the history of money and banking in Southy Africa
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•38 views
The history of money in South Africa began with early indigenous tribes using items like beads, shells, and whale teeth for bartering and as a medium of exchange. Later, iron ingots and pieces became commonly used as money. During colonial times in the 1600s, coins from various European countries circulated. The first paper money, called rix-dollars, was printed in 1782 but rapidly declined in value. Sterling currency from Britain then became more commonly used. In the Transvaal region, gold coins and pounds were minted starting in the late 1800s due to the region's rich gold deposits. Control of minting gradually transferred to the South African government.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
The History Of Money
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
The History of Money
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
Bc a history of money!
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of money, from bartering to various commodity currencies to modern fiat currencies. It describes how early societies used bartering and commodity money like shells, gold, and tobacco before the development of coins and paper currency. Key developments discussed include the introduction of coins by the Lydians in 700 BC, the emergence of paper money starting in China in the 10th century AD, and the use of tobacco notes as an early form of paper currency in colonial America. The document also explains the concepts of representative money backed by gold or silver and modern fiat currencies declared legal tender by governments.
History of money
The document provides an overview of the history of coins and monetary systems, beginning with barter and gift exchange systems. It then discusses the development of the Roman coin system, including the introduction of minted bronze coins in the 3rd century BC and silver coins modeled after Greek coins around 300 BC. The document outlines the expansion of the Roman monetary system under Augustus to establish consistent gold, silver, and copper coin values. It also describes elements of Roman coins like legends, mint marks, and materials used before concluding with sections on numismatics and coin parts.
Singapore Before 1819
Singapore likely existed as a trading port before 1819 based on three sources of evidence:
1) The Malay Annals from the 16th century describe Singapore as a thriving trading center under Sang Utama.
2) A 14th century Chinese account mentions Longyamen (Dragon’s Teeth Gate) and Dan-ma-xi (Temasek) which were exotic trading ports.
3) Archaeological discoveries from sites like Fort Canning Hill provide evidence of commercial and religious activities dating back to the 14th century, indicating Singapore was an important trading city. However, the evidence is scanty and its interpretation is open to debate.
Revisionchapt1&2
Early accounts show that Singapore was called Temasek and was an important trading port dating back to the 13th century, exchanging goods with countries like China, Thailand, and Vietnam. In the 15th century, a Malay chief took control of Temasek but it later lost significance as a trading hub. The Portuguese then burned down a Malay outpost at the mouth of the Singapore River in 1613. Archaeological evidence, including the Singapore Stone, suggests there was a community on the island as far back as the 12th-13th centuries. Raffles chose to establish a British settlement in Singapore in 1819 due to its strategic location and natural harbor. He worked to legitimize British control by recognizing a new local
Was there singapore before 1819
Early accounts tell us that Singapore may have been founded by Sang Utama and grew into a thriving trading center under his descendants, according to the Malay Annals. Wang Dayuan's account from 1330-1340 also describes Singapore as a bustling port. Archaeological evidence, including Chinese porcelain and coins dating back to the 14th-15th centuries, supports that Singapore was an important trading hub, though some dispute remains about how much is legend. After the 15th century, Singapore lost importance as a trading port after its ruler was driven out by the king of Siam.
History Of Singapore Before 1819
Singapore was originally known as Temasek and was part of the Srivijaya Empire based in Sumatra. In the 14th century, it was attacked by Siamese and Javanese groups and a fort was built to defend it. Chinese records from the 14th century refer to Temasek and mention Chinese traders living there. The story of a strongman named Badang throwing a large stone, now known as the Singapore Stone, provides evidence that Singapore has a long history dating back to between the 10th-14th centuries. Archaeological artifacts like jewelry, pottery, and porcelain found in Fort Canning Park also support human habitation in Singapore during this early period.
Recommended
The History Of Money
Bartering of livestock began around 9,000-6,000 BC as one of the earliest forms of exchange. Around 1200 BC in China, shells became the first official form of money used. Ancient Chinese coins from around 1000 BC had holes in the middle so they could be strung together more easily. Around 500 BC, coins made of silver emerged as the earliest coins, first appearing in the region of Lydia, now Turkey. Paper currency developed in China in the 9th-15th centuries but excessive printing led to inflation. Gold became the global monetary standard starting in 1816 but many countries abandoned it during the Great Depression in the 1930s. Digital payments may eventually replace physical currency.
