The document discusses the history of the Broken Hill deposit in New South Wales, Australia and the development of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company (BHP). It describes how the deposit was discovered in 1883, with mining and infrastructure rapidly developing. BHP became a major mining and smelting operation. The geology of the deposit, consisting of multiple stratiform ore lenses, controlled the orientation of mining leases and urban development in Broken Hill city. Over its lifetime, the deposit produced over 19 million tonnes of lead, 16.6 million tonnes of zinc, and 28.7 million kilograms of silver.
This document summarizes a property development project called "The Heritage Park" located in Sitio Manggahan, Palo-Alto, Calamba City, Laguna. It includes details about the permits secured, location and accessibility of the site, proposed site development plan featuring roads, drainage, and amenities. It also presents the proposed house models - Lizelle, Stephanie, Alexi and Belle, describing their features, floor area and pricing. Finally, it provides the payment schemes and terms including required downpayment, discounts and sample computations for purchase through in-house or bank financing.
O documento descreve três empreendimentos imobiliários localizados no bairro Tirol em Petrópolis: (1) Tirol Way Office, um edifício comercial com 276 salas; (2) Tirol Way Stylo, um condomínio residencial com apartamentos de 2 quartos; (3) Tirol Way Residence, um condomínio de alto padrão com apartamentos de 3 quartos.
Pre enginnered buildings master-builder_july08, pp.48-62hlksd
This document discusses the selection of framing systems and roof/wall materials for pre-engineered industrial buildings. It describes two main framing systems - braced frames and unbraced frames. Unbraced portal frames are now more commonly used as they provide large column-free spaces and are simpler and more economical. Portal frames typically have spans of 30-40m and use tapered columns and rafters. Roof bracing and wall bracing are needed to resist loads perpendicular to the frame. The document provides details on frame configurations, connections, and considerations in choosing framing and cladding materials.
This document discusses reinforced brickwork, which involves embedding steel reinforcement like bars or mesh within brick masonry. It strengthens the masonry by providing tensile strength to complement the inherent compressive strength of bricks. Good quality bricks and steel reinforcement like hoop iron or expanded steel mesh are used. Proper curing methods like ponding or membrane curing help the masonry gain strength. Reinforced brickwork has advantages over reinforced concrete in terms of cost and performance in earthquakes. Factors like inadequate cover or moisture ingress can cause reinforcement corrosion over time.
Raft foundations are concrete slabs that spread the load of a building evenly over a large area. They are often used when soil conditions are unstable or over 50% of the ground would need strip footings. There are different types including solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, piled rafts, and balancing rafts. Raft foundations are cheaper and easier to install than traditional footings and help reduce differential settlement. The main disadvantage is risk of edge erosion if not properly constructed.
The document provides an overview of municipal systems in various cities including Cochin, Chennai, South Africa, and Los Angeles. It summarizes the key features of the municipal structure in these cities and identifies some shortcomings of Cochin's system.
The municipal structure in Cochin consists of a mayor, deputy mayor, council members, ward committees/sabhas, and a secretary appointed by the state government. However, the mayor has limited powers and roles that are mainly clerical in nature. There is a lack of accountability, transparency, and evaluation of performance that has led to infrastructure issues.
Chennai directly elects its mayor through public elections. South Africa categorizes municipalities based on population and economic factors. Los
OPL best practices - Doing more with less easierAlex Fleischer
This document discusses OPL best practices and includes the following sections: calling OPL from outside programs like Excel, Matlab, Python, and R; modeling tricks within OPL like using piecewise linear functions and decision variables as indices; practical tricks within OPL like displaying 2D objects, exporting to CSV files, and calculating the Cartesian product; decomposition techniques; and specific examples. The document is intended as a supplement to documentation and trainings, and the author welcomes feedback to improve it. Examples referenced are available on the author's LinkedIn page.
This document summarizes a property development project called "The Heritage Park" located in Sitio Manggahan, Palo-Alto, Calamba City, Laguna. It includes details about the permits secured, location and accessibility of the site, proposed site development plan featuring roads, drainage, and amenities. It also presents the proposed house models - Lizelle, Stephanie, Alexi and Belle, describing their features, floor area and pricing. Finally, it provides the payment schemes and terms including required downpayment, discounts and sample computations for purchase through in-house or bank financing.
O documento descreve três empreendimentos imobiliários localizados no bairro Tirol em Petrópolis: (1) Tirol Way Office, um edifício comercial com 276 salas; (2) Tirol Way Stylo, um condomínio residencial com apartamentos de 2 quartos; (3) Tirol Way Residence, um condomínio de alto padrão com apartamentos de 3 quartos.
Pre enginnered buildings master-builder_july08, pp.48-62hlksd
This document discusses the selection of framing systems and roof/wall materials for pre-engineered industrial buildings. It describes two main framing systems - braced frames and unbraced frames. Unbraced portal frames are now more commonly used as they provide large column-free spaces and are simpler and more economical. Portal frames typically have spans of 30-40m and use tapered columns and rafters. Roof bracing and wall bracing are needed to resist loads perpendicular to the frame. The document provides details on frame configurations, connections, and considerations in choosing framing and cladding materials.
This document discusses reinforced brickwork, which involves embedding steel reinforcement like bars or mesh within brick masonry. It strengthens the masonry by providing tensile strength to complement the inherent compressive strength of bricks. Good quality bricks and steel reinforcement like hoop iron or expanded steel mesh are used. Proper curing methods like ponding or membrane curing help the masonry gain strength. Reinforced brickwork has advantages over reinforced concrete in terms of cost and performance in earthquakes. Factors like inadequate cover or moisture ingress can cause reinforcement corrosion over time.
