Wilbur Schramm is considered the founder of communication study as an academic field. During WWII, he collaborated with other social scientists through the Office of Facts and Figures and helped establish communication research. He went on to head communication programs and research institutes at the University of Iowa, University of Illinois, and Stanford University, developing curricula that applied social science perspectives to the study of communication. Through his leadership positions, books synthesizing communication research, and influence on other scholars, Schramm played a pivotal role in establishing communication as a new interdisciplinary academic field in the postwar period.
How do you begin your day? As a Hindu I am supposed to take a shower and then go to the pooja room, to light the lamp and worship the vast array of beautifully adorned and colorfully depicted Gods smiling from their glassed frames. I am sure that at least some of us have noticed that many of the Supreme male Gods, have feminine features in those pictures. Rosy cheeks, red lips and coy dove eyes. These representations of Gods are of course from the Indian calendar art tradition, and in most cases Gods are painted according to descriptions from ancient texts, where the Lord has a gentle, beautiful, delicate âsukomal-pitambarâ like body, with a face proportionately bigger, with every aspect of the divine aesthetics shining through, namely, kindness, power, beauty and benevolent emotions, which in turn are depicted in his âkamalanayanasâ and in the enchanting âbhavasâ. Are they telling us something more than we ought to know?
In Hinduism, Godâs will is said to be unlimited and free from the instrumentality of the human body. God is identified as unlimited, untethered by any gender restrictions. Throughout the Hindu ancient texts like the âMahabharathaâ, âRamayanaâ and other âPuranasâ and âVedasâ, there are many representations of demigods, warriors, saints and even the supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender. It will be safe to say that these sacred texts have not excluded or ignored any aspect of the human nature. Such representations could of course be analyzed from different theoretical perspectives, like theological, spiritual, metaphysical as well as psychological. This presentation however, explores it from a gender studies platform.
We have supreme deities changing gender at will, like Lord Mahavishnu becoming the beautiful enchantress Mohini. Lord Shiva gets so enamoured by Mohiniâs beauty that he forgets about his wife Parvathi, and crazily goes after Mohini. In one of the puranans, Parvathi, the wife is portrayed as shocked and jealous on seeing her husbandâs lustful fascination towards Mohini. I think she was least disturbed by the idea of Shiva chasing Vishnu, in the womanâs form, and what concerned her must have been the fact that her husband is lusting over another woman. There is also the story of Lord Krishna taking the form of Mohini for Aravan. Aravan agrees to sacrifice himself before the Gods, to ensure victory to the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra war. One of his last wishes was to marry and enjoy conjugal pleasure. Since none of the women were willing to accept such a marriage and widowhood, Lord Krishna takes the form of Mohini, marries Aravan, and after his sacrifice mourns his death, before changing back to male. The Aravan is considered a patron God of transgenders, mainly in South India, and is celebrated elaborately at the Koovagam festival. Krishna also takes the Mohini form ... for the complete essay please put in a word along wi
Career is a lifelong assignment, which enables individual to earn money or to satisfy himself. It is a way of life for a person. A career imposes a number of responsibilities and duties on an individual. Different careers have different requirements for example human skills, location, climate, etc. âA career may be thought of as a long-term project for an individual life. Oneâs career may be âinâ business, law, teaching, entertainment, professional philanthropy, or something elseâ (Care, 1984).
Key points regarding the notions of love, desire and eroticism in the world before Christ. One thing to note is that, before Christ, there is no clear demarcation between love, desire and eroticism. The boundaries are blurry and its hard to say where one ends and the other begins. Homosexuality mentioned here is mostly Gay homosexuality and the female sexuality is almost ignored in the West. Pls feel free to leave comments. Thank you.