The History of Money
Bartering was the original form of exchange before money was developed. Livestock, shells, and beads were some of the early forms of commodity money. Money needs to serve as a medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account. King Croesus created the first coins of gold and silver in 561 BC. Paper currency was first issued in China in 806 AD but led to inflation. Various commodities served as forms of money throughout history. Goldsmith notes marked the early use of banknotes in England in the 1600s. The US established its own currency systems after gaining independence.
Bc a history of money!
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of money, from bartering to various commodity currencies to modern fiat currencies. It describes how early societies used bartering and commodity money like shells, gold, and tobacco before the development of coins and paper currency. Key developments discussed include the introduction of coins by the Lydians in 700 BC, the emergence of paper money starting in China in the 10th century AD, and the use of tobacco notes as an early form of paper currency in colonial America. The document also explains the concepts of representative money backed by gold or silver and modern fiat currencies declared legal tender by governments.
History of money
The document provides an overview of the history of coins and monetary systems, beginning with barter and gift exchange systems. It then discusses the development of the Roman coin system, including the introduction of minted bronze coins in the 3rd century BC and silver coins modeled after Greek coins around 300 BC. The document outlines the expansion of the Roman monetary system under Augustus to establish consistent gold, silver, and copper coin values. It also describes elements of Roman coins like legends, mint marks, and materials used before concluding with sections on numismatics and coin parts.
Singapore Before 1819
Singapore likely existed as a trading port before 1819 based on three sources of evidence:
1) The Malay Annals from the 16th century describe Singapore as a thriving trading center under Sang Utama.
2) A 14th century Chinese account mentions Longyamen (Dragon’s Teeth Gate) and Dan-ma-xi (Temasek) which were exotic trading ports.
3) Archaeological discoveries from sites like Fort Canning Hill provide evidence of commercial and religious activities dating back to the 14th century, indicating Singapore was an important trading city. However, the evidence is scanty and its interpretation is open to debate.
Revisionchapt1&2
Early accounts show that Singapore was called Temasek and was an important trading port dating back to the 13th century, exchanging goods with countries like China, Thailand, and Vietnam. In the 15th century, a Malay chief took control of Temasek but it later lost significance as a trading hub. The Portuguese then burned down a Malay outpost at the mouth of the Singapore River in 1613. Archaeological evidence, including the Singapore Stone, suggests there was a community on the island as far back as the 12th-13th centuries. Raffles chose to establish a British settlement in Singapore in 1819 due to its strategic location and natural harbor. He worked to legitimize British control by recognizing a new local
Was there singapore before 1819
Early accounts tell us that Singapore may have been founded by Sang Utama and grew into a thriving trading center under his descendants, according to the Malay Annals. Wang Dayuan's account from 1330-1340 also describes Singapore as a bustling port. Archaeological evidence, including Chinese porcelain and coins dating back to the 14th-15th centuries, supports that Singapore was an important trading hub, though some dispute remains about how much is legend. After the 15th century, Singapore lost importance as a trading port after its ruler was driven out by the king of Siam.
History Of Singapore Before 1819
Singapore was originally known as Temasek and was part of the Srivijaya Empire based in Sumatra. In the 14th century, it was attacked by Siamese and Javanese groups and a fort was built to defend it. Chinese records from the 14th century refer to Temasek and mention Chinese traders living there. The story of a strongman named Badang throwing a large stone, now known as the Singapore Stone, provides evidence that Singapore has a long history dating back to between the 10th-14th centuries. Archaeological artifacts like jewelry, pottery, and porcelain found in Fort Canning Park also support human habitation in Singapore during this early period.
Secondary 2 History-Archaeological Evidence
Archaeological evidence from the Singapore Stone and artifacts found in rivers and at Fort Canning show that Singapore had a writing system and engaged in trade with other countries as early as the 14th century. A fragment of the Singapore Stone, which was destroyed by the British to widen the river, is now displayed at the National Museum. Coins, pottery, and other goods found in excavations indicate Singapore traded with places like China, Sri Lanka, and the Majahapit Kingdom.
Who were the ancient Minoans?
Sadigh Gallery aims to inform their clients and readers about lesser-known ancient civilizations that left an interesting legacy. For this blog post, the team will introduce readers to the ancient Minoans who thrived during the Middle Bronze Age on the island of Crete from 3000 until 1100 BC. Here are some interesting facts worth knowing about this civilization
2016 lives in ancient seasian cities
Southeast Asia had many ancient urban centers due to its location at the crossroads of global trade routes. Cities like Angkor, located in present-day Cambodia, grew to immense sizes due to control of long-distance trade of items like Chinese porcelain. Urban centers commonly had fortified walls and zones for trade, with women playing a major role in markets. Archaeological evidence also shows multi-ethnic populations in ancient Southeast Asian cities, including Chinese, Indian, and Persian influences. Major polities like the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit kingdom in Java governed extensive urban networks into the 15th century CE.
