IRJET- Optimization of Tall Structures Under Constraints of Wind Loads and Fi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of tall structures under wind loads and fire safety constraints using STAAD Pro software. It first provides background on challenges of high-rise buildings like lateral displacement due to wind and structural vulnerability to fires. It then outlines the methodology, which includes a qualitative analysis of innovative fire-resistant strategies and a quantitative comparison of structural geometries under wind loads using STAAD Pro. Key findings are that outrigger and belt truss systems are most efficient for tall buildings over 150m, while shear wall bracing is suitable for moderately tall buildings from 100-150m.
FIRE SAFETY PROVISIONS FOR SUPERTALL BUILDINGSnaveen kumar
Fire safety provisions required in supertall buildings will be outlined in this paper. Both passive and active
systems specified in the codes for normal tall buildings are briefly listed. Evacuation is a concern.
The total fire safety concept of implementing software fire safety management to control hardware provisions in
passive building construction and active fire protection system is recommended for existing supertall buildings
in dense urban areas. A fire safety management scheme should be worked out with clear understanding on the
fire dynamics in supertall buildings.
Imperial College London is constructing a new 600-student accommodation building at 1 Victoria Road in London. The project aims to provide high-quality, sustainable housing for students. Mechanical and electrical specifications included MVHR units on the ground floor to address local air quality issues, as well as a CHP unit, gas boilers, and careful management of pressure in the building's piping system. The project is on schedule and within budget, and is expected to achieve a BREEAM rating of Very Good upon completion.
The Lakanal House inquest and Local Authority tower blocksColt UK
The inquest into the Lakanal House tragedy concluded last week and the published verdict and recommendations raise important concerns regarding fire safety in local authority tower blocks, and particularly in aged housing stock.
Fire safety-in-high-rise-apartment-buildingsFerit Fazliu
This document summarizes fire safety issues in high-rise apartment buildings. It identifies that while fire history does not demonstrate a major problem, high-rise buildings represent a potential for major fire and loss of life due to their size. Key risks include smoke spread through vertical pathways, lack of sprinklers, and difficulties for occupants and firefighters during evacuation and fire response. The document outlines several historic Canadian high-rise fires to illustrate these issues and risks. It also identifies unique fire safety challenges in high-rises related to egress systems, fire department access, natural forces, occupant/fuel density, and vertical utility pathways.
Fingal County Council is pioneering sustainable public housing in Ireland by building energy efficient homes that achieve an A3 building energy rating. The development in Oldtown uses high performance timber frame construction with rigorous air tightness standards to minimize energy usage. Solar panels and a heat recovery ventilation system provide renewable energy to meet domestic hot water and heating needs. This project sets a new standard for sustainable public housing that can help address Ireland's ongoing need for more affordable homes.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized. This is not only a question of an appropriate insulation. Designers must take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature.
Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
A first step to specifying a suitable fire safety cable is a good knowledge of the temperature rise characteristic in areas affected by the fire.
A second step is the correct selection and erection of the cable. This includes the correct sizing of the conductor. Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The designer must take into account the consequent effects of the increased resistance on current carrying capacity, voltage drop, and short circuit capacity of the conductors. Special care should go to the current carrying capacity of the conductor if it is to supply electrically driven fire pumps drawing high starting currents. The circuit protection should also be adapted to fire conditions, as it must be designed to function with significant higher loop impedance than normal.
This paper provides a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Having selected the appropriate cable, it must be installed properly, using suitable accessories and following the manufacturer’s restrictions.
1. Concrete provides comprehensive fire protection for buildings due to its non-combustible and insulating properties. It protects lives and property by preventing fire spread, not dripping flaming particles, and allowing for easier repair after a fire.
2. Fire-resistant design of buildings requires using non-combustible materials like concrete and steel, protective measures during construction, and fire suppression systems. Proper sizing and reinforcement of concrete elements helps them withstand standard fire exposure times.
3. Performance-based fire engineering involves analyzing heat transfer and structural behavior at high temperatures using computer models. This allows more optimized designs compared to prescriptive code methods.
IRJET- Optimization of Tall Structures Under Constraints of Wind Loads and Fi...IRJET Journal
This document discusses optimization of tall structures under wind loads and fire safety constraints using STAAD Pro software. It first provides background on challenges of high-rise buildings like lateral displacement due to wind and structural vulnerability to fires. It then outlines the methodology, which includes a qualitative analysis of innovative fire-resistant strategies and a quantitative comparison of structural geometries under wind loads using STAAD Pro. Key findings are that outrigger and belt truss systems are most efficient for tall buildings over 150m, while shear wall bracing is suitable for moderately tall buildings from 100-150m.