Raft foundations are concrete slabs that spread the load of a building evenly over a large area. They are often used when soil conditions are unstable or over 50% of the ground would need strip footings. There are different types including solid slab rafts, slab beam rafts, cellular rafts, piled rafts, and balancing rafts. Raft foundations are cheaper and easier to install than traditional footings and help reduce differential settlement. The main disadvantage is risk of edge erosion if not properly constructed.
The document provides an overview of municipal systems in various cities including Cochin, Chennai, South Africa, and Los Angeles. It summarizes the key features of the municipal structure in these cities and identifies some shortcomings of Cochin's system.
The municipal structure in Cochin consists of a mayor, deputy mayor, council members, ward committees/sabhas, and a secretary appointed by the state government. However, the mayor has limited powers and roles that are mainly clerical in nature. There is a lack of accountability, transparency, and evaluation of performance that has led to infrastructure issues.
Chennai directly elects its mayor through public elections. South Africa categorizes municipalities based on population and economic factors. Los
OPL best practices - Doing more with less easierAlex Fleischer
This document discusses OPL best practices and includes the following sections: calling OPL from outside programs like Excel, Matlab, Python, and R; modeling tricks within OPL like using piecewise linear functions and decision variables as indices; practical tricks within OPL like displaying 2D objects, exporting to CSV files, and calculating the Cartesian product; decomposition techniques; and specific examples. The document is intended as a supplement to documentation and trainings, and the author welcomes feedback to improve it. Examples referenced are available on the author's LinkedIn page.
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"Uncovering the Curnamona and Surround: A New South Wales Perspective."
Phil Gilmore, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
The document summarizes geological modeling work done on the Zeehan Ag Pb (Zn Sn) Mining Field in Tasmania using simple CAD software. Key findings include:
- Most mineralization in the central field is stratabound and located near contacts between volcanic and black shale units in the Upper Oonah Formation.
- Mineralized horizons are disrupted by NW-SE faults but the faults are largely unmineralized.
- Lodes generally dip southeast, parallel to folding in the cover strata. There is a spatial association with southeast-plunging fold hinges.
- A simple zonal model of mineralization does not fit; stratigraphy and lithology are more important
The document discusses geo-metallurgy and the design of a sustainable gold processing plant. It covers the importance of geo-metallurgical studies to understand the mineralogy and metallurgical response of an ore deposit. Key parameters investigated include mineral species, grain size, strength, liberation, and comminution test works. Test results are used to design an efficient comminution circuit and select appropriate crushers and mills based on the ore properties.
El documento proporciona información confidencial sobre espesadores de alta densidad y pasta utilizados en varias minas de cobre en Chile, incluyendo sus especificaciones técnicas y de rendimiento. El documento advierte que la información es propiedad de FLSmidth y no debe ser revelada o utilizada sin su permiso.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a los lípidos, clasificándolos en lípidos simples, complejos y estructurales. Describe los principales tipos de lípidos como triglicéridos, fosfolípidos y esfingolípidos. También resume las vitaminas liposolubles como A, D, E y K, explicando sus funciones, deficiencias y metabolismo.
Alimentacion en el adulto mayor y paciente postradoCamila Alexandra
El documento proporciona información sobre una dieta saludable y equilibrada para adultos mayores. Resalta la importancia de consumir alimentos ricos en nutrientes como verduras, frutas, legumbres, pescado y pollo, y evitar comidas altas en calorías y bajas en nutrientes. Además, destaca los requerimientos nutricionales diarios de un adulto mayor y los beneficios de mantener una adecuada hidratación.
O documento discute as propriedades e funções de várias vitaminas importantes, incluindo A, complexo B, C, D, E e F. Detalha as fontes alimentares, doenças relacionadas à deficiência e papéis no organismo de cada vitamina.
El documento describe las tecnologías de molienda, concentración y espesamiento utilizadas en la metalurgia extractiva. Explica los diferentes tipos de molinos como molinos autógenos, semiautógenos y de bolas, así como las tecnologías de flotación Outokumpu y separación física. Finalmente, detalla los diferentes tipos de espesadores como clarificadores convencionales, de alta capacidad y para pasta.
El documento describe las vitaminas y minerales, incluyendo qué son, sus fuentes principales en los alimentos, y sus beneficios y deficiencias. Las vitaminas son compuestos químicos que no pueden ser sintetizados por el cuerpo pero son esenciales para la vida, mientras que los minerales son elementos químicos necesarios para las funciones celulares. El documento enumera las principales fuentes alimentarias de cada vitamina y mineral, así como sus funciones clave y los posibles efectos de la deficiencia.
El documento lista las diferentes vitaminas, sus fuentes principales, funciones y síntomas de deficiencia. Cubre vitaminas A, B1-B9, C, D, E, K. Cada vitamina se describe brevemente con sus fuentes alimenticias, papel en el organismo y grupos de riesgo de deficiencia.
Las megadosis de vitaminas pueden dañar la salud, así que antes de adoptar este modelo de alimentación, conoce los efectos de la nutrición ortomolecular...
This document discusses mining exploration methods and their role in the mining process. It defines key terms like minerals, ores, and deposits. Exploration methods mentioned include remote sensing, geological mapping, geophysical surveys, geochemical surveys, bulk sampling, and drilling. Case histories are also provided to illustrate exploration techniques.