Know your past wari bateshwar
The Wari Bateshwar site is located 75km from Dhaka near villages in Narsingdi District. [1] Excavations have uncovered artifacts indicating an ancient urban civilization dating back to at least the 1st century CE, including coins, pottery, and structural remains. [2] The coins in particular suggest a wealthy trading center with a money-based economy and administrative system. [3] Recent excavations have found the remains of a Buddhist temple and other brick structures, further implying the site was an important political and economic hub in ancient Bengal.
The evolution of jewelry in human culture
Jewelry has been part of human culture since early humans first made items from shells and animal parts. The Egyptians developed jewelry into refined artistic forms and gemstones symbolized wealth and power. Greek and Roman jewelry incorporated influences from neighboring cultures and introduced cameos. Engagement rings originated in medieval Europe as symbols of marriage intentions, though diamonds only became common when mines were discovered in Africa, making them more accessible. While styles have diversified, many ancient forms like shell jewelry and Egyptian-style bracelets remain popular today alongside contemporary designs.
Facts 1
Nubia, also known as Kush, was located south of ancient Egypt, with its northern boundary at the First Cataract of the Nile River. The Egyptians traded gold, incense, ebony, copper, ivory and animals through Nubia from tropical Africa, and it is believed the Egyptian word for gold, "nub", gave Nubia its name. Slaves and prisoners worked the gold mines of Nubia, which was an important source of gold for Egypt.
September 26, 2011
The document provides information about three West African empires that existed before contact with Europe: Ancient Ghana, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. It defines key terms like "empire" and "griot". It discusses the time periods and some important rulers and cities of each empire. For homework, students are asked to continue working on the story of Sundiata and provide the names of the three empires discussed in class.
History of-cyprus
The document summarizes the history of Cyprus from the earliest inhabitants over 12,000 years ago to modern times. It describes how Cyprus progressed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age with inhabitants mining copper on the island. Various foreign rulers then governed Cyprus, including Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Persians. Cyprus became part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC. After a period of Arab rule, the island was ruled by the French Lusignan dynasty until the Ottoman conquest in 1570. Cyprus then came under British control in 1878 until gaining independence in 1960. The document outlines this long historical timeline of Cyprus in detail.
Mankind’s relationship with money
Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol. It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of paper with a historic image on it. The value that people place on the symbol has nothing to do with the physical value of money.
Money derives its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth.
Evolution of Currency
This presentation focuses on the evolution of the currency. It shows how we came this far in terms of exchanging ( money ).
This presentation presents the journey from the barter system to electronic money. Topics are explained with pictures for better understanding.
PowerPoint: My Money and Its Development
Money refers to assets that function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, while currency is a physical form of money like coins and banknotes used in a particular country. Early civilizations used barter systems and commodity money like gold coins, but these had problems leading to the development of fiat currency not backed by commodities. Modern forms of money include paper currency, credit money in accounts, and digital currencies as society has moved to more abstract representations of value over physical commodities.
History of money
Presentation created to teach underprivileged children about the history of money, meant for age group 8-13.
Celdid
The Celts originated in central Europe and had spread throughout parts of Europe including Britain by around 200 BC. They lived in small farmsteads or villages and sometimes retreated to hill forts for safety. Celtic society had Druids who were religious leaders and teachers. The Celts were skilled metalworkers and craftspeople and believed in an afterlife. They fought with swords, spears and chariots and left behind coinage and artwork depicting their culture.
I cretesi lavoro semplificato
The Minoan civilization of Crete developed between 2000-1450 BC. The Minoans were skilled sailors and shipbuilders. Many lived in coastal cities as fishermen and traders, while others lived inland farming grapes, olives, goats, and sheep. Their most important city was Knossos, where a beautiful palace housed the king near the protected sea. Each city had its own ruler, and the Minoans worshipped mother goddesses and bulls in sanctuaries, holding festivals in their honor.
Ancient roman state
The ancient Roman state was a stadium in Rome created in 753 BC where prisoners and others would fight for entertainment as people wanted to see people fight. Today the site is an interesting place that many people visit, though it is now broken, receiving around 40,000 visitors per year.
Early settlers
Kings ruled Egypt as early as 2200 BC. Kings were considered essential leaders during this time period. Slavery was also present in ancient Egyptian society alongside different kings who ruled.