FIRE SAFETY PROVISIONS FOR SUPERTALL BUILDINGSnaveen kumar
Fire safety provisions required in supertall buildings will be outlined in this paper. Both passive and active
systems specified in the codes for normal tall buildings are briefly listed. Evacuation is a concern.
The total fire safety concept of implementing software fire safety management to control hardware provisions in
passive building construction and active fire protection system is recommended for existing supertall buildings
in dense urban areas. A fire safety management scheme should be worked out with clear understanding on the
fire dynamics in supertall buildings.
Imperial College London is constructing a new 600-student accommodation building at 1 Victoria Road in London. The project aims to provide high-quality, sustainable housing for students. Mechanical and electrical specifications included MVHR units on the ground floor to address local air quality issues, as well as a CHP unit, gas boilers, and careful management of pressure in the building's piping system. The project is on schedule and within budget, and is expected to achieve a BREEAM rating of Very Good upon completion.
The Lakanal House inquest and Local Authority tower blocksColt UK
The inquest into the Lakanal House tragedy concluded last week and the published verdict and recommendations raise important concerns regarding fire safety in local authority tower blocks, and particularly in aged housing stock.
Fire safety-in-high-rise-apartment-buildingsFerit Fazliu
This document summarizes fire safety issues in high-rise apartment buildings. It identifies that while fire history does not demonstrate a major problem, high-rise buildings represent a potential for major fire and loss of life due to their size. Key risks include smoke spread through vertical pathways, lack of sprinklers, and difficulties for occupants and firefighters during evacuation and fire response. The document outlines several historic Canadian high-rise fires to illustrate these issues and risks. It also identifies unique fire safety challenges in high-rises related to egress systems, fire department access, natural forces, occupant/fuel density, and vertical utility pathways.
Fingal County Council is pioneering sustainable public housing in Ireland by building energy efficient homes that achieve an A3 building energy rating. The development in Oldtown uses high performance timber frame construction with rigorous air tightness standards to minimize energy usage. Solar panels and a heat recovery ventilation system provide renewable energy to meet domestic hot water and heating needs. This project sets a new standard for sustainable public housing that can help address Ireland's ongoing need for more affordable homes.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized. This is not only a question of an appropriate insulation. Designers must take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature.
Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
A first step to specifying a suitable fire safety cable is a good knowledge of the temperature rise characteristic in areas affected by the fire.
A second step is the correct selection and erection of the cable. This includes the correct sizing of the conductor. Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The designer must take into account the consequent effects of the increased resistance on current carrying capacity, voltage drop, and short circuit capacity of the conductors. Special care should go to the current carrying capacity of the conductor if it is to supply electrically driven fire pumps drawing high starting currents. The circuit protection should also be adapted to fire conditions, as it must be designed to function with significant higher loop impedance than normal.
This paper provides a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Having selected the appropriate cable, it must be installed properly, using suitable accessories and following the manufacturer’s restrictions.
1. Concrete provides comprehensive fire protection for buildings due to its non-combustible and insulating properties. It protects lives and property by preventing fire spread, not dripping flaming particles, and allowing for easier repair after a fire.
2. Fire-resistant design of buildings requires using non-combustible materials like concrete and steel, protective measures during construction, and fire suppression systems. Proper sizing and reinforcement of concrete elements helps them withstand standard fire exposure times.
3. Performance-based fire engineering involves analyzing heat transfer and structural behavior at high temperatures using computer models. This allows more optimized designs compared to prescriptive code methods.
Timber in Construction - Burning IssueDanny Hopkin
Timber structures are increasingly being used for tall buildings due to their aesthetic, environmental, and construction benefits. However, there are concerns about their fire safety given timber's combustible nature. Traditional fire resistance tests were developed over a century ago based on fires at the time and may not accurately simulate fires in modern timber buildings. New data is emerging on how timber structures perform in fires and fire safety engineers need to apply science and risk assessment rather than relying solely on compliance with traditional fire resistance standards to ensure timber buildings can be designed safely.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 1 - paper1sophiabelthome
This study analyzes energy saving measures for housing blocks in Madrid, Spain. It evaluates adding insulation to exterior walls and replacing windows. Adding 0.04-0.06m of insulation to exterior walls provides the most savings over time. Replacing windows with double glazing also significantly reduces heat loss. Small, targeted interventions tailored to individual buildings can achieve high energy savings compared to one-size-fits-all regulations. The paper concludes these measures should be considered as alternatives in the Spanish building code to better balance energy efficiency and costs.
