands Probation Trust, looking at 'Approaching the market as an eco-system'.
http://www.alliantist.com/
Marco Lombardi: Promoting Social Inclusion: the Perception of Priorities in A...Beitissie1
The lecture describes a study centering on the level of importance given by therapists treating people with intellectual disabilities, to activity geared towards social inclusion.
AUTHORS: Dr Bob Chaudhuri (1); Robert Thomas(2); Brian Walmark (2); Tom Terry(2);
AFFLIATIATIONS (1): Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM)
AFFLIATIATIONS (2): Keewaytinook Okimakanak (Northern Chiefs Council)
NAHO 2009 National Conference
Transforming healthcare systems to facilitate healthy communities is driven by extensive collaboration and integration among network members. Read how to transform you healthcare collaborative into a successful integrated community healthcare system.
1.1 A Blueprint for Ending Youth Homelessness
Speaker: Katie Hong
How do we end youth homelessness? This workshop will summarize research and examine an emerging typology that can be used to inform and appropriately scale interventions to end youth homelessness. Presenters will describe strategies that are working to help young people reconnect with family and other caring adults when appropriate, and prepare to transition successfully to independent living with housing and supportive services.
Resetting Values in the aftermath of the banking crisisPaul Sweeney
In the aftermath of successive banking scandals, investigations have rightly identified a failure to “walk the talk” - actions have not been aligned with values.
It may be tempting to believe that a renewed push on resetting and embedding values will change behaviours.
And indeed it is a good start, but all our experience tells us that other factors are at play.
A presentation by Mark Darby, Chief Executive of Alliantist and Mike Maiden, Chief Executive of Staffs & West Midlands Probation Trust, looking at 'Approaching the market as an eco-system'.
http://www.alliantist.com/
Marco Lombardi: Promoting Social Inclusion: the Perception of Priorities in A...Beitissie1
The lecture describes a study centering on the level of importance given by therapists treating people with intellectual disabilities, to activity geared towards social inclusion.
AUTHORS: Dr Bob Chaudhuri (1); Robert Thomas(2); Brian Walmark (2); Tom Terry(2);
AFFLIATIATIONS (1): Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM)
AFFLIATIATIONS (2): Keewaytinook Okimakanak (Northern Chiefs Council)
NAHO 2009 National Conference
Transforming healthcare systems to facilitate healthy communities is driven by extensive collaboration and integration among network members. Read how to transform you healthcare collaborative into a successful integrated community healthcare system.
1.1 A Blueprint for Ending Youth Homelessness
Speaker: Katie Hong
How do we end youth homelessness? This workshop will summarize research and examine an emerging typology that can be used to inform and appropriately scale interventions to end youth homelessness. Presenters will describe strategies that are working to help young people reconnect with family and other caring adults when appropriate, and prepare to transition successfully to independent living with housing and supportive services.
The aim of the A.C.H.I.E.V.E. programme is to give young people the skills, support and guidance to be able to make decisions on courses, colleges, universities and careers. It increases their confidence in themself, raises self-esteem, gives them insights into opportunities and progression routes and encourages the qualities that make them highly employable.
What is A.C.H.I.E.V.E?
Apply yourself - Setting goals
Creating your C.V. or Personal Statement for university
Hunting for a job/college/university/work placement and applications
Interview preparation
Excel for success - How to sell yourself on application forms and letters
Value proposition - Your sales pitch to employers and universities to secure employment and university places
Expectations from employers, colleges and universities- How to integrate in to employment and independent living
A.C.H.I.E.V.E. is delivered at 3 levels:
Level 1: Key Stage 4 (14-16)
Level 2: 6th Form, College, EET, NEET (16-18)
Level 3: University, EET, NEET (19-22)
Well Family as a Life Course Focused, Family Fentered System by Go Beyond MCHGoBeyondMCH
Well Family is a life course focused family centered system that manages and tracks the interaction of individuals and families with programs and services.
WFS enables families, organizations and communities to be more efficient, accountable and successful in delivering quality programs and services that make a difference.
EYHC 2011: A Step Ahead Beginning with the End in MindYfoundations
(Home & Place) Melbourne Citymission initiated Victoria's first Foyer model in 2004. MCM now manages three Foyer like programs including the newly opened Precinct with an onsite school. The facilitators of this session explained why Melbourne Citymission's Foyer Program is one model that can help end youth homelessness.
This workshop was facilitated by Mandy Baxter and Lisa O'Brien from Melbourne Citymission.