Ancient china
Ancient China spanned from 3000BCE to 1200CE and was an important early civilization. Daily life was difficult for the poor but easy for the rich, who enjoyed hunting while the poor enjoyed storytelling and gambling. Many people practiced activities like kite flying, chess, and tai chi. The emperor ruled all of China from the capital. Legacies from this time include the use of Chinese characters, inventions like paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder, and structures like the Great Wall.
hide pharouags
People in 1000 BC hid pharaohs because of tomb robbers who stole gold and wealthy items from tombs. Tomb robbers looted the tombs of pharaohs, taking valuable treasures and artifacts, forcing people to hide the pharaohs' remains to protect them from further theft. The practice of hiding pharaohs was a response to the actions of tomb robbers who plundered royal tombs.
Tanit the ibicencan goodess
Tanit was the main goddess of Carthage and an important goddess in the Mediterranean. She was the goddess of love, fertility, life, prosperity, harvest, death and the moon. Tanit protected Carthage and its inhabitants from enemies and poisonous animals. She later became the goddess of Ibiza in the 5th century. The ancient city of Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians in 800 BC and was a major trading center until conquered by Rome in 146 BC. The Carthaginians discovered Ibiza in 654 BC and founded the city, making it an important trading center due to its port and salt production.
Updated Gold Vs Silver.pptx
Buy Gold, Silver, Platinum & Palladium bullion online at BOLD Precious Metals. Always the lowest prices! Fast & secure shipping. Free shipping on orders +$199.
A brief history of currency
Bartering was one of the earliest forms of currency, where goods and services were directly exchanged between individuals. Cowrie shells then became prevalent as currency in China around 1200 BC. Around 1000 BC, the Chinese began manufacturing metal currency out of copper and bronze, which evolved into coins. The Greeks, Macedonians and Persians then refined coin making, using precious metals like silver, which became the standard around 500 BC. Paper currency was first developed in China in 118 BC using leather and then paper, but its overuse led to devaluation. Modern concepts of currency continue to change with the rise of electronic payments.
History of money
Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
More Related Content
What's hot
Secondary 2 History-Archaeological Evidence
Archaeological evidence from the Singapore Stone and artifacts found in rivers and at Fort Canning show that Singapore had a writing system and engaged in trade with other countries as early as the 14th century. A fragment of the Singapore Stone, which was destroyed by the British to widen the river, is now displayed at the National Museum. Coins, pottery, and other goods found in excavations indicate Singapore traded with places like China, Sri Lanka, and the Majahapit Kingdom.
Who were the ancient Minoans?
Sadigh Gallery aims to inform their clients and readers about lesser-known ancient civilizations that left an interesting legacy. For this blog post, the team will introduce readers to the ancient Minoans who thrived during the Middle Bronze Age on the island of Crete from 3000 until 1100 BC. Here are some interesting facts worth knowing about this civilization
2016 lives in ancient seasian cities
Southeast Asia had many ancient urban centers due to its location at the crossroads of global trade routes. Cities like Angkor, located in present-day Cambodia, grew to immense sizes due to control of long-distance trade of items like Chinese porcelain. Urban centers commonly had fortified walls and zones for trade, with women playing a major role in markets. Archaeological evidence also shows multi-ethnic populations in ancient Southeast Asian cities, including Chinese, Indian, and Persian influences. Major polities like the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit kingdom in Java governed extensive urban networks into the 15th century CE.
Know your past wari bateshwar
The Wari Bateshwar site is located 75km from Dhaka near villages in Narsingdi District. [1] Excavations have uncovered artifacts indicating an ancient urban civilization dating back to at least the 1st century CE, including coins, pottery, and structural remains. [2] The coins in particular suggest a wealthy trading center with a money-based economy and administrative system. [3] Recent excavations have found the remains of a Buddhist temple and other brick structures, further implying the site was an important political and economic hub in ancient Bengal.
The evolution of jewelry in human culture
Jewelry has been part of human culture since early humans first made items from shells and animal parts. The Egyptians developed jewelry into refined artistic forms and gemstones symbolized wealth and power. Greek and Roman jewelry incorporated influences from neighboring cultures and introduced cameos. Engagement rings originated in medieval Europe as symbols of marriage intentions, though diamonds only became common when mines were discovered in Africa, making them more accessible. While styles have diversified, many ancient forms like shell jewelry and Egyptian-style bracelets remain popular today alongside contemporary designs.