Newcastle Construction Division Newsletter Issue No.9Alan Bassett
(1) Asbestos remains a major workplace hazard, with over 35,000 deaths in Britain between 1977 and 2007 from asbestos-related diseases like mesothelioma. Asbestos awareness campaigns aim to educate workers about risks and how to identify and safely handle asbestos materials.
(2) Falls from ladders are a leading cause of workplace injuries and deaths, averaging 12 deaths and over 1,200 major injuries annually in Britain. The HSE advises that ladders only be used for short-duration, low-risk work like maintenance, and examples are given of accidents resulting from unsafe ladder use.
(3) The newsletter provides updates on recent HSE guidance and resources on managing work at
International guidance on healthful housing criteria is needed to help prevent diseases that can be addressed through better housing standards. Experts recommend that governments promote health when investing in housing by providing scientific guidance on hygienic assessment of heating, lighting, and ventilation to architects, engineers and housing authorities. Examples of key housing-related health risks addressed through proper ventilation include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases from indoor air pollution.
The document discusses the purpose of building control regulations in ensuring safety standards, energy efficiency, and reducing water wastage. It outlines how major historical events like the Great Plague, Great Fire of London, and industrialization led to changes in building policies and standards to improve occupant safety. Regulations address fire safety, structural integrity, ventilation, drainage, and the use of fire-resistant building materials. The goal is to continually update standards through changes in approved documents as policies and technologies advance.
The new Killingbeck Fire Station in Leeds will replace the existing Gipton and Stanks stations. [2] It will be located on York Road at a prominent site near the A64 and will have good access to surrounding communities. [3] The new building is designed to be modern and efficient while continuing to provide an excellent service to the community through 44 firefighters and facilities for training and the Young Firefighters Scheme.
Fire safety cables - Selection and sizing of conductors supplying electrical ...Leonardo ENERGY
This document provides guidance on selecting and sizing conductors for electrical equipment that must remain functional during a fire. It discusses the development of fires and temperature curves, and fire safety cable constructions rated for circuit integrity over various time periods. When sizing conductors for fire safety cables, the designer must account for a 4.5 times increase in resistance at high temperatures. This affects current capacity, voltage drop, protection, and other design parameters. Careful planning of cable routing and accessories is also required to ensure the cables can perform as needed during a fire.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized. This is not only a question of an appropriate insulation. Designers must take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature.
Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
A first step to specifying a suitable fire safety cable is a good knowledge of the temperature rise characteristic in areas affected by the fire.
A second step is the correct selection and erection of the cable. This includes the correct sizing of the conductor. Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The designer must take into account the consequent effects of the increased resistance on current carrying capacity, voltage drop, and short circuit capacity of the conductors. Special care should go to the current carrying capacity of the conductor if it is to supply electrically driven fire pumps drawing high starting currents. The circuit protection should also be adapted to fire conditions, as it must be designed to function with significant higher loop impedance than normal.
This paper provides a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Having selected the appropriate cable, it must be installed properly, using suitable accessories and following the manufacturer’s restrictions.
The document discusses fire safety regulations and cable safety requirements. It notes that fires have a high economic and human cost, and that buildings are at high risk of fires. It then summarizes the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) in the EU, which harmonizes national fire safety standards for construction materials, including cables. The CPR introduces a classification system for cables from Aca to Fca based on fire performance testing. It emphasizes that people's safety should be the highest priority in any building.
Understanding the importance of National Building Codes - A Case StudyPower Cable Alliance
The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country.
It serves as a ‘Model Code’ for adoption by all agencies, public or private, involved in building construction works.
Here, we delve into the impact these codes have on safety from fire accidents and recommendations on how we can create a reliable and quality infrastructure.
This document discusses sustainability in construction and provides recommendations based on case studies. It defines sustainability as having three pillars: environmental, social, and economic. A sustainable construction balances all three by carefully considering environmental performance, social responsibility, and economic efficiency to avoid negatively impacting future generations. While some methods reduce energy waste and increase building performance, consumers are often unaware of them or put off by costs. The document recommends several systems and designs used in case studies, such as airtightness, natural ventilation, and sensors, to reduce carbon emissions and energy costs in a new sustainable school.
