Baricitinib is a once-daily orally administered JAK1/2 inhibitor, which inhibits the signaling of many cytokines and has been approved for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on long-term randomized dosing against both placebo and standard of care, notably tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- alpha blockade. Its use for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was originally suggested after a search of the extensive BenevolentAI knowledge graph for approved drugs that could be used in this pandemic An advantage of approved drugs is that they have a known safety profile and can therefore be rapidly approved in fast-moving pandemics.
Etiologia de la celulitis y Predicción clínica de la enfermedad Estreptocócic...Alex Castañeda-Sabogal
Etiologia de la celulitis. Estudio prospectivo y predicción clínica de la infeccion por Estreptococcus basado en la frecuencia encontrada de las especies de estreptococo
Meta-Analysis Identifies Type I Interferon Response as Top Pathway Associated...CSCJournals
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) corona virus (CoV) infections are a serious public health threat because of their pandemic-causing potential. This work examines pathway signatures derived from mRNA expression data as a measure of differential pathway activity between SARS and mock infection using a meta-analysis approach to predict pathways associated with SARS infection that may have potential as therapeutic targets to preclude or overcome SARS infections. This work applied a GSEA-based, meta-analysis approach for analyzing pathway signatures from gene expression data to determine if such an approach would overcome FET limitations and identify more pathways associated with SARS infections than observed in our previous work using gene signatures...
Etiologia de la celulitis y Predicción clínica de la enfermedad Estreptocócic...Alex Castañeda-Sabogal
Etiologia de la celulitis. Estudio prospectivo y predicción clínica de la infeccion por Estreptococcus basado en la frecuencia encontrada de las especies de estreptococo
Meta-Analysis Identifies Type I Interferon Response as Top Pathway Associated...CSCJournals
Background: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) corona virus (CoV) infections are a serious public health threat because of their pandemic-causing potential. This work examines pathway signatures derived from mRNA expression data as a measure of differential pathway activity between SARS and mock infection using a meta-analysis approach to predict pathways associated with SARS infection that may have potential as therapeutic targets to preclude or overcome SARS infections. This work applied a GSEA-based, meta-analysis approach for analyzing pathway signatures from gene expression data to determine if such an approach would overcome FET limitations and identify more pathways associated with SARS infections than observed in our previous work using gene signatures...
Introduction: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are associated with a high mortality rate of 20%-50%. Blood culture is paramount to identify causative agents of BSIs to choose an appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to analyze the various microorganisms causing BSIs and study their antimicrobial resistance patterns in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern India. Materials and Methods: A total of 239 blood specimens from clinically suspected cases of BSIs were studied for 6 months from July 2015 to December 2015. Blood specimens were incubated in BacT/ALERT ® 3D system (bioMerieux, Durham, NC, USA) a fully automated blood culture system for detection of aerobic growth. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted on VITEK ® 2 (bioMerieux, Durham, NC, USA) as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Out of 239 specimens, 41 (17.2%) yielded growth of different microorganisms. From these isolates, 20 (48.8%) were Gram-negative bacilli, 18 (43.9%) were Gram-positive cocci and rest 3 (7.3%) were yeasts. Among Gram-negative bacilli, Klebsiella pneumoniae sub spp. pneumoniae (70%) was most commonly isolated. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (88.9%) were the most common isolate among Gram-positive cocci. All three Candida spp. isolated were nonalbicans Candida (two Candida tropicalis and one Candida krusei). Gram-negative isolates were least resistant to tigecycline and colistin. All Gram-positive cocci were sensitive to linezolid. Conclusion: Monitoring of data regarding the prevalence of microorganisms and its resistance patterns would help in currently prescribing antimicrobial regimens and improving the infection control practices by formulating policies for empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Iris Publishers - Journal of Dentistry | Page 1 of 3Oral Microbiome and Respo...IrisPublishers
Microbiome studies have shown associations between the presence of certain bacteria in the gut and response to checkpoint inhibition (CPI) therapies in cancer patients. Studies looking at any such potential associations between oral microbiome and response to CPI therapies are lacking. Oral cavity is an important microbial habitat. Microbes present in the oral cavity influence not only the local and systemic immune homeostasis; but also the gastrointestinal microbial diversity. If associations exist between specific gut microbes and response to CPI therapies, it is reasonable to assume that such relationships exist between oral microbes and therapy response in cancer patients. Since the findings from such studies will have resounding implications on patient selection for therapies and prophylactic or therapeutic modulation of microbes for prevention or treatment of malignancies; it is crucial that dental and oral research community pays attention and joins this research effort to identify associations and elucidate mechanisms of oral microbial determinants of CPI therapy responses in cancer patients
What is the best drug for COVID-19? The need for randomized controlled trials. Justin Stebbing
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the biggest public health challenge to the biomedical community of the last century. Despite multiple public health mea- sures,1-3 there remains an urgent need for pharmacologic therapies to treat infected patients, minimize mortality, and decrease pres- sures on intensive care units and health systems and optimally, they should also decrease subsequent transmission.