Facts 1
Nubia, also known as Kush, was located south of ancient Egypt, with its northern boundary at the First Cataract of the Nile River. The Egyptians traded gold, incense, ebony, copper, ivory and animals through Nubia from tropical Africa, and it is believed the Egyptian word for gold, "nub", gave Nubia its name. Slaves and prisoners worked the gold mines of Nubia, which was an important source of gold for Egypt.
September 26, 2011
The document provides information about three West African empires that existed before contact with Europe: Ancient Ghana, the Mali Empire, and the Songhai Empire. It defines key terms like "empire" and "griot". It discusses the time periods and some important rulers and cities of each empire. For homework, students are asked to continue working on the story of Sundiata and provide the names of the three empires discussed in class.
History of-cyprus
The document summarizes the history of Cyprus from the earliest inhabitants over 12,000 years ago to modern times. It describes how Cyprus progressed from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age with inhabitants mining copper on the island. Various foreign rulers then governed Cyprus, including Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, and Persians. Cyprus became part of the Roman Empire in the 1st century BC. After a period of Arab rule, the island was ruled by the French Lusignan dynasty until the Ottoman conquest in 1570. Cyprus then came under British control in 1878 until gaining independence in 1960. The document outlines this long historical timeline of Cyprus in detail.
Mankind’s relationship with money
Money, in itself, is nothing – it is a symbol. It can be a shell, a metal coin, or a piece of paper with a historic image on it. The value that people place on the symbol has nothing to do with the physical value of money.
Money derives its value by being a medium of exchange, a unit of measurement and a storehouse for wealth.
Evolution of Currency
This presentation focuses on the evolution of the currency. It shows how we came this far in terms of exchanging ( money ).
This presentation presents the journey from the barter system to electronic money. Topics are explained with pictures for better understanding.
PowerPoint: My Money and Its Development
Money refers to assets that function as a medium of exchange, unit of account, and store of value, while currency is a physical form of money like coins and banknotes used in a particular country. Early civilizations used barter systems and commodity money like gold coins, but these had problems leading to the development of fiat currency not backed by commodities. Modern forms of money include paper currency, credit money in accounts, and digital currencies as society has moved to more abstract representations of value over physical commodities.
History of money
Presentation created to teach underprivileged children about the history of money, meant for age group 8-13.
Celdid
The Celts originated in central Europe and had spread throughout parts of Europe including Britain by around 200 BC. They lived in small farmsteads or villages and sometimes retreated to hill forts for safety. Celtic society had Druids who were religious leaders and teachers. The Celts were skilled metalworkers and craftspeople and believed in an afterlife. They fought with swords, spears and chariots and left behind coinage and artwork depicting their culture.
I cretesi lavoro semplificato
The Minoan civilization of Crete developed between 2000-1450 BC. The Minoans were skilled sailors and shipbuilders. Many lived in coastal cities as fishermen and traders, while others lived inland farming grapes, olives, goats, and sheep. Their most important city was Knossos, where a beautiful palace housed the king near the protected sea. Each city had its own ruler, and the Minoans worshipped mother goddesses and bulls in sanctuaries, holding festivals in their honor.
Ancient roman state
The ancient Roman state was a stadium in Rome created in 753 BC where prisoners and others would fight for entertainment as people wanted to see people fight. Today the site is an interesting place that many people visit, though it is now broken, receiving around 40,000 visitors per year.
Early settlers
Kings ruled Egypt as early as 2200 BC. Kings were considered essential leaders during this time period. Slavery was also present in ancient Egyptian society alongside different kings who ruled.
Ancient china
Ancient China spanned from 3000BCE to 1200CE and was an important early civilization. Daily life was difficult for the poor but easy for the rich, who enjoyed hunting while the poor enjoyed storytelling and gambling. Many people practiced activities like kite flying, chess, and tai chi. The emperor ruled all of China from the capital. Legacies from this time include the use of Chinese characters, inventions like paper, printing, the compass, and gunpowder, and structures like the Great Wall.
hide pharouags
People in 1000 BC hid pharaohs because of tomb robbers who stole gold and wealthy items from tombs. Tomb robbers looted the tombs of pharaohs, taking valuable treasures and artifacts, forcing people to hide the pharaohs' remains to protect them from further theft. The practice of hiding pharaohs was a response to the actions of tomb robbers who plundered royal tombs.