Las vitaminas hidrosolubles incluyen la Vitamina C y todas las vitaminas del complejo B. Estas vitaminas circulan libremente en la sangre, agua corporal y dentro de las células. La mayoría no necesitan transportadores para moverse a través de la sangre, con la excepción de la Vitamina B12. Cualquier exceso de estas vitaminas se elimina a través de los riñones, con la excepción de los folatos y la Vitamina B12 que son reguladas por el hígado.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solid substances with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. There are over 4,900 known mineral species, with silicate minerals making up over 90% of the Earth's crust. Minerals form through crystallization as ions come together and atoms arrange themselves in an ordered pattern. They can crystallize from magma or other melts as they cool, or form through precipitation from fluids. The scientific study of minerals is called mineralogy, which examines their chemistry, crystal structure, physical properties, origins, classification, and distribution. Key physical properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
This document provides an overview of geostatistics and variogram analysis. It discusses how the variogram describes the spatial correlation of a phenomenon through parameters like the nugget effect and range. Experimental variograms are calculated from data and theoretical models like spherical, exponential, and power models are fitted. The variogram can identify different correlation scales through nested models. Components at different scales can be extracted through kriging. As an example, fertility data from France is analyzed to filter its large-scale spatial structure.
This document provides information about minerals and methods for studying their properties. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic solid with specific physical properties and a definite chemical composition. Common rock-forming and economic minerals are described. The importance of mineralogy for civil engineering applications is outlined. Methods for studying minerals include examining their physical, chemical, optical, and atomic properties. Key physical properties discussed include form, color, streak, luster, fracture, cleavage, hardness, density, and transparency.
Earth Resources; Reserves and resources; Nonrenewable Mineral Resources ; What are industrial minerals?; Why are industrial minerals so important?; Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits; Classification of industrial minerals; Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit; Selected industrial rocks and minerals
Applied Mineralogy
Technical Mineralogy;
How much metal is available?
What is a mineral?
What is Applied Mineralogy?
What Applied Mineralogy is not…
History
Review of some mineralogical Concepts
Clay can be formed into objects through processes like pinching, slab building, coil building, and wheel throwing. It needs to be fired in a kiln to become permanent. The document provides instructions for making clay cottage or gingerbread house facades, including drawing a sketch, building up the front wall and triangle sides with clay, scoring and slipping pieces together, allowing it to dry, glazing it, and firing it twice in a kiln. The finished pieces can have candles placed behind them.
Prospecting History leading to the discovery of Botswana’s diamond minesJames AH Campbell
1) Three phases of mineral exploration and mining in Botswana were outlined: pre-historic, historic, and modern. Pre-historic mining dated back 3.4 million years and involved minerals like iron, copper, and gold.
2) Historic prospecting from the 1860s to 1950s involved companies searching areas like Ngamiland and Bamangwato Reserve with limited success. The first authenticated diamonds were found in 1938 in Pitsani.
3) Modern exploration began in the late 1950s with CAST finding the first diamonds in 1960, though in small quantities. In 1967, De Beers discovered Botswana's first kimberlites at BK01 and AK01 near Orapa, marking
2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment Symposium - Geological Survey of New So...Symposium
"Uncovering the Curnamona and Surround: A New South Wales Perspective."
Phil Gilmore, Senior Geoscientist, Geological Survey of New South Wales.
Technical presentation at 2015 Broken Hill Resources Investment symposium.
The document summarizes geological modeling work done on the Zeehan Ag Pb (Zn Sn) Mining Field in Tasmania using simple CAD software. Key findings include:
- Most mineralization in the central field is stratabound and located near contacts between volcanic and black shale units in the Upper Oonah Formation.
- Mineralized horizons are disrupted by NW-SE faults but the faults are largely unmineralized.
- Lodes generally dip southeast, parallel to folding in the cover strata. There is a spatial association with southeast-plunging fold hinges.
- A simple zonal model of mineralization does not fit; stratigraphy and lithology are more important
The document discusses geo-metallurgy and the design of a sustainable gold processing plant. It covers the importance of geo-metallurgical studies to understand the mineralogy and metallurgical response of an ore deposit. Key parameters investigated include mineral species, grain size, strength, liberation, and comminution test works. Test results are used to design an efficient comminution circuit and select appropriate crushers and mills based on the ore properties.
El documento proporciona información confidencial sobre espesadores de alta densidad y pasta utilizados en varias minas de cobre en Chile, incluyendo sus especificaciones técnicas y de rendimiento. El documento advierte que la información es propiedad de FLSmidth y no debe ser revelada o utilizada sin su permiso.
Este documento proporciona una introducción a los lípidos, clasificándolos en lípidos simples, complejos y estructurales. Describe los principales tipos de lípidos como triglicéridos, fosfolípidos y esfingolípidos. También resume las vitaminas liposolubles como A, D, E y K, explicando sus funciones, deficiencias y metabolismo.
Alimentacion en el adulto mayor y paciente postradoCamila Alexandra
El documento proporciona información sobre una dieta saludable y equilibrada para adultos mayores. Resalta la importancia de consumir alimentos ricos en nutrientes como verduras, frutas, legumbres, pescado y pollo, y evitar comidas altas en calorías y bajas en nutrientes. Además, destaca los requerimientos nutricionales diarios de un adulto mayor y los beneficios de mantener una adecuada hidratación.
O documento discute as propriedades e funções de várias vitaminas importantes, incluindo A, complexo B, C, D, E e F. Detalha as fontes alimentares, doenças relacionadas à deficiência e papéis no organismo de cada vitamina.
El documento describe las tecnologías de molienda, concentración y espesamiento utilizadas en la metalurgia extractiva. Explica los diferentes tipos de molinos como molinos autógenos, semiautógenos y de bolas, así como las tecnologías de flotación Outokumpu y separación física. Finalmente, detalla los diferentes tipos de espesadores como clarificadores convencionales, de alta capacidad y para pasta.