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
Introduction: Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are associated with a high mortality rate of 20%-50%. Blood culture is paramount to identify causative agents of BSIs to choose an appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to analyze the various microorganisms causing BSIs and study their antimicrobial resistance patterns in a tertiary care hospital, Eastern India. Materials and Methods: A total of 239 blood specimens from clinically suspected cases of BSIs were studied for 6 months from July 2015 to December 2015. Blood specimens were incubated in BacT/ALERT ® 3D system (bioMerieux, Durham, NC, USA) a fully automated blood culture system for detection of aerobic growth. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted on VITEK ® 2 (bioMerieux, Durham, NC, USA) as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Out of 239 specimens, 41 (17.2%) yielded growth of different microorganisms. From these isolates, 20 (48.8%) were Gram-negative bacilli, 18 (43.9%) were Gram-positive cocci and rest 3 (7.3%) were yeasts. Among Gram-negative bacilli, Klebsiella pneumoniae sub spp. pneumoniae (70%) was most commonly isolated. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (88.9%) were the most common isolate among Gram-positive cocci. All three Candida spp. isolated were nonalbicans Candida (two Candida tropicalis and one Candida krusei). Gram-negative isolates were least resistant to tigecycline and colistin. All Gram-positive cocci were sensitive to linezolid. Conclusion: Monitoring of data regarding the prevalence of microorganisms and its resistance patterns would help in currently prescribing antimicrobial regimens and improving the infection control practices by formulating policies for empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Iris Publishers - Journal of Dentistry | Page 1 of 3Oral Microbiome and Respo...IrisPublishers
Microbiome studies have shown associations between the presence of certain bacteria in the gut and response to checkpoint inhibition (CPI) therapies in cancer patients. Studies looking at any such potential associations between oral microbiome and response to CPI therapies are lacking. Oral cavity is an important microbial habitat. Microbes present in the oral cavity influence not only the local and systemic immune homeostasis; but also the gastrointestinal microbial diversity. If associations exist between specific gut microbes and response to CPI therapies, it is reasonable to assume that such relationships exist between oral microbes and therapy response in cancer patients. Since the findings from such studies will have resounding implications on patient selection for therapies and prophylactic or therapeutic modulation of microbes for prevention or treatment of malignancies; it is crucial that dental and oral research community pays attention and joins this research effort to identify associations and elucidate mechanisms of oral microbial determinants of CPI therapy responses in cancer patients
What is the best drug for COVID-19? The need for randomized controlled trials. Justin Stebbing
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently the biggest public health challenge to the biomedical community of the last century. Despite multiple public health mea- sures,1-3 there remains an urgent need for pharmacologic therapies to treat infected patients, minimize mortality, and decrease pres- sures on intensive care units and health systems and optimally, they should also decrease subsequent transmission.