Buildings have to be fire resilient to foster a truly sustainable future. It is only when buildings can resist, adapt to and recover from fire than fire adverse consequences on the environment, society and the economy can be avoided. We, therefore, call on legislators to acknowledge that fire safety and sustainability reinforce one another and to ensure that fire safety is considered in the relevant policies and regulations. Find out more in Fire Safe Europe's latest position paper.
This document provides information about the BRICKER project, which aims to design and deliver smart retrofit solutions to boost energy efficiency in non-residential public buildings across Europe. The BRICKER project started in October 2013 and will run for four years with 18 partners from 6 European countries. It will test solutions at three demonstration sites located in Spain, Belgium, and Turkey that represent different building types and climates. The solutions developed in BRICKER aim to reduce energy consumption in existing non-residential buildings by 50% through the use of technologies like solar collectors, biomass boilers, and insulation improvements.
The document summarizes the key sustainable features and energy conservation techniques used in modern skyscrapers, especially from an Indian perspective. It analyzes five generations of skyscraper development and their energy usage. Passive design principles like natural ventilation, daylighting, and shading are identified as important for sustainable skyscrapers in India, along with some selective energy generation techniques. A literature review is used to classify sustainable techniques into five categories: facade design, passive systems, electricity generation, visual comfort, and renewable systems. Passive design criteria and selective energy generation are determined to be the key features of sustainable skyscrapers in India based on a sustainability index analysis.
RICS Built Environment Journal February/March 2020Anthony Walker
Published on Feb 12, 2020
Fire safety features prominently in this issue, which looks at recommended competence requirements for those working on higher-risk residential buildings; how sprinklers were installed in one high-rise while residents stayed on site; Australian regulatory reforms; and a safety code developed by the UAE in response to fires spread by cladding.
UK Adjudicators are an Adjudicator Nominating Body (ANB) for the construction and engineering industries. The May newsletter has contributions from leading lawyers and experts from the UK and South Africa.
Chapter 01-American Fire Service: Past, Present, and Futuresnoshoesam
• Examine how the history of our society has shaped the American attitude toward fire prevention and fire control efforts
• Describe and explain how other countries approach the control of fires and compare and contrast their approach with U.S. efforts
• Describe new technologies and systems the fire service has implemented in recent years
• Describe the fire service of today, its successes, its problems, and its efforts toward improvement
• Examine and envision the challenges and opportunities open to the fire service in the twenty-first century
Fire Safety Needs for Mass Timber Buildings _Arup_UoESusan Deeny
Arup and the University of Edinburgh's have identified the needs for undertaking rational fire design in mass timber construction. This presentation was just featured at the recent World Conference in Timber Engineering at TU Wien.
This document provides a summary of a report on tall buildings and sustainability in London. It discusses pressures for more sustainable tall building development, including emerging policies from the Greater London Authority to accommodate future population growth in a sustainable way. Tall buildings are seen as important for meeting demand for new office space in London given land limitations. However, their design, construction and operation will need to adapt to new sustainability regulations. The document examines how to improve the environmental performance of tall buildings in terms of energy use, materials selection, services design, and operation. It also highlights some innovative new tall building designs demonstrating more sustainable approaches.
This document provides a draft of guidelines for designing fire safety in very tall buildings produced by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) Task Group. It discusses the history of tall building fires that contributed to the development of high-rise fire safety provisions, outlines international practices, and identifies goals and unique features of tall buildings that should be considered in fire safety design. The guidelines cover topics like hazard analysis, building systems integration, emergency egress, fire resistance, suppression, detection, and issues for first responders.
Timber in Construction - Burning IssueDanny Hopkin
Timber structures are increasingly being used for tall buildings due to their aesthetic, environmental, and construction benefits. However, there are concerns about their fire safety given timber's combustible nature. Traditional fire resistance tests were developed over a century ago based on fires at the time and may not accurately simulate fires in modern timber buildings. New data is emerging on how timber structures perform in fires and fire safety engineers need to apply science and risk assessment rather than relying solely on compliance with traditional fire resistance standards to ensure timber buildings can be designed safely.
International journal of engineering issues vol 2015 - no 1 - paper1sophiabelthome
This study analyzes energy saving measures for housing blocks in Madrid, Spain. It evaluates adding insulation to exterior walls and replacing windows. Adding 0.04-0.06m of insulation to exterior walls provides the most savings over time. Replacing windows with double glazing also significantly reduces heat loss. Small, targeted interventions tailored to individual buildings can achieve high energy savings compared to one-size-fits-all regulations. The paper concludes these measures should be considered as alternatives in the Spanish building code to better balance energy efficiency and costs.