El documento describe las vitaminas y minerales, incluyendo qué son, sus fuentes principales en los alimentos, y sus beneficios y deficiencias. Las vitaminas son compuestos químicos que no pueden ser sintetizados por el cuerpo pero son esenciales para la vida, mientras que los minerales son elementos químicos necesarios para las funciones celulares. El documento enumera las principales fuentes alimentarias de cada vitamina y mineral, así como sus funciones clave y los posibles efectos de la deficiencia.
El documento lista las diferentes vitaminas, sus fuentes principales, funciones y síntomas de deficiencia. Cubre vitaminas A, B1-B9, C, D, E, K. Cada vitamina se describe brevemente con sus fuentes alimenticias, papel en el organismo y grupos de riesgo de deficiencia.
Las megadosis de vitaminas pueden dañar la salud, así que antes de adoptar este modelo de alimentación, conoce los efectos de la nutrición ortomolecular...
This document discusses mining exploration methods and their role in the mining process. It defines key terms like minerals, ores, and deposits. Exploration methods mentioned include remote sensing, geological mapping, geophysical surveys, geochemical surveys, bulk sampling, and drilling. Case histories are also provided to illustrate exploration techniques.
Las vitaminas hidrosolubles incluyen la Vitamina C y todas las vitaminas del complejo B. Estas vitaminas circulan libremente en la sangre, agua corporal y dentro de las células. La mayoría no necesitan transportadores para moverse a través de la sangre, con la excepción de la Vitamina B12. Cualquier exceso de estas vitaminas se elimina a través de los riñones, con la excepción de los folatos y la Vitamina B12 que son reguladas por el hígado.
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solid substances with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. There are over 4,900 known mineral species, with silicate minerals making up over 90% of the Earth's crust. Minerals form through crystallization as ions come together and atoms arrange themselves in an ordered pattern. They can crystallize from magma or other melts as they cool, or form through precipitation from fluids. The scientific study of minerals is called mineralogy, which examines their chemistry, crystal structure, physical properties, origins, classification, and distribution. Key physical properties used to identify minerals include color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
This document provides an overview of geostatistics and variogram analysis. It discusses how the variogram describes the spatial correlation of a phenomenon through parameters like the nugget effect and range. Experimental variograms are calculated from data and theoretical models like spherical, exponential, and power models are fitted. The variogram can identify different correlation scales through nested models. Components at different scales can be extracted through kriging. As an example, fertility data from France is analyzed to filter its large-scale spatial structure.
This document provides information about minerals and methods for studying their properties. It defines a mineral as a naturally occurring inorganic solid with specific physical properties and a definite chemical composition. Common rock-forming and economic minerals are described. The importance of mineralogy for civil engineering applications is outlined. Methods for studying minerals include examining their physical, chemical, optical, and atomic properties. Key physical properties discussed include form, color, streak, luster, fracture, cleavage, hardness, density, and transparency.
Earth Resources; Reserves and resources; Nonrenewable Mineral Resources ; What are industrial minerals?; Why are industrial minerals so important?; Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits; Classification of industrial minerals; Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit; Selected industrial rocks and minerals
Applied Mineralogy
Technical Mineralogy;
How much metal is available?
What is a mineral?
What is Applied Mineralogy?
What Applied Mineralogy is not…
History
Review of some mineralogical Concepts
Clay can be formed into objects through processes like pinching, slab building, coil building, and wheel throwing. It needs to be fired in a kiln to become permanent. The document provides instructions for making clay cottage or gingerbread house facades, including drawing a sketch, building up the front wall and triangle sides with clay, scoring and slipping pieces together, allowing it to dry, glazing it, and firing it twice in a kiln. The finished pieces can have candles placed behind them.
Prospecting History leading to the discovery of Botswana’s diamond minesJames AH Campbell
1) Three phases of mineral exploration and mining in Botswana were outlined: pre-historic, historic, and modern. Pre-historic mining dated back 3.4 million years and involved minerals like iron, copper, and gold.
2) Historic prospecting from the 1860s to 1950s involved companies searching areas like Ngamiland and Bamangwato Reserve with limited success. The first authenticated diamonds were found in 1938 in Pitsani.
3) Modern exploration began in the late 1950s with CAST finding the first diamonds in 1960, though in small quantities. In 1967, De Beers discovered Botswana's first kimberlites at BK01 and AK01 near Orapa, marking
The Bawdwin Mine, Myanmar: a review of its Geological setting and GenesisMYO AUNG Myanmar
The Bawdwin Mine, Myanmar: a review of its geological setting and genesis
NICHOLAS J. GARDINER1,2*, LAURENCE J. ROBB1, MICHAEL P. SEARLE1, KYI HTUN3 & KHIN ZAW4
1
Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
2
Present address: Centre for Exploration Targeting – Curtin Node, Department of Applied Geology, Western Australian School
of Mines, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
3
Consultant Geologist, S. Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar
4
CODES Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania, Hobart 7001, Australia
*Correspondence: nicholas.gardiner@curtin.edu.au
1) The document discusses building 3D geological models of historically significant ore deposits in Tasmania to better understand their litho-structural architecture and evolution.
2) Examples presented include the Ag-Pb Mt Farrell deposit and Cu-Au Iron Blow and North Lyell deposits. The models provide new insights into mineralization controls and structural history.
3) At Mt Farrell, mineralization is now thought to be Devonian vein style related to folding and remobilization of older VHMS-style mineralization. At Iron Blow, high-grade shoots were focused at structural contacts with conglomerate.