Our research has shown us two main things: the essential need for people-driven interventions and the importance of properly tracking and measuring the success of intervention programs.
In this guidebook you will find our research summarized and our methodology for impact measurement outlined.
We have focused on 4 main areas found to limit one’s potential to achieving self-sufficiency: economic stability, education, health and social responsibility. With the help of LifeSTEPS, we have drilled down into each of these areas, identified interventions and found programs to help people reach positive outcomes.
This is just the beginning. It is our collaborative partnerships and the knowledge they have shared with us that have enabled us to envision the future of sustainable financial and healthy community development practices. We understand the interconnected nature of the issues supporting poverty. We are here to collaborate and share resources so that we may all study, evolve and enhance what truly makes communities thrive; the people.
EYHC 2011: Social Media in Social Justice AdvocacyYfoundations
(Connections) This session was facilitated by Eamon Waterford and Heather Marano from UnitingCare Children, Young People & Families.
Over 2011, UnitingCare Burnside has been using social media to build a community for policy and advocacy work. This session covers a case study on the "...because children matter" campaign and how services can engage with social media to forward social justice.
(Fairness) This workshop was facilitated by Bronwyn Manion, Juvenile Justice NSW, and Bron Parker, CatholicCare.
In late 1997 a Joint Tenancy Assistance Program (JTAP) for young people experiencing homelessness with complex needs who are in contact with the juvenile justice system was established. The program began out of a partnership between Juvenile Justice, Housing NSW, Bridge Housing and CatholicCare. This partnership commitment has maintained for the past 14 years.
In June 2009, a review report was released on the program and the results, particularly the approaches were found to be supportive of young people's resilience.
This presentation covers the conclusions from the report and the program's design.
Early Intervention: a regional perspectiveYfoundations
(Diversity) This workshop was facilitated by Jessica Toole, Tamworth Youth Care.
With early intervention and prevention being approaches to ending youth homelessness proving the most apt at ensuring young people do not become entrenched in a life of homelessness and marginalisation, Tamworth Youth Care has implemented at Early Intervention and Prevention program which focuses solely on working with young people at risk of or who have recently fallen into homelessness. This presentation covers the aims and design of the program which operates in a regional area of NSW.
(Diversity) This presentation was facilitated by Anne-Marie Taylor from the Multicultural Youth Advocacy Network NSW.
The presentation details research conducted by the Centre for Multicultural Youth Victoria, 'Finding Home in Victoria: Refugee and migrant young people who are homeless or at risk of homelessness', as well as additional information and research from around Australia. It explores the issues and solutions to homelessness in reference to young people from refugee and migrant backgrounds and suggests practical approaches to working to support this group of young people.
(Fairness) This presentation was facilitated by Travis Gilbert from Homelessness Australia.
Counting the homeless has recently become a contested issue among advocates and practitioners for youth homelessness. In this presentation Travis aims to unpack some of the politics around counting and emphasise why getting the methods and use of counting right is crucial to ending youth homelessness.
This session explains the processes involved with getting a peer program of the ground at St. Johns Youth Service in South Australia. A major component to getting the program running was a research project that explored which participation models work best for peer programs. The finding of this research is presented here.
If viewers would like to see the research paper from the project please visit www.stjohnsyouthservices.org.au.
This presentation was given by Bria Partridge, St. Johns Youth Service and Krystal Hancock, a young person.
(Home & Place) Based on the Foyer Federation's initiative of Open Talent this workshop presentation details how to promote young people's goals and enable them to develop the skills, resources and opportunities they need to achieve them. The Open Talent approach looks not at just supporting young people in regards to what the don't have but rather inspiring them to be the best person they can be.
This presentation was given at the End Youth Homelessness Conference 2011 and facilitated by Colin Falconer, Director of Innovation at the Foyer Federation UK.
To learn more about the Foyer Federation and Open Talent visit www.foyer.net.
EYHC 2011: Working Together for Better OutcomesYfoundations
Kings Cross attracts significant numbers of young people who are at risk of becoming entrenched in a high risk lifestyle involving long term homelessness; substance abuse issues; mental health; violence; problematic sex work; criminal activity and self harm.
The Inner City Youth at Risk Project was established in 2005 as a coordinated interagency early intervention strategy for young people. There are 15 partner agencies participating in the project.
The Project involves three key strategies including coordination by a project coordinator based in a health service who works with partner agencies; outreach sweeps conducted quarterly to collect data on the profile of young people; and brokerage available to support at risk young people in emergency situations and to support long term care plans and supported housing.