Newcastle Construction Division Newsletter Issue No.9Alan Bassett
(1) Asbestos remains a major workplace hazard, with over 35,000 deaths in Britain between 1977 and 2007 from asbestos-related diseases like mesothelioma. Asbestos awareness campaigns aim to educate workers about risks and how to identify and safely handle asbestos materials.
(2) Falls from ladders are a leading cause of workplace injuries and deaths, averaging 12 deaths and over 1,200 major injuries annually in Britain. The HSE advises that ladders only be used for short-duration, low-risk work like maintenance, and examples are given of accidents resulting from unsafe ladder use.
(3) The newsletter provides updates on recent HSE guidance and resources on managing work at
International guidance on healthful housing criteria is needed to help prevent diseases that can be addressed through better housing standards. Experts recommend that governments promote health when investing in housing by providing scientific guidance on hygienic assessment of heating, lighting, and ventilation to architects, engineers and housing authorities. Examples of key housing-related health risks addressed through proper ventilation include respiratory and cardiovascular diseases from indoor air pollution.
The document discusses the purpose of building control regulations in ensuring safety standards, energy efficiency, and reducing water wastage. It outlines how major historical events like the Great Plague, Great Fire of London, and industrialization led to changes in building policies and standards to improve occupant safety. Regulations address fire safety, structural integrity, ventilation, drainage, and the use of fire-resistant building materials. The goal is to continually update standards through changes in approved documents as policies and technologies advance.
The new Killingbeck Fire Station in Leeds will replace the existing Gipton and Stanks stations. [2] It will be located on York Road at a prominent site near the A64 and will have good access to surrounding communities. [3] The new building is designed to be modern and efficient while continuing to provide an excellent service to the community through 44 firefighters and facilities for training and the Young Firefighters Scheme.
Fire safety cables - Selection and sizing of conductors supplying electrical ...Leonardo ENERGY
This document provides guidance on selecting and sizing conductors for electrical equipment that must remain functional during a fire. It discusses the development of fires and temperature curves, and fire safety cable constructions rated for circuit integrity over various time periods. When sizing conductors for fire safety cables, the designer must account for a 4.5 times increase in resistance at high temperatures. This affects current capacity, voltage drop, protection, and other design parameters. Careful planning of cable routing and accessories is also required to ensure the cables can perform as needed during a fire.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized to take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature. Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The objective of this paper is to provide a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Cables that are exposed to fire while being expected to retain their functionality and provide power to essential equipment at another location must be appropriately selected and sized. This is not only a question of an appropriate insulation. Designers must take account of the increased electrical resistance at elevated temperature.
Manufacturers offer cables and accessories that will survive a standard cellulose fire for 30, 60 or 90 minutes when correctly specified and installed.
A first step to specifying a suitable fire safety cable is a good knowledge of the temperature rise characteristic in areas affected by the fire.
A second step is the correct selection and erection of the cable. This includes the correct sizing of the conductor. Cables, including fire safety cables, are specified in terms that reflect their normal duty conditions; design parameters under fire conditions are rarely, if ever, specified. The designer must take into account the consequent effects of the increased resistance on current carrying capacity, voltage drop, and short circuit capacity of the conductors. Special care should go to the current carrying capacity of the conductor if it is to supply electrically driven fire pumps drawing high starting currents. The circuit protection should also be adapted to fire conditions, as it must be designed to function with significant higher loop impedance than normal.
This paper provides a clear methodology for designing fire safety circuits based on the derivation and application of correction factors and standard cable parameters.
Having selected the appropriate cable, it must be installed properly, using suitable accessories and following the manufacturer’s restrictions.
The document discusses fire safety regulations and cable safety requirements. It notes that fires have a high economic and human cost, and that buildings are at high risk of fires. It then summarizes the Construction Products Regulation (CPR) in the EU, which harmonizes national fire safety standards for construction materials, including cables. The CPR introduces a classification system for cables from Aca to Fca based on fire performance testing. It emphasizes that people's safety should be the highest priority in any building.
Understanding the importance of National Building Codes - A Case StudyPower Cable Alliance
The National Building Code of India (NBC), a comprehensive building Code, is a national instrument providing guidelines for regulating the building construction activities across the country.
It serves as a ‘Model Code’ for adoption by all agencies, public or private, involved in building construction works.
Here, we delve into the impact these codes have on safety from fire accidents and recommendations on how we can create a reliable and quality infrastructure.