Columbia queen property fact sheet 20141115John Chapman
The Columbia Queen property contains four types of mineral deposits and is located 30km north of Revelstoke, BC. It consists of eleven mineral claims covering 4,753 hectares. Exploration has found copper, zinc, lead, silver, and gold mineralization at targets including the Copper Queen showing and the adjacent Mastodon deposit. Recommended exploration includes prospecting around a high-grade float sample, extending soil sampling grids, and drilling targets like the Copper Queen showing and a VTEM and soil anomaly near Mastodon. The property is available for option.
This document provides an overview of the Britannia Mine and community through a series of entries from A to P. It describes how the mine led to acid rock drainage that polluted the local waterways until a treatment plant was built in 2005. It also discusses the bunkhouses where single men lived in close quarters, the company town structure of Britannia Beach, disasters that impacted the community, the ethnic diversity of workers, and the isolation of the community that was reduced by the building of a highway in the late 1950s.
Historical Mining in Texas and the Abandoned Mine Land ProgramJon Brandt
This document provides an overview of mining in Texas, including:
- A brief history of mineral extraction in Texas over the past 300 years, focusing on coal, lignite, uranium and other industrial minerals since 1950.
- A summary of the Texas Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Program, including completed reclamation projects and future work.
- An introduction to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 and the approval of the Texas AML Program.
- Inventories of over 12,200 mine sites conducted in various regions of Texas in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
- Details on 75 AML reclamation contracts totaling over $31 million
Prehistoric Metal Mining in Britain: The Study of Cobble Stone Mining Tools Based on Artefact Study, Ethnography and Experimentation
Minería Prehistórica en Gran Bretaña: El Estudio de Herramientas Mineras Líticas a Partir de Estudios Artefactuales, Etnografía y Experimentación 33
Simon Timberlake and Brenda Craddock
This document provides a guide to the geology of Central Park in New York City. It is divided into three sections. Section one describes the building stones used in park structures. Section two examines bedrock outcroppings, showing evidence of NYC's tectonic history over billions of years. Section three inspects evidence left behind by glaciers, including striations and erratic boulders deposited during the last ice age. Stops around the park are detailed, identifying rock types and geological features formed by metamorphism, intrusions, erosion and glaciation.
The XAMA mineral property is located in central British Columbia near Fraser Lake and contains seven mineral tenures covering 3,579 hectares. Historical exploration in the 1960s and 1970s identified widespread molybdenum and copper mineralization through soil sampling and geophysical surveys. Recommended exploration includes drilling three 500-meter holes to test induced polarization anomalies identified by previous operators, as well as a modern helicopter-borne electromagnetic survey to further explore the property's potential as a major porphyry molybdenum-copper deposit. The property has excellent infrastructure and is available for option.
The document provides an overview of metalliferous basins in New South Wales that host lead-zinc and other base metal deposits. It discusses the Broken Hill basin, which contains the giant Broken Hill deposit, as well as other significant basins such as the Ponto Group, Girilambone District, and Cobar Basin. The Broken Hill deposit formed during the rift phase of basin development from exhalative and inhalative processes, aided by an elevated geotherm from magmatic underplating. Other examples like the Ponto Group contain smaller Besshi-type copper deposits that formed from seafloor exhalative processes in an oceanic fore-arc setting. The document analyzes factors important for
If you have lived around the Caspian area of Iron County, Michigan, you may have heard of the mysterious town of "Palatka", but have never been able to find it or discover it on the map. What is Palatka? This slideshow takes you down a path of discovering the history of Palatka, as well as the wonderful history of the iron ore mines of Iron County in the early 1900's. See how the birth of mines like the Berkshire, Caspian, Baltic, and Fogerty led to the boom towns of Gaastra, Old Caspian, Caspian...and the mysterious town of Palatka. The history is brought to life with many original pictures and maps of the early 1900's. Enjoy this trip back in time to the early days of Iron County, Michigan.
The Royalle property is located 175 km north of Vancouver in central British Columbia, near the historic Bralorne-Pioneer gold mining camp. The property consists of three contiguous mineral claims covering 2,620 hectares. Exploration over the years has identified several gold and copper-tungsten zones, including the Upper Piebiter gold zone and the Chalco copper-tungsten zone. Recent geophysical surveys have outlined structures prospective for porphyry and epithermal mineralization. The property remains underexplored and offers potential for the discovery of bulk tonnage gold deposits and porphyry-related mineralization.
At the October 2009 AC Transit Transbay Taskforce meeting, attendees were treated to a great historical presentation. Heather Price from William Self Associates presented facts and findings from the excavation process related to the construction of San Francisco's Temporary Transbay Terminal. She was followed with a presentation by Joyce Oishi on the salvage and historical preservation efforts within the existing Transbay Terminal.
Several smaller items salvaged from the Terminal will be on display in an interpretive exhibit at the new Transbay Transit Center (not the Temporary Terminal), while larger items not taken by local museums will be properly recycled.
Geology of an amber locality in the hukawng valley northern myanmarYMCA Mandalay
This document summarizes the geology of an amber locality in the Hukawng Valley of northern Myanmar. Key points:
1. Amber has been mined from the Noije Bum hill since at least the 1st century AD. Previous studies assigned an Eocene age to the host rocks, but recent evidence suggests they are Cretaceous, specifically Upper Albian.
2. The authors visited the current mining area in 2001. The site occurs within folded sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous to Cenozoic age in the Hukawng Basin. Amber is found in fine-grained sediments deposited in a nearshore marine environment.