How do you begin your day? As a Hindu I am supposed to take a shower and then go to the pooja room, to light the lamp and worship the vast array of beautifully adorned and colorfully depicted Gods smiling from their glassed frames. I am sure that at least some of us have noticed that many of the Supreme male Gods, have feminine features in those pictures. Rosy cheeks, red lips and coy dove eyes. These representations of Gods are of course from the Indian calendar art tradition, and in most cases Gods are painted according to descriptions from ancient texts, where the Lord has a gentle, beautiful, delicate âsukomal-pitambarâ like body, with a face proportionately bigger, with every aspect of the divine aesthetics shining through, namely, kindness, power, beauty and benevolent emotions, which in turn are depicted in his âkamalanayanasâ and in the enchanting âbhavasâ. Are they telling us something more than we ought to know?
In Hinduism, Godâs will is said to be unlimited and free from the instrumentality of the human body. God is identified as unlimited, untethered by any gender restrictions. Throughout the Hindu ancient texts like the âMahabharathaâ, âRamayanaâ and other âPuranasâ and âVedasâ, there are many representations of demigods, warriors, saints and even the supreme Lord transcending gender norms and manifesting multiple combinations of sex and gender. It will be safe to say that these sacred texts have not excluded or ignored any aspect of the human nature. Such representations could of course be analyzed from different theoretical perspectives, like theological, spiritual, metaphysical as well as psychological. This presentation however, explores it from a gender studies platform.
We have supreme deities changing gender at will, like Lord Mahavishnu becoming the beautiful enchantress Mohini. Lord Shiva gets so enamoured by Mohiniâs beauty that he forgets about his wife Parvathi, and crazily goes after Mohini. In one of the puranans, Parvathi, the wife is portrayed as shocked and jealous on seeing her husbandâs lustful fascination towards Mohini. I think she was least disturbed by the idea of Shiva chasing Vishnu, in the womanâs form, and what concerned her must have been the fact that her husband is lusting over another woman. There is also the story of Lord Krishna taking the form of Mohini for Aravan. Aravan agrees to sacrifice himself before the Gods, to ensure victory to the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra war. One of his last wishes was to marry and enjoy conjugal pleasure. Since none of the women were willing to accept such a marriage and widowhood, Lord Krishna takes the form of Mohini, marries Aravan, and after his sacrifice mourns his death, before changing back to male. The Aravan is considered a patron God of transgenders, mainly in South India, and is celebrated elaborately at the Koovagam festival. Krishna also takes the Mohini form ... for the complete essay please put in a word along wi
Career is a lifelong assignment, which enables individual to earn money or to satisfy himself. It is a way of life for a person. A career imposes a number of responsibilities and duties on an individual. Different careers have different requirements for example human skills, location, climate, etc. âA career may be thought of as a long-term project for an individual life. Oneâs career may be âinâ business, law, teaching, entertainment, professional philanthropy, or something elseâ (Care, 1984).
Key points regarding the notions of love, desire and eroticism in the world before Christ. One thing to note is that, before Christ, there is no clear demarcation between love, desire and eroticism. The boundaries are blurry and its hard to say where one ends and the other begins. Homosexuality mentioned here is mostly Gay homosexuality and the female sexuality is almost ignored in the West. Pls feel free to leave comments. Thank you.
Process and effectsEffects and usesIt is really interest.docxbriancrawford30935
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Process and effects
Effects and uses
It is really interesting that the earlier studies focused on studying the âeffectsâ of media and concluded that the media played a limited role in influencing public opinion!!
There are many theories study the effects such as magic bullet theory or hypodermic theory, payne fund studies, and agenda sitting.
- The "hypodermic theory" which was done by Lasswell, implied mass media had a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audiences. The mass media in the early studies were perceived as a powerful influence on behavior change. This theory suggests that the mass media could influence a very large group of people directly by âinjectingâ them with appropriate messages designed to have a desired response. The bullet theory suggests that the message is a bullet, fired from the "media gun" into the viewer's "head". They express the view that the media is a dangerous means of communicating an idea because the receiver or audience is powerless to resist the impact of the message. There is no escape from the effect of the message in these models. The "war of the worlds" broadcast is a good example of the magic bullet theory and this is exactly how this theory worked, by injecting the message directly into the publicâs mind in order to make effects. The war of the worlds became known as the "Panic Broadcast" made by Orson Welles.