The project coordinator, Cindi Peterson, and her manager from South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Amanda Webster, presented this presentation at EYHC 2011 in the Home & Place workshop stream.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. The Importance of outcomes and
evaluation in service delivery
Yfoundations
10th July 2012
Prof Ilan Katz (SPRC)
2. Will cover
Why outcomes are important
Evaluating for outcomes
Monitoring and evaluation
Types of evaluation
Some key methods
Conclusions
3. Why are outcomes important
Most services focus on outputs:
Numbers of clients seen
Numbers of service events
Unit costs
However this does not measure impacts ie
whether the service makes a difference
can create perverse incentives.
Outcome measurement can improve service
delivery.
4. How does evaluation improve
services
Important to know what impact the service is
actually making on clients and why.
Better understanding of who benefits most
from the service and which aspect of the
service is most beneficial.
Results are fed back into the service so that
lessons can be learned about elements of
effective practice.
5. Outcomes and accountability
Accountability increasingly focused on
outcomes rather than outputs.
Funding decisions now rely on cost
effectiveness as well as assessment of need.
Outcomes and evaluation can also increase
accountability to service users, as participants
and recipients.
6. Evaluation and monitoring
Monitoring – regular collection of data which
is used for quality assurance, adherence to
standards and compliance.
Evaluation – one off or episodic activity
focusing on effectiveness of implementation,
processes, outcomes and/or cost
effectiveness.
Both are important and can build on each
other.
7. Theory of change or program logic
Links inputs processes, outputs and
outcomes.
Explains why activities should lead to
particular outcomes.
Needs to be backed up by theory and
empirical evidence and be specific.
Explains the link between inputs, processes
and outcomes.
8. Process evaluation
Is service doing the things it is supposed to
do in the most efficient way possible?
Has the program been implemented as
planned?
Is it targeting the right people?
What are the barriers to accessing the
service?
How well is it working with other services?
What are clients’ and other stakeholders’
views of the service?
9. Ultimate Outcome:
Young people find stable accommodation and are able to participate actively in society to their maximum potentioal
Intermediate Outcome:
Young people at risk of homelessness are provided with safe accommodation and given the
opportunity to address issues leading to homelessness
Impacts
For children and adolescents:
Improvement in housing situation
Outputs Safety
Situation What services will provide: Improvements in educational/vocational
counselling participation
Limited access to initial assessments Improvements in social functioning
Community specialist Inputs Temporary accommodation Improvements in financial stability
services brief interventions
$X put into youth Reduction in wait time for service
Benefits advice
High demand for service homelessness Better interaction with family
Peer support
Staffing resources Improvement in health and mental health
providing education and support to
Young people unable to
Policies – referrers For homeless Service System:
access mainstream
housing services Commonwealth and Lower numbers of homeless youth
NSW Who the services will interact with:
Young people with acute housing
Better inter-agency collaboration
Young people leaving issues Longer term engagement with vulnerable
Other services
families and becoming families and carers clients
vulnerable to exploitation other members of the broader youth
Client Group: Young
and abuse services For Referrers:
people at risk of
homelessness primary referrers and other service Clear referral pathway
partners Improvement in collaborative care
9
10. Methodologies
Administrative data (employment, health,
housing)
Worker assessments, case files
Use of standard validated surveys
Self completed surveys
pre and post questionnaires
Satisfaction, wellbeing, circumstances
Qualitative methodologies/action research
11. Outcomes
Immediate
Satisfaction, appropriate referral
Intermediate
Improved wellbeing, skills, housing
Long term
Home ownership/stability, employment, social
networks
12. Challenges of measuring
outcomes
When?
Should you follow up clients?
How?
Questionnaire, feedback, admin data
What?
How to define a good outcome
Comparison and benchmarking
Attribution
How do you know it was your service making the
difference?
13. Who should do the evaluation?
In house
Advantages
• Cheaper and more tailored to agency needs.
Disadvantages
• Lack of credibility and independence.
• Need organisational expertise
External
Advantages
• Independent, authoritative – provides feedback
Disadvantages
• Expensive and potentially burdensome, potential
embarrasment
14. Ilan Katz
Social Policy Research Centre
Matthew Gray
CAEPR, ANU
Ilan.katz@unsw.edu.au
www.sprc.unsw.edu.au
www.anu.edu.au/caepr
G2 Western Campus
University of New South Wales
Kensington 2052
NSW, Australia
+61 2 9385 7810