3. Evidence from insect incl
This document provides information about Lathkill Dale, including its location in Derbyshire, England. It describes the area's geological history from the Carboniferous period 340 million years ago to the Pleistocene period 2 million years ago. It then details 5 sites along the dale, noting their geological features such as limestone rock and fossils from the Carboniferous period, a mining hole from lead and iron mining since the 13th century, and Mandale Mine buildings made of limestone. Site 4 describes Bateman's House built of limestone and the nearby Lathkill mine shaft. Site 5 focuses on fossils such as brachiopods and crinoids imprinted in the limestone. The conclusion lists topics
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for gold mineralization based on their proximity to producing mines and recent discoveries by other companies on adjacent lands. Skyharbour's key property, Broulan Reef, has returned encouraging drill results that are similar in grade and style to a nearby multi-million ounce deposit. Management has over 80 years of combined experience exploring and developing projects in Red Lake.
A vein of gold : The story of gold mining in Forest Range and Lenswood.lfrlh
The document summarizes the early history of gold mining in the Forest Range area of South Australia, beginning with the first discoveries of gold in the Stony Creek area in 1854-1855. Over 200 men rushed to the area after initial finds of gold by Biggs, Mason and Norton in 1854. By 1855 there were stores and butcher shops established to serve the miners. While some miners found small amounts of gold, most claims did not yield significant rewards and the area was largely abandoned by 1856. Intermittent prospecting continued over the following decades in search of richer gold deposits.
Skyharbour owns several gold exploration properties in the prolific Red Lake gold camp of Ontario. The properties have potential for high-grade gold mineralization based on their proximity to major discoveries by Goldcorp. Drilling on the Broulan Reef property has intersected gold mineralization in the same structure as the nearby Bruce Channel deposit. The McKenzie Island property also shows continuity of mineralization between properties. Skyharbour aims to explore the untapped potential of these properties through future drilling programs.
An archaeological excavation was conducted at a site in Eastside, Birmingham to investigate the remains of the Belmont and Belmont Row Glassworks. Remains of both glassworks were uncovered including fragments of glassmaking crucibles, pottery, and bricks. Evidence was found of glassmaking as well as possible pottery manufacture and metal working. The excavation also helped establish the extent of the Ashted Pumping Station located on the site.
Similar to The Hill that made BHP AusIMM Nov11 v2 (20)
1. The hill that made BHP
The ‘broken hill’ in NSW
Tony Webster FAusIMM(CP)
2. Introduction
This presentation is NOT about the
geology of the Broken Hill region,
or the structural history and
genesis of the orebodies
If people are interested, I can
present that in another talk.
I have tried to focus on aspects of
the geology of the ‘broken hill’,
that influenced the history and
development of the Broken Hill
Proprietary Company Ltd, and the
‘Silver City’ that developed next
to its mine
The Palaeoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup in Far Western NSW
4. Top 30 Stratiform Sedimentary Zn-Pb Deposits
Assoc Prof Steve Walters, CODES
5. The 1885 prospectus printed in Silverton – 25km from BH
From Bridges, 1920
The Prospectus
6. Charles Rasp, Boundary Rider (right)
Originally from Germany, – climbed the hill near the
boundary of Mt Gipps and Kinchega ‘Run’s and collected
samples on the 5th of September 1883 – later assay
revealed traces of silver.
Rasp is buried in the North Rd Cemetery in Adelaide. His
mansion ‘Willyama’ is in the suburb nearby.
The story of his widow Agnes, and how she spent his
fortune is a whole other story.
George McCulloch, Station Manager (left)
McCulloch married the widow of one of the men from
Mt Gipps Station
He became a well known patron of the arts in London
(the best collection of modern British Art in the world)
He died in London.
The Men that Made BHP
From Bridges, 1920
Both men died in 1907.
7. Guillaume Delprat, Engineer (left)
Dutch-born GM of BHP from 1899-1921 – moved the company
from silver to iron and steel making and laid the foundations for
BHP’s future success.
Developed one of the earliest floatation processes (the Potter-
Delprat process).
In 1935 Delprat was the first recipient of the medal of the
Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
William Jamieson, Surveyor (right)
Was in Silverton surveying mining leases and bought in to the
syndicate (3 shares – later sold two) – became the first Manager
of the Broken Hill Mine. A director on the Melbourne board in
1906-26.
Harry Campbell, William Jamieson’s Aboriginal horse minder
discovered the richest near-surface silver ore ever found at
Broken Hill in 1885, while prospecting the southern end of Block
12 with his sledgehammer. This ore paid all of the capital costs of
the mine development (e.g. Bridges, 1920).
Wikipedia,
.
The Men that Made BHP
From Bridges, 1920
Delprat’s daughter Paquita married Douglas Mawson
9. The Outcrop
Views of the ‘broken hill’ in 1884
Taken from the southwestern end (NW side)
and looking northeast
Sources:
Upper photo: Broken Hill Outback Archive (courtesy of Brian Tonkin)
Lower photo from Bridges (1920)
10. Mrs W. R. Wilson and family on the outcrop, looking
northeast over Block 14, 1885.
Note the dog at left. From Fischer (1970)
The Outcrop
‘Mine managers family’ (probably Mrs W. R. Wilson
and family) on the highest part of the lode outcrop,
looking southwest over the BHP, 1885. Note the dog
(again). From Kearns, 1996.
Views of the ‘broken hill’ in 1885
So much for the rugged, male-dominated
culture of early Broken Hill!