- âPayne Fund Studiesâ are the second important studies that also focused on the effects standpoint these studies were developed by the motion picture research council and these studies were concerning about the effects of motion pictures on children particularly. Payne fund studies of effects included the effects on children's information acquisition, attitude change, emotion stimulation, health, and behavior. Children acquired then save or keep the information they received in the movies. Movie viewing changed attitudes concerning ethnic and social issues. Emotions were stimulated especially those related to fear. Health effects were measured by looking at the sleep patterns of children after watching movies, and certain movies disturbed healthy sleep. Children who attended movies regularly were found to behave poorly in school compared to those who attended less frequently. Children imitated favorable behavior they saw in movies, but movies also appeared to play a direct role in delinquent careers. Overall researchers found that movies influenced both children's attitudes and behaviors.
- âAgenda sittingâ Agenda setting describes a very powerful influence of the media â the ability to tell us what issues are important. âThe world outside and the pictures in our headsâ which was done by Lippmann. The article is about an island that was populated by Germans, French and British. The case is that of Madam Caillaux, who was facing a trial for shooting someone. The murder was because of the hate that the English and the French were concealing against the Germans. The people of the island.
In this presentation we will learn ââ Evolution of Communication Theoriesââ Before starting this we are discussing about basic communication and communication theories.
Communication: Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.
Communication theories: Communication theory is a proposed description of communication phenomena, the relationships among them, a storyline describing these relationships, and an argument for these three elements. Communication theory provides a way of talking about and analyzing key events, processes, and commitments that together form communication
Essay (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose .docxmealsdeidre
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Essay: (max. 2500 words, plus tables and figures) Students choose
TWO
extended case studies and will write an essay comparing and critically evaluating their ethical challenges and the strategies used to minimize or guard against harmful results. The essay must address the following issues:
What ethical principles are at issue in each case? Provide and justify specific examples.
What strategies were used to insure the standards of ethical research?
Were those strategies successful? How and why?
What alternate strategies might also have been used to achieve the same or better results?
Which case study represents a better implementation of research ethics? How and why?
The two studies should have something in common: A similar topic, the method, the same ethical principles or conflict. They should also differ in the way that they addressed the ethical issues in question. Be sure to make both the similarities and differences clear to the reader. Your essay will consist of a careful, point-by-point contrast of the two cases. It should link the cases to commonly held standards of research ethics and discuss the extent to which those were followed. You should discuss the ethical, practical, and political consequences of these cases for the researchers, participants, and the social groups represented therein. And you should connect these cases to other examples of social research and implementation we have discussed.
Here is a list of the extended case studies for you to choose your two studies from. You should get the complete article for each study (go to library or use PsychInfo) so you will have detailed and complete information to address each of the five issues listed above.
NOTE:
Milgram's notorious Obedience to Authority experiments are hereby officially banned from this assignment because they have been used so extensively throughout this and many other discussions on this topic. Part of this assignment is to show understanding of the principles in this course well enough to apply them to new research studies.
The Tea-Room Trade (Humphreys 1975)
Humphreys took a participant-observer role as "watch queen" in order to study anonymous male homosexual activities in St. Louis's Forest Park public restrooms. He followed the "Johns" to their cars and recorded their license numbers. Humphreys then posed as a market researcher to obtain their addresses from police registers.
About a year later, he disguised himself and gained entry to their homes by pretending to do a health survey - including questions about sexual activity. Participants were never informed of their participation in a study or given the opportunity to withdraw.
Tuskegee Syphilis Studies (various authors, 1930s - 1970s)
In 1932, the US Public Health Service began a longitudinal study that came to be called the "Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male." Black men in Macon County, Alabama were recruited by circulating word in the community that they could receive fre.
