Herbert Spencer developed a theory of social evolution in the 19th century that applied concepts of biological evolution to societies. He believed societies evolved from primitive to advanced stages through a process of "survival of the fittest." Spencer's ideas influenced early anthropology and psychology, as both fields applied an evolutionary model to understand individual and cultural development. However, his views were criticized for being overly simplistic and for justifying social policies that disadvantaged certain groups.

5. ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY HAVE BEEN INTERACTIVE SINCE THEIR INCEPTION IN THE 19 th CENTURY. HOWEVER, PSYCHOLOGY WAS AHISTORICAL AND ACULTURAL; WHEREAS ANTHROPOLOGY FOCUSED ON HISTORY AND EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS. WITH THE RISE OF SOCIAL EVOLUTIONISM EARLY ANTHROPOLOGISTS ASSERTED GROUPS AND INDIVIDUALS DEVELOPED THROUGH SPENCER’S THREE MAIN STAGES. PSYCHOLOGY ALSO APPLIED THIS SOCIAL EVOLUTIONARY MODEL TO INDIVIDUALS. BOTH EARLY ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY ASSUMED THAT ALL THE INDIVIDUALS OF A GROUP THAT WAS AT ANY POINT ON THE EVOLUTIONARY SCALE SHARED COMMON PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS: WAYS OF EXPERIENCING ANDTHINKING ABOUT THEIR WORLD, AND PARTICULAR NEEDS, DESIRES, GOALS, ETC.

13. GREGORY BATESON 1904 to 1980 MARGARET MEAD 1901 to 1978 WORKING TOGETHER IN BALI 

16. PSYCHOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGISTS OF THE MODAL PERSONALITY SCHOOL USED THE RORSCHACH AND THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TESTS IN THEIR ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE INDIVIDUALS OF “NON-WESTERN” CULTURES. THEIR METHODS WERE CRITICIZED FOR THE SUBJECTIVITY OF THEIR TEST SCORES, AND THEIR “WESTERN” INTERPRETATIONS.