11. Single Quarters – c1890’s
View of the ‘broken hill’ from the south-
eastern side - date unknown but probably
early 1890’s
The Outcrop
Broken Hill Outback Archive (courtesy of Brian Tonkin)
12. Single Quarters – c1890’s
View of the ‘broken hill’ from the south-
eastern side - date unknown but probably
early 1890’s
The Outcrop
Broken Hill Outback Archive (courtesy of Brian Tonkin)
13. The Outcrop: Topography reflects the underlying geology
Topography, lode outcrop and open cut positions
From Webster, 2004; 2006 & unpublished
14. BHP Mine 1, 2 and 3 Level Orebody Geology
After Webster (2004; 2006)
Prominent features of the outcrop reflect structures in the orebodies
The Outcrop: Topography reflects the underlying geology
15. The Topography of the Hill
Contour Plan of Broken Hill c1885 – with original leases.
Sketch of the Broken Hill settlement (now Delamore St) in 1885 by Surveyor, W R Thomas (from Kearns, 1996)
Track will become Argent St
Pre-mining topographic contour map of the ‘broken hill’
Constructed from early surveys (mainly Andrews, 1922 and Gustafson, 1939)
Contours are at approx 3.3m intervals (10 feet)
Rocky bluffs = ---------
From Webster, unpublished
16. The Topography of the Hill
Contour Plan of Broken Hill c1885 – with original leases.
Sketch of the Broken Hill settlement (now Delamore St) in 1885 by Surveyor, W R Thomas (from Kearns, 1996)
Track will become Argent St
Rocky bluffs = ---------
From Webster, unpublished
17. In 1885, it wasn’t at all certain if the hill would
come to anything.
A newly graduated 19yo chemist and assayer, W. H
(‘Bill’) Corbould, would often stroll up the hill with
a friend …..
‘If ever it turns out any good, we can say we
sprayed it in its infancy’
In the 1920’s, Corbould consolidated the Mt Isa
field and founded Mt Isa Mines (MIM)
Photo & story from Hore-Lacy, 1981
The Topography of the Hill
and occasionally they’d piss on it.
18. Images: Left, Australian Museum; right, Chapman Collection
The early wealth of BHP was the result of the rich supergene (oxidised) zone
below the surface of the hill – particularly on the BHP Mine 1 and 2 Levels.
Modified after BHP (unpublished); Jamieson and Howell, (1893), and Webster (2004; 2006)
Geology - Supergene-enriched Oxidised Zone
19. Images: Left, Australian Museum; right, Chapman Collection
The early wealth of BHP was the result of the rich supergene (oxidised) zone
below the surface of the hill – particularly on the BHP Mine 1 and 2 Levels.
Plan of 212 foot level
Silicious Iron Ore
Kaolin & Iron
Silicious Carbonate of Lead
Silicious Iron & Kaolin
Carbonates
Oxidised Ore
Oxidised Ore
Kaolin
Kaolin
Silicious Ores
Carbonates
Silicious Ore
Carbonates
Modified after BHP (unpublished); Jamieson and Howell, (1893), and Webster (2004; 2006)
Geology - Supergene-enriched Oxidised Zone
22. ML 12 ML 13ML 11
Surface Infrastructure of the Broken Hill Proprietary Mine 1892
Mining and treatment infrastructure – on the flanks of the hill
Development of the mining infrastructure was very rapid once the field
was proven
Photo sources: BHP and Kearns (1996)
23. ML 12 ML 13ML 11
Surface Infrastructure of the Broken Hill Proprietary Mine 1892
Mining and treatment infrastructure – on the flanks of the hill
Development of the mining infrastructure was very rapid once the field
was proven
And it wasn’t just mining infrastructure…..
Photo sources: BHP and Kearns (1996)
24. • Geotechnical issues (wide stopes with poor underground support) led to the removal of
mining infrastructure from the flanks of the hill and the
• Adoption of the square set timber system of stope support in 1888 (from the Comstock
Lode in Nevada - North Forest Products originally formed to supply mine timber)
The ‘Creeps’ – Geotechnical issues lead to a rethink
Square set stoping was still in use at North Mine until
just before the North Mine closed in 1993.
Hydraulic fill was later perfected at the South Mine
Central Mine mill wrecked by ‘creep’ in 1905.
From Blainey (1968)
25. The Smelters
BHP Smelters in in 1894. Source: Alban Lynch, talk to AusIMM Melbourne Branch, Feb 2008
Originally four smelters in BH
• Block 14,
• British,
• Central and
• BHP - BHP’s the biggest in Australia
BHP had a small silver refinery in Port Pirie and had bought the small British Broken Hill smelters there in 1892
26. The Smelters
Early 1890’s: decision made
to move smelters to the coast
(depletion of oxidised ores,
floatation, cheaper fuel,
transport etc).
All had closed by April 1898.
BHP smelter, Port Pirie, South Australia, 1906
From Blainey (1968)
The Port Pirie smelters needed ironstone flux.
The nearest source was directly across Spencer Gulf, at
an ironstone hill called the ‘iron knob’.
BHP acquired the lease.
28. Caldwell’s impression of Broken Hill (later Delamore St) in late 1884. From Worner &
Mitchell (1983)
1885 sketch of Broken Hill by J. Renowden (from Kearns, 1996).
Images of Delamore St, Broken Hill – from Google Maps
Development of the City of Broken Hill
29. Eastern end Argent St and Delamore St, 1886 (from Solomon, 1988)
Caldwell’s impression of Broken Hill (later Delamore St) in late 1884. From Worner &
Mitchell (1983)
1885 sketch of Broken Hill by J. Renowden (from Kearns, 1996).
Images of Delamore St, Broken Hill – from Google Maps
Development of the City of Broken Hill
30. While the mining infrastructure developed on the flanks of the hill, the town grew on the
alluvial flats to the north.