Treatment of COVID-19; old tricks for new challengesLuisaSarlat
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which appeared in December 2019, presents a global challenge, particularly in the rapid increase of critically ill patients with pneumonia and absence of definitive treatment. To date, over 81,000 cases have been confirmed, with over 2700 deaths. The mortality appears to be around 2%; early published data indicate 25.9% with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia required ICU admission and 20.1% developed acute respiratory distress syndrome
A broad perspective on COVID-19: a global pandemic and a focus on preventive ...LucyPi1
Abstract Coronavirus 2019 has become a highly infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, a strain of novel coronavirus, which challenges millions of global healthcare facilities. Coronavirus are sub-microscopic, single stranded positive sense RNA viruses that leads to multi organ dysfunction syndrome, severe acute and chronic respiratory distress syndrome and pneumonia. The spike glycoprotein structure of the virus causes the viral protein to bind with the receptors on the lung and gut through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. In some cases, the infected patients become hyper to the immune system because of the uncontrolled production of cytokines resulting in “cytokine storm”, a devastating consequence of coronavirus disease 2019. Due to the rapid mutant strain and infective nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, discovering a drug or developing a vaccine remains a global challenge. However, some anti-viral agents, certain protease inhibitor drugs, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and convalescent plasma treatment were suggested. The containment and social distancing measures only aim at reducing the rate of new infections. In this view, we suggest certain traditional herbs and complementary and alternative medicine as a supporting public healthcare measure to boost the immune system and also may provide some lead to treat and prevent this infection.
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Population-based resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates to pyrazinamide and fl uoroquinolones: results from
a multicountry surveillance project
Need of Dual Antiviral Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis BJohnJulie1
The primary indication for an esophagectomy is esophageal cancer or Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Patients undergoing esophagectomy often present with dysphagia, side effects from chemotherapy, decreased appetite, and weight loss. Esophagectomy may be an operation involving the abdomen, neck, and/or chest requiring 5 to 7 days of NPO status to permit healing of the anastomosis between the upper esophagus and new esophageal conduit (usually the stomach).
Need of Dual Antiviral Treatment in Chronic Hepatitis BJohnJulie1
Approximately one third of the world’s population has serological evidence of past or present infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). An estimated 350-400 million people are surface HBV antigen (HBsAg) carriers. India has 40 million HBV carriers i.e. 10–15% share of total pool of HBV carriers of the world. In India.
Approximately one third of the world’s population has serological evidence of past or present infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). An estimated 350-400 million people are surface HBV antigen (HBsAg) carriers. India has 40 million HBV carriers i.e. 10–15% share of total pool of HBV carriers of the world. In India.
Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19: Ancient Therapy Re-emergedasclepiuspdfs
Convalescent plasma has again re-emerged as a therapy during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks currently use as a prophylactic or an interventional treatment in infected patients. Convalescent plasma has been used in the 20th century confronting different infectious diseases where there was no other therapy available. Conceivably, this convalescent plasma therapy tends to be proving a game-changing treatment in some COVID-19 patients and could support treatment, in addition to the current interventions before other developed therapies are available for the population.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
2. 2 • cid 2020:XX (XX XXXX) • EDITORIAL COMMENTARY
IL6R antibodies Kevzara (sarilumab) and
Actemra (tocilizumab) in severely unwell
patients, although randomized studies
are yet to show benefits.
Baricitinib treatment over prolonged
periodsinRApatientshasbeenassociated
with increased infections and thrombo-
embolism, but the short duration of treat-
ment in COVID-19 patients may mitigate
against such side effects. In this report it
is difficult to say whether one incident of
pulmonary embolism and methicillin-
resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
infection were due to the complications
of COVID-19 or baricitinib, but the
much larger numbers of patients in the
yet to report randomized studies should
clarify this. One would be advised to re-
main vigilant of such signals reflecting
thromboembolic or infection risk in ran-
domized controlled trials testing a var-
iety of immunomodulatory therapies in
COVID-19 patients, either alone or in
combination, especially in view of asso-
ciations between clots and SARS-CoV-2
infection [10]. Specifically, severe endo-
thelial injury associated with intracellular
SARS-CoV-2 virus and disrupted endo-
thelial cell membranes, widespread vas-
cular thrombosis with microangiopathy,
and occlusion of alveolar capillaries
including significant new vessel growth
through a mechanism of intussusceptive
angiogenesis has been described [11].