Similar to The Establishment of Communication Study (20)
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasnât one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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The Establishment of Communication Study
1. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMUNICATION FIELD
Wilbur Schramm
and the
Establishment of Communication Study
by
Gemma B. Dumansi
2015-66007
College of Development Communication
University of the Philippines Los Banos
2. THE FOREFATHERS OF COMMUNICATION STUDY IN AMERICA
1. HAROLD LASSWELL :STRUCTURE &
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION IN SOCIETY
(SURVEILLANCE, CORRELATION,
SOCIALIZATION
2. PAUL LAZARSFELD: COMMUNICATION
RESEARCH (FROM MARKET RESEARCH TO
MEDIA EFFECTS TO SOCIAL
REINFORCEMENT
3. THE FOREFATHERS OF COMMUNICATION STUDY IN AMERICA
3. KURT LEWIN: DEEPER UNDERSTANDING
TO HUMAN COMMUNICATION â
COMMUNICATION IN GROUPS
4. CARL HOVLAND: DIRECTED âYALE
COMMUNICATION AND ATTITUDE CHANGE
PROGRAM
4. WILBUR SCHRAMM: THE FOUNDER OF COMMUNICATION STUDY
ï W. Schramm possessed a
unique set of personal
qualities and interpersonal
skills to found communication
study.
ï Without a founder, there
would be no new field, and
therefore no forefathers to
recall
ï He established
communication study at the
end of WWII, a period when
U.S. universities were
beginning a tremendous
expansion, often doubling or
even tripling their student
enrollments.
5. WASHINGTON AT WAR:
ï January 1942 â volunteered to work under Office
of Facts Figures (OFF), a central propaganda
agency for the US government.
ï¶ he drafted Pres. Franklin D. Rooseveltâs âfireside
chatsâ that were broadcast by radio to the American
people.
ï¶ heâs responsible for liason work with U.S. universities
encouraging them to aid in the war pains.
ï Ralf O. Nafziger, a journalism Prof. from University
of Minnesota, was also recruited to the OFF when the
war broke out. â occasionally meet with W. Schramm.
6. SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS WHOM W. SCHRAMM
COLLABORATED WITHâŠ..
1. George Stoddard âhis old friend and became President of
the University of Illinois.
2. Rensis Likert â a methodologist who conducted survey
research on public attitudes toward the war (an extension
of his Farm Survey work for U.S Department of Agriculture)
3. Harold Lasswell - OFF consultant
4. Ralph Casey â collaborated with Lasswell on analyses of
propaganda and public opinion (see Rogers & Caffee,
1994, pp.17-20 on Casey and Schramm)
- Casey was a director of the journalism school at the
University of Minnesota.
7. SOCIAL & BEHAVIORAL SCIENTISTS WHOM W. SCHRAMM
COLLABORATED WITHâŠ..
5. Ernerst R. Hilgard (Jack)- a Psychologist of
Learning from Stanford University.
6. Paul Lazarsfeld â OFF consultant and also a
consultant to Samuel Stoufferâs Research Branch
in the US Armyâs Information and Education
Division in Pentagon.
ï Conduct surveys of the morale, racial attitudes, and
other attitudes of US troops
ï Carry out experiments on the effects of military training
films
Carl Hovland (on leave from Yale University)
directed this experimental research.
8. MEAD, HILGARD, LIKERT & SCHRAMM
ï¶ Margaret Mead â a political scientist and famous
anthropologist, directed a research program on nutrition
behavior for the National Research Council
ï¶ Mead, Hilgard, Likert & Schramm were part of a group
that met monthly in a Washington Hotel for dinner and
had discussions about interdisciplinary social science
work (Schramm chaired these meetings).
During WWII, Washington was the place for social
scientist. The war effort demanded an interdisciplinary
approach to problems, often related to communication
study because in so many ways, it was seen as âa war of
wordsâ.
9. CONTRIBUTIONS OF WWII TO COMMUNICATION STUDY..
ï¶ Communication was viewed as the basic tool
for mobilization of the American people to
volunteer, conserve, and in other ways aid in
concentrating the nationâs resources on winning
the war.
ï¶ WWII created the conditions for the founding of
the communication field.
W. Shramm decided to return to Iowa after less
than 2 years at OFF / OWI (office of War
Information)/ USIA (U.S. Information Agency)
10. ï University of Iowa (1934-1947)
ï University of Illinois (1947-1955)
ï Stanford University (1955-1973)
After Retirement:
ïŒ University of Hawaii â Manoa Campus (1973-1978)
ïŒ Chinese University of Hongkong (Aw Boon Haw Prof.