Development of the City of Broken Hill
31. Development of the City of Broken Hill: The geology controlled the ML
orientation – which influenced urban layout
Google Earth image of the central part of Broken Hill
33. Longitudinal section of the Broken Hill mineralised system (2004)
The Topography Reflects the Underlying Geology
Lost to erosion
Only about 3 million
tonnes of mostly low-
grade mineralised rock
lost to erosion
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
34. Metal Production 1883-1994
(Pasminco Ltd, unpublished data, 1995)
• 19.3 mt Pb,
• 16.6 mt Zn,
• 28.7 million kg Ag,
• 23 t Au (a bi-product of base metal mining).
The Potosi & Silver Peak orebodies are
probably the continuation of the main
lode system
By the late 1930’s it had been recognised that the deposit
consisted of multiple ore lenses.
Eventually there were at least nine spatially associated,
flattened & ribbon-like stratiform orebodies defined.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Steep north and south plunge not fully recognised in the early days.
• Others pegged the leases to the south and far north of the BHP ground
• To facilitate the rapid development of the field and possibly to share some of the risk, BHP floated off separate
companies based on their northern leases (these mines ultimately passed to other owners)
35. 2 km
3 Lens
3 Lens & 2 Lens extend for most of the length of the field, a distance of over 8.5 km
& until recently accounted for most of the production from the field.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Subsequent deeper mine development was to prove that most of the tonnage of high grade ore was in
the down-plunge extensions to the south and north
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
36. 2 km
2 Lens
3 Lens & 2 Lens extend for most of the length of the field, a distance of over 8.5 km
& until recently accounted for most of the production from the field.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
37. 2 km
A Lode Lower/Upper/Southern, Western AL/Western Min, 1 Lens
Several lesser-mineralised horizons predominate in the SW &
now account for most of the production of the field.
• A Lode Upper (ALU),
• A Lode Lower (ALL),
• 1 Lens Upper (1LU),
• 1 Lens Lower (1LL) immediately above 2L.
Southern A Lode lies in the same stratigraphic position
relative to BL as ALU but is a distinct occurrence to the
southwest, and
Southern 1 Lens is a separate ore horizon occupying the 1L
stratigraphic position in the southwestern Perilya Mine.
Probably more closely akin to B Lode,
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
38. 2 km
B Lode (lies at the top of the succession of lesser mineralised horizons).
Several lesser-mineralised horizons predominate in the SW &
now account for most of the production of the field.
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
39. 2 km
‘C Lode’ & 4.5 Mineralisation
The 4.5 Mineralisation lies outside the Hores Gneiss.
C Lode Mineralisation is mostly derived from B Lode
The Deposit – Multiple Ore Lenses
BHP Mine
Modified from Webster, 2004; 2006
40. Longitudinal section of the Broken Hill
mineralised system – looking northwest
Why did BHP leave Broken Hill?
BHP finally closed its mine in 1939 after spending several years scavenging ore
during periods of favourable metal prices.
It withdrew from Broken Hill in 1940.
Broken Hill South Ltd later acquired the leases and extracted a large volume of
remnant ore (largely as a result of the perfection of the hydraulic fill process).
In 2011, the new Rasp Mine (CBH Resources) is developing a low grade orebody
in the former BHP lease area
By 1909 the BHP mine was hemmed in, with depleting ore stocks.
Delprat recognised that the mine was dying
41. Longitudinal section of the Broken Hill
mineralised system – looking northwest
Why did BHP leave Broken Hill?
BHP finally closed its mine in 1939 after spending several years scavenging ore
during periods of favourable metal prices.
It withdrew from Broken Hill in 1940.
Broken Hill South Ltd later acquired the leases and extracted a large volume of
remnant ore (largely as a result of the perfection of the hydraulic fill process).
In 2011, the new Rasp Mine (CBH Resources) is developing a low grade orebody
in the former BHP lease area
By 1909 the BHP mine was hemmed in, with depleting ore stocks.
Delprat recognised that the mine was dying
43. Remnants of BHP’s Presence in Broken Hill
Chimney of the first camp (Jamieson's)
The leases of the Broken Hill Field (now consolidated mining
leases)
From Bridges (1920)
44. ‘Proprietary Square’ – the BHP senior staff housing area. Delprats house still stands (with the
Billiard Room he added after becoming hooked on the game) – now the Perilya Social Club
Remnants of BHP’s Presence in Broken Hill
Image of Proprietary Square, Broken Hill – from Google Earth
45. Remnants of BHP’s Presence in Broken Hill
The black slag dump that dominates the skyline
The foundations of the ‘New’ Mill
Delprat’s Shaft (with later headframe)
The office site is now under the rail yards at the
bottom end of Sulphide St – built during the war to
tranship freight from the standard gauge to the
narrow gauge Silverton Tramway to SA
A lingering legacy is the deep-seated hatred of the
company by the locals – BHP won most of its battles
with the unions
Images surviving features if the BHP Co Ltd’s infrastructure at Broken Hill – from Google Maps
46. What is left of the ‘hill’? - Browne Shaft
Webster (2004; 2006)
47. Browne Shaft lookout cutting
Shows Mn carapace over 3 Lens
What is left of the ‘hill’? - Browne Shaft
Webster (2004; 2006)
48. These principles of mining infrastructure placement still apply today. Only the scale has increased
If you think that this is all irrelevant history and that it doesn’t apply to the modern
world, think again
Is this stuff relevant?
49. These principles of mining infrastructure placement still apply today. Only the scale has increased
Is this early view of the Hub and Mt Whaleback from Newman all that different to Broken Hill in
the 1890’s? Source Eckhart (1998)
If you think that this is all irrelevant history and that it doesn’t apply to the modern
world, think again
Is this stuff relevant?
50. There is another hill that features very prominently in the history of BHP –
Iron Knob in South Australia
But that story is for another day.
Last Word