Tanit the ibicencan goodess
Tanit was the main goddess of Carthage and an important goddess in the Mediterranean. She was the goddess of love, fertility, life, prosperity, harvest, death and the moon. Tanit protected Carthage and its inhabitants from enemies and poisonous animals. She later became the goddess of Ibiza in the 5th century. The ancient city of Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians in 800 BC and was a major trading center until conquered by Rome in 146 BC. The Carthaginians discovered Ibiza in 654 BC and founded the city, making it an important trading center due to its port and salt production.
What's hot (19)
Similar to the history of money and banking in Southy Africa
Updated Gold Vs Silver.pptx
Buy Gold, Silver, Platinum & Palladium bullion online at BOLD Precious Metals. Always the lowest prices! Fast & secure shipping. Free shipping on orders +$199.
A brief history of currency
Bartering was one of the earliest forms of currency, where goods and services were directly exchanged between individuals. Cowrie shells then became prevalent as currency in China around 1200 BC. Around 1000 BC, the Chinese began manufacturing metal currency out of copper and bronze, which evolved into coins. The Greeks, Macedonians and Persians then refined coin making, using precious metals like silver, which became the standard around 500 BC. Paper currency was first developed in China in 118 BC using leather and then paper, but its overuse led to devaluation. Modern concepts of currency continue to change with the rise of electronic payments.
History of money
Bartering and commodities like cattle and seeds were some of the earliest forms of money. Cowry shells were used as currency in China in 1200 BC, while metal tools were used as early metal currency in China around 1000 BC. Silver became used as currency imprinted with rulers' faces in 500 BC Turkey. Paper money originated in China between the 9th-15th centuries before disappearing, while gold became the standard currency backed by weight in 1816 Britain and 1900 America. Modern currency has evolved to coins and paper notes, with future forms potentially including payment cards and microchips in jewelry.
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...
1) The Federal Reserve Bank of New York serves as guardian for the gold reserves of over 60 foreign governments and international organizations, storing over 266 million troy ounces of gold worth around $90 billion.
2) Gold has historically been used as a store of value and medium of exchange, and the gold standard tied currencies to gold until the early 1970s.
3) Foreign entities store their gold reserves at the New York Fed for its security in one of the largest underground gold vaults, convenient services, and location in a major financial hub.
Caribbean Studies changing african responses to european contact.doc
The document summarizes pre-Atlantic and Atlantic trade in West Africa. It discusses how West Africans engaged in long distance trade of commodities like gold, salt, textiles and agricultural goods with other continents prior to European contact. When the Portuguese arrived in the 1440s, the trade in enslaved Africans began to surpass gold as West Africa's main export. While slavery existed previously, the transatlantic slave trade transformed it into a larger system for accumulating wealth. African rulers cooperated by supplying captives to European traders as long as prices remained high. The triangular trade system then developed to exchange enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas for goods like cotton, cloth and rum.
History: Middle Ages
The document summarizes aspects of religion, politics, social class, and fashion during the Middle Ages in Europe. It discusses how Christianity became the dominant religion and how the lives of people were dominated by the Church. It describes the causes and objectives of the Crusades to regain control of Jerusalem from Muslims. It also outlines the feudal system of power and the emergence of religious knight orders like the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights during the Crusades. Finally, it provides details on Gothic jewelry styles, gemstone cutting techniques, and popular jewelry items in the late Middle Ages like brooches, belts, and enameling.
The boer war and diamonds
The document summarizes the history of diamond discovery and mining in South Africa. It describes how diamonds were discovered in 1867, sparking massive immigration from Britain and economic growth. Tensions arose between British settlers and Boers over mining rights, culminating in the Boer Wars from 1899-1902. The largest diamond ever found, the Cullinan diamond, was unearthed in South Africa in 1905 and later cut into pieces that became part of the British crown jewels.
History ofmoney
The document traces the history of money from its origins in barter systems to modern currencies. It discusses how livestock and commodities like cowry shells were some of the earliest forms of money. Coins made of precious metals like silver emerged around 500 BC in places like Libya and Turkey. Paper money was first developed in China and later adopted in Europe. Modern currencies have evolved from coins and banknotes to include electronic payments and credit cards.
PPP Model
The document discusses the history of currency and money exchange. It explains that before currency, people used to barter and exchange goods like sheep and knives. Traders preferred precious metals like gold and silver. The Lydians invented coins around 2600 years ago and were the first to imprint images on coins to represent their place of origin. The Romans paid soldiers partly in salt, which was very valuable. The Chinese created the first paper money around 1500 years ago when they ran low on metals for coins. However, paper money did not become common in Europe until around 1700.
