The Renaissance began in Italy in the 14th century and spread to the rest of Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was caused by factors like the Crusades, the fall of Constantinople, and the invention of the printing press. The Renaissance marked a shift from the medieval world view to a modern perspective that focused more on human potential and secular concerns over religious dogma. This led to developments in fields like art, architecture, literature, science, and politics. The effects of the Renaissance were wide-ranging and helped usher in the modern era.