1year)
ïŒ University of Michigan (Guest Scholar â 1 Term)
SHRAMMâS COMMUNICATION STUDY AT THREE MAJOR
RESEARCH UNIVERSITIESâŠ
11. UNIVERSITY OF IOWA: SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM
ï In 1943, the School of Journalism in Iowa was mainly
providing vocational type of higher education preparing
undergraduate students to enter jobs as newspaper
reporters.
ï This picture of a school of journalism as professional (rather
than scholarly) in orientation characterized not only in Iowa
but almost all several hundred journalism programs except:
University of Wisconsin in Madison, where an unusually
brand of journalism education had been pioneered by William
G. âDaddyâ Bleyer (1873-1935), who started a course in
journalism in 1904.
Bleyer placed emphasis on research as part of
education for journalism. If schools of journalism were to guide
rather than merely follow professional practice, he considered
that social science could help by answering practical questions
about newsworthiness, editing decisions, & determinants of
12. BLEYER & HIS 2 DISCIPLES
ï Daddy Bleyer at University of Wiscosin
ïŒ he instituted journalism minor in social science PhD
student
ïŒUndergrad journalism majors took courses in
sociology, polsci, & econ as a means of understanding
the society on which they were to report.
ïŒHe provided other Universities with journalism
professors who saw research as a natural part of their
carrier responsibilities.
ïŒBenefited Schrammâs germinating idea of a new field
of communication study.
ï Ralph Casey & Ralph Nafziger at University of
Minnesota
ïŒ made similar changes in the J-School of minnesota
as what Schramm is doing at Iowa.
13. UNIVERSITY OF IOWA: SCHRAMM IN ACTION
1. Schramm: Director of the School of Journalism
2. Submitted a plan: Broadening the journalism major
from how-to-do-it journalism classes; the founding of
a bureau of newspaper readership (as component of
School of Journalism) and social science courses:
sociology, psychology, economics, etc.
3. Established: PhD program in mass communication
(interdisciplinary). Courses: communication theory,
research methods, public opinion, propaganda
analysis, other social scientific topics, supported by
outside courses in psychology, sociology,
economics, and political science
14. 4. established Research Institute at Iowa
patterned after Lazarsfeldâs Office of Radio
Research @ Columbia University was
established. Funding:
Cedar Rapids radio station- to know how
large their audience was and who was in it.
Young and Rubicam advertising agency
(N.Y)- through its research director Dr.
George âTedâ Gallup (one of Iowaâs 1st
Journ students)
15. MASS COMMUNICATION AT ILLINOIS
Wilbur Schramm:
ï¶ Director of the Institute of Communication
Research
ï¶ Professor of Communication
ï¶ In charge of the University of Illinois Press,
the radio and television stations, veterans
affairs, a conference center, and a host of
other activities.
ï¶ The Communication Czar
ï¶ The Duke of Allerton
16. THE INSTITUTE OF COMMUNICATION RESEARCH
ï It was funded with 15 faculty positions
ï A dozen of new doctoral students were
admitted each term
ï doctoral students took courses in social
science departments, plus core courses in
communication at the institute.
ï 1st graduate of the doctoral program went
out to start similar units at other universities
eager to build Com study, such as Michigan
State.
17. SCHRAMM @ ILLINOIS:
ï Organized a conference at Allerton Park and
funded by Rockefeller Foundation
ï Wrote the 1st book in Com study (1948)
âCommunication in Modern Societyâ â
collection of conference papers
ï 2nd book âMass Communicationsâ
(1949.1960) â collection of articles and
excepts which he dedicated this influenial
volume to Lazarsfeld, Lasswell, and Hovland
for bringing social science to Communication
field.
18. ï âProcess and Effects of Mass Communicationâ
(1954) - Schrammâs most important book,
originally a US Information Agency training
manual composed of papers by various
scholars. Published: University of Illinois Press
ï Schramm arranged for Press to publish âThe
Mathematical Theory of Communicationâ by
Claude E. Shnnon w/ explanatory paper by
Warren Weaver (1949) â became basis for
Information Theory which Schramm
incorporated to communication study in 1955 so
as with his doctoral students David K. Berlo
(1960) and Wilson Taylor (1953) in their
19. THE COLD WARâŠ
ï During the Illinois years another war, this time in
Korea, played a key role in Schrammâs
intellectual evolution.