The gold-rush
The Australian gold rushes began in 1851 when gold was discovered in New South Wales by Edward Hargraves. This sparked mass migration to Australia from around the world, fueling a dramatic population increase. Harsh living conditions on the goldfields led to tensions and rebellion, culminating in the Eureka Stockade uprising in 1854. While the gold rushes declined by the 1900s, they transformed Australia by establishing major cities, increasing wealth and diversity. Gold mining remains an important industry today.
Chapter 2 history of money
The early history of currency in the Philippines involved barter and commodity money such as rice, gold, and silver. Some of the earliest coinage included piloncitos - tiny engraved gold beads from the 9th-12th centuries. When the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, they introduced irregular Spanish coins. The first coin minted locally was the Spanish barilla in 1728. Later major currencies included Mexican silver dollars and gold/silver Isabellinas minted in Manila in the 1860s, marking the first use of "Filipinas" on coins. Bank notes were first issued by the El Banco Español-Filipino de Isabel II in 1852.
Eco of hist gold in africa
- Gold was first found and used in Egypt and Mesopotamia as early as 4000 BC, where it was viewed as a symbol of power and wealth. It was used as jewelry, decoration, and one of the earliest forms of money.
- The world's largest discovery of gold took place in 1886 in the Witwatersrand region of South Africa, producing one quarter of the world's gold by 1899 and 40% by 1985.
- Early gold mining techniques required significant labor, such as 40,000 enslaved people mining gold in Spain in 100 AD. Over time, people developed new mining and refining methods to make the process more efficient.
Ch2 Explorations of Asia
This document provides an overview of European exploration and encounters with Africa and Asia between 1415-1796. It discusses how the search for spices by Europeans led to the age of exploration, including early Portuguese voyages along the coast of Africa and Vasco da Gama's arrival in India in 1497. It also summarizes the rise and fall of several African kingdoms like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai that controlled the trans-Saharan trade routes, as well as coastal trading kingdoms in West and Southern Africa.
History of colonial money
When colonists first arrived in New England, they faced hardships including a lack of money. Colonial exports were often bartered for English goods instead of paid for with coins. This arrangement was unpopular with colonists. Various forms of money emerged to fill the need, including wampum, commodity money, foreign coins, and paper bills of credit issued by colonies. However, these alternative currencies often faced problems of being difficult to transport, prone to counterfeiting, or issued in excessive amounts, reducing their value. A stable currency system was not achieved until the 1860s.
Money
Before the use of money, people bartered or traded goods and services. Bartering was difficult because the items being traded needed to have equal and agreed upon value, and both parties needed something the other wanted. People then started using metals like gold and silver as early forms of money. Coins were later developed, with Lydia in present-day Turkey issuing the first coins made of electrum around 600 BC. Paper money was developed in China over 1,000 years ago as receipts for gold or silver, and later as printed currency issued by governments. By the late 18th century, paper money and banknotes had spread globally and countries adopted currency standards like the gold standard in the early 20th century.
HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND - The Gold Rushes
A comprehensive Power Point presentation about the gold rushes in New Zealand. This is a historical and geographical perspective containing a time chart of gold discovery in Aotearoa, and details about the most important goldfields in Nelson, Coromandel, Otago and West Coast. Also, the presentation contains information about the gold seekers and about the miners' life. Please send me a message if you want to download this Power Point presentation for educational purposes.
M1 Gold Brief
The document provides a simplified history of the origins and development of modern banking from the perspective of some individuals with experience in secret parts of world finance. It traces the flow of gold from King Solomon of Jerusalem in 930 BC to Queen Shaba of Jawa, who safeguarded Solomon's gold assets and bloodline. Over centuries, huge amounts of gold flowed to Jawa from China and Europe via the spice trade. The Knights Templar discovered something under Solomon's Temple and established the first international banking system in Europe before being destroyed in 1307. They fled to locations like Scotland, Switzerland and Portugal. The Rothschild family came to dominate banking in Europe and helped establish central banks like the Bank of England to finance wars and governments.
Topic #3-Trade Routes Ancient.pptx
1. The document discusses 8 important ancient trade routes: the Silk Road, Spice Routes, Incense Route, Amber Road, Tea Horse Road, Salt Route, Trans-Saharan Trade Route, and Tin Route.
2. It provides details on each route, including the goods traded, locations connected, time periods of use, and cultural/economic impacts.
3. The routes linked civilizations across Asia, Europe and Africa and spread religion, technology, and diseases while fostering wealth and globalization through centuries of commercial exchange.