The first report of a significant reduc-
tion in COVID-19 mortality in any ran-
domized study recently came from the
RECOVERY trial in the United Kingdom
showing that low dose dexamethasone
had a significant effect in reducing mor-
tality when given with standard of care
(21.6% vs 24.6% of the patients dying
within 28 days) [12]; this effect was
greatest in ventilated patients (a 30% re-
duction in mortality) and slightly less in
those provided with noninvasive supple-
mental oxygen (a 20% reduction) [12].
It is tempting to speculate that a similar
or greater reduction in mortality could
be expected with baricitinib in random-
ized trials, especially because baricitinib
is now reported to be associated with
recovery from COVID-19 in different
series of patients. It may even be possible
to combine the baricitinib with dexa-
methasone, at least in critically ill pa-
tients, although once again it would of
course be important to assess the risk of
infection when administering these 2 po-
tent anti-inflammatory agents together.
As acknowledged by Titanji et al, and
reiterated by us, randomized trials are re-
quired for us to be certain if baricitinib
is an effective and safe therapy for
COVID-19 patients [3]. This report, and
others like it, have supported the selec-
tion of baricitinib in a number of studies
including the ACTT2 randomized trial,
where it is being tested in combination
with remdesivir, and a further placebo-
controlled phase 3 trial recently com-
menced. It is anticipated that these trials
should provide a robust estimate of the
efficacy of baricitinib in COVID-19 and
would be complementary to each other.
These initial case series warrant further
confirmation from the ongoing larger,
randomized and controlled trials. Thus
far, these data sets also validate use of arti-
ficial intelligence at a time of a biomedical
crisis, to help speed drug development.
The use of an oral medicine taken once
daily for a short duration should also
lend itself to low- and middle-income
countries.
Note
Potential conflicts of interest. P. J. R. is an em-
ployee of BenevolentAI and has received hon-
oraria for giving a lecture to Lilly with J. S. And
J. S. has sat on SABs for Vaccitech, Heat Biologics,
Eli Lilly, Replete, Alveo, Certis Oncology
Solutions, Greenmantle and BenevolentAI,
has consulted with Lansdowne partners and
Vitruvian. He sits on the Board of Directors for
BB Biotech Healthcare Trust. H.-J. L. has no re-
ported conflicts. All authors have submitted the
ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts
of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider rel-
evant to the content of the manuscript have been
disclosed.
References
1. Taylor PC, Keystone EC, Van Der Heijde D,
et al. Baricitinib versus placebo or adalimumab
in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2017.
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2. Richardson P, Griffin I, Tucker C, et al. Baricitinib
as potential treatment for 2019-nCoV acute re-
spiratory disease. Lancet 2020; 395:e30–1.
3. Stebbing J, Krishnan V, de Bono S, et al. Mechanism
of baricitinib supports artificial intelligence-
predicted testing in COVID-19 patients. EMBO
Mol Med 2020. doi:10.15252/emmm.202012697.
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doi:10.3899/jrheum.150613.
5. Wang Y, Liang S, Qiu T, et al. Rapid systematic
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7. Matarrese D, Edoardo M, Natale D, et al.
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Infect 2020. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.052.
8. Liu T, Zhang J, Yang Y, et al. The potential role of
IL-6 in monitoring coronavirus disease 2019. SSRN
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predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on
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China. Intensive Care Med 2020. doi:10.1007/
s00134-020-05991-x.
10. McGonagle D, O’Donnell JS, Sharif K, Emery P,
Bridgewood C. Immune mechanisms of pulmo-
nary intravascular coagulopathy in COVID-19
pneumonia. Lancet Rheumatol 2020. doi:10.1016/
S2665-9913(20)30121-1.
11. Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, et al.
Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis,
and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020.
doi:10.1056/nejmoa2015432.
12. Horby P, Lim WS, Emberson J, et al. Effect of dex-
amethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-
19: preliminary report. medRxiv 2020. doi:10.1101
/2020.06.22.20137273.
Downloadedfromhttps://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa940/5868032bygueston19September2020