ï USIA (1951) invited Schramm to conduct a
Survey of public opinion in Seoul that examined
the appeal that Communism held during the
invasions from North Korea; the city changed
hands several times in a period of months
ï Korea project marked the beginning o
Schrammâs role as an adviser to other nationsâ
governments an his interest in comparisons
between Western and Soviet-Communist
theories of the press (Schramm, 1956).
20. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNICATION
ï Mass Communication programs around US
began in the late 1950s offering courses in
comparative press systems and in international
communication flows, and a decade later on the
role of communication in development.
(Schramm produced many standard readings
for these courses and led the way in conducting
research on these topics)
ï Illinois was thus the place where
communication research in the programmatic
sense was first established, although its
roots could be traced to Schramm at Iowa
and even Bleyer at Wisconsin.
21. STANFORD AS THE SEED INSTITUTION FOR
COMMUNICATION STUDYâŠ.
ï¶ Schramm was appointed at the Department of
Journalism (small and professional in orientation)
ï¶ Chick Bush, director of the Institute for
Communication Research was pushing journalism
at Stanford towards a social science perspective
and he counted on Schramm to go in that direction
(Schramm replaced him as director after 2 yrs)
ï¶ Jack Hilgard, Dean of Stanfordâs Graduate School,
controlled some $50,000/year of special monies
which provided the funding for Schrammâs initial
appointment to strengthen the social sciences at
Stanford.
22. ï Under Schramm, the Institute for
Communication Research always seemed
abundant in research funds - Ford
Foundation, a grant that paid half of his
salary for 4 yrs and US Agency for
International Development for research and
training in development communication.
ï Schrammâs program at Stanford became
famous for doctoral students that almost
every traditional University wanted to hire a
âStanford typeâ â well trained in quantitative
methods like Wayne Danielson & Maxwell
McCombs
23. Wayne Danielson (born 1929)
ï¶ BA degree in journalism(1952) @ University of Iowa,
MA degree @ Stanford (1953), enrolled Stanfordâs
interdisciplinary doctoral program in communication
(1954) â also enrolled courses in Psychology on
Hilgard Learning Theory, in Social Psychology from
Leon Festinger and in Statistics from Quinn McNemar
ï¶ Received his PhD in Mass Communication Research
@ Stanford (1957) and taught 1yr at University of
Wisconsin, then moved to University of North
Carolina for 10yrs (became Dean of School of
Journalism)
ï¶ University of Texas â Austin (1969-1979), Dean,
College of Communication.
ï¶ Stepped down as Dean, and continued as professor
of journalism and Computer Science in Texas.
24. Maxwell E. McCombs (born 1938)
ï¶ BA in Tulane University
ï¶ MA in Stanford University â Bush gave him
statistical methods, learning theory, content
analysis, and communication theory
ï¶ Finished PhD in Communication at Stanford
University(1966)
ï¶ Taught Journalism at UCLA then took faculty
position at North Carolina until 1973.
ï¶ Faculty at Syracuse Univ. and the at the
University of Texas where he chaired Depât of
Journalism (1986-1991)
26. Schramm was a tireless worker:
ï§ he had put together funding, participants, and a
program for a summerlong conference n
communication and development which was held in
Honolulu
ï§ made his greatest academic contribution as
synthesizer of other peopleâs work. (converts other
peopleâs findings into useful generalization).
ï§ He helped found the Indian Institute for Mass
Communication in Delhi, andEast-West
Communication Institute at the University of Hawaii
ï§ He promoted communication study not only in united
States but around the world
28. REFERENCES:
ï§ Rogers, Everett M (1997). A History of
Communication Study: A Biographical
Approach. The Free Press. New York
ï§ Schramm, Wilbur L. 1997. The Beginnings of
Communication Study in America: A Memoir.
SAGE Publications, Inc. California