Gold rush stolengeneration_rita_ivett
The gold rush began in Australia in 1851 when gold was discovered in New South Wales, sparking massive immigration to the country. Hundreds of thousands of people immigrated to Australia seeking gold in the following decades. This transformed Australia's economy and population, increasing the population from around 400,000 to over 1.7 million in just 20 years. The gold rush era saw the establishment of towns, infrastructure like railroads, and Australia became a wealthy nation based around the export of gold.
Africa South Sahara
The document provides a timeline of key events and developments in African history from 2.5 million BCE to the colonial period. Some of the earliest developments included stone tools being developed in Ethiopia and Tanzania between 2.5-0.4 million BCE. Later developments included shell jewelry in South Africa at 75,000 BCE, mathematical artifacts in Congo at 25,000 BCE, and domestication of crops like sorghum and barley between 15,000-7000 BCE. The colonial period saw European powers like Belgium exploiting resources in Africa and instituting apartheid in South Africa through the 20th century.
Similar to the history of money and banking in Southy Africa (20)
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...
Press Release – April 7, 2009 Tentative Agreement to Sell Nalunaq ...
Caribbean Studies changing african responses to european contact.doc
Caribbean Studies changing african responses to european contact.doc
Recently uploaded
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/tacvl9ekroe9hqupdnjruiypvm9rdaneWound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Physical pharmaceutics notes for B.pharm students
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Advanced Java[Extra Concepts, Not Difficult].docx
This is part 2 of my Java Learning Journey. This contains Hashing, ArrayList, LinkedList, Date and Time Classes, Calendar Class and more.
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
https://app.box.com/s/qhtvq32h4ybf9t49ku85x0n3xl4jhr15Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
BBR 2024 Summer Sessions Interview Training
Qualitative research interview training by Professor Katrina Pritchard and Dr Helen Williams
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience Wahiba Chair Training & Consulting
Wahiba Chair's Talk at the 2024 Learning Ideas Conference. How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Solutons Maths Escape Room Spatial .pptx
Solutions of Puzzles of Mathematics Escape Room Game in Spatial.io
Recently uploaded (20)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
spot a liar (Haiqa 146).pptx Technical writhing and presentation skills
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) Curriculum
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
BÀI TẬP DẠY THÊM TIẾNG ANH LỚP 7 CẢ NĂM FRIENDS PLUS SÁCH CHÂN TRỜI SÁNG TẠO ...
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
How to Create a More Engaging and Human Online Learning Experience
the history of money and banking in Southy Africa
- 1. The history of money and banking in South Africa
- 2. Money has been around for a very long time and a large number of items have served as money. For example: beads made from shells were used by the North Americans, Indians used brightly coloured shells and whale’s teeth were used in Fiji.
- 3. Early African money In 1000 BCE the Greeks started using small iron bars called obole as money and as a result iron pieces in the form of small bars (ingots) or wire pieces were eventually used in many parts of Africa. Then in the 1600s the Katanga cross was used and it was. The Katanga cross was used when expensive items such as goats and cattle
- 4. obole ingots
- 5. Indigenous No one knows for certain how long money has been in existence, but as far back as we can remember people used bartering as a medium of exchange. And bartering took the role of money. For example: an individual would barter a sheep in exchange for a cattle, but these items were not always durable. Thus pieces of iron and copper were more desirable. The iron was often used in the form of a spear and arrow points.
- 6. Colonial money During the 1600s money in he form of coins from various European countries were used. The traders and sailors believed that all coins of good quality were accepted irrespective of the countries they come from. This caused a lot o confusion. The economic conditions in the cape were poor because the DEIC (Dutch East India Company) control of all the trade with passing ships and the citizens could not sell enough of their agricultural goods to earn money. As a result of the shortage in money Governor van Plettenbergh printed the first notes in the Cape of Good Hope in 1782 known as the rix-dollars. Too many notes were issued and their value dropped rapidly and as a result the people later effused to accept it as a store of vale and medium of exchange.
- 7. Imperial money Although the rix-dollar was still used as a legal tender, the sterling started coming into circulation and it was used more and more in the Cape and ion the Natal. The history of money of Gauteng previously known as the Transvaal was different from that of the Cape and Natal. This is because the Transvaal had rich gold deposits. The Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek had gold pounds minted in London in 1874, and then put them into circulation. The Pretoria mint was established in 1892 and in 1893 it began minting the world famous Kruger pounds. The South African mint was established in Pretoria, which was a branch of the Royal London Mint.
- 8. Full control of the South African mint was transferred to the government in 1941. In 1988 its name was changed to the South African Mint Company Pty Ltd.