This document discusses sustainability in construction and provides recommendations based on case studies. It defines sustainability as having three pillars: environmental, social, and economic. A sustainable construction balances all three by carefully considering environmental performance, social responsibility, and economic efficiency to avoid negatively impacting future generations. While some methods reduce energy waste and increase building performance, consumers are often unaware of them or put off by costs. The document recommends several systems and designs used in case studies, such as airtightness, natural ventilation, and sensors, to reduce carbon emissions and energy costs in a new sustainable school.
Buildings have to be fire resilient to foster a truly sustainable future. It is only when buildings can resist, adapt to and recover from fire than fire adverse consequences on the environment, society and the economy can be avoided. We, therefore, call on legislators to acknowledge that fire safety and sustainability reinforce one another and to ensure that fire safety is considered in the relevant policies and regulations. Find out more in Fire Safe Europe's latest position paper.
This document provides information about the BRICKER project, which aims to design and deliver smart retrofit solutions to boost energy efficiency in non-residential public buildings across Europe. The BRICKER project started in October 2013 and will run for four years with 18 partners from 6 European countries. It will test solutions at three demonstration sites located in Spain, Belgium, and Turkey that represent different building types and climates. The solutions developed in BRICKER aim to reduce energy consumption in existing non-residential buildings by 50% through the use of technologies like solar collectors, biomass boilers, and insulation improvements.
The document summarizes the key sustainable features and energy conservation techniques used in modern skyscrapers, especially from an Indian perspective. It analyzes five generations of skyscraper development and their energy usage. Passive design principles like natural ventilation, daylighting, and shading are identified as important for sustainable skyscrapers in India, along with some selective energy generation techniques. A literature review is used to classify sustainable techniques into five categories: facade design, passive systems, electricity generation, visual comfort, and renewable systems. Passive design criteria and selective energy generation are determined to be the key features of sustainable skyscrapers in India based on a sustainability index analysis.
RICS Built Environment Journal February/March 2020Anthony Walker
Published on Feb 12, 2020
Fire safety features prominently in this issue, which looks at recommended competence requirements for those working on higher-risk residential buildings; how sprinklers were installed in one high-rise while residents stayed on site; Australian regulatory reforms; and a safety code developed by the UAE in response to fires spread by cladding.
UK Adjudicators are an Adjudicator Nominating Body (ANB) for the construction and engineering industries. The May newsletter has contributions from leading lawyers and experts from the UK and South Africa.
Chapter 01-American Fire Service: Past, Present, and Futuresnoshoesam
• Examine how the history of our society has shaped the American attitude toward fire prevention and fire control efforts
• Describe and explain how other countries approach the control of fires and compare and contrast their approach with U.S. efforts
• Describe new technologies and systems the fire service has implemented in recent years
• Describe the fire service of today, its successes, its problems, and its efforts toward improvement
• Examine and envision the challenges and opportunities open to the fire service in the twenty-first century
Fire Safety Needs for Mass Timber Buildings _Arup_UoESusan Deeny
Arup and the University of Edinburgh's have identified the needs for undertaking rational fire design in mass timber construction. This presentation was just featured at the recent World Conference in Timber Engineering at TU Wien.
This document provides a summary of a report on tall buildings and sustainability in London. It discusses pressures for more sustainable tall building development, including emerging policies from the Greater London Authority to accommodate future population growth in a sustainable way. Tall buildings are seen as important for meeting demand for new office space in London given land limitations. However, their design, construction and operation will need to adapt to new sustainability regulations. The document examines how to improve the environmental performance of tall buildings in terms of energy use, materials selection, services design, and operation. It also highlights some innovative new tall building designs demonstrating more sustainable approaches.
This document provides a draft of guidelines for designing fire safety in very tall buildings produced by the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) Task Group. It discusses the history of tall building fires that contributed to the development of high-rise fire safety provisions, outlines international practices, and identifies goals and unique features of tall buildings that should be considered in fire safety design. The guidelines cover topics like hazard analysis, building systems integration, emergency egress, fire resistance, suppression, detection, and issues for first responders.
Similar to The effectiveness of fire prevention and protection measures in high rise residential buildings in the united kingdom. (20)
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
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The effectiveness of fire prevention and protection measures in high rise residential buildings in the united kingdom.
1. MSc Building Surveying
Nottingham Trent University
Research Proposal
Title
The effectiveness of current fire prevention and protection measures in
high rise residential buildings in the United Kingdom.
Dumisani Sibanda
1 June 2018
2. Abstract
Fire safety within high rise residential buildings is paramount to the protection
and preservation of life, but current United Kingdom government policies and
legislation do not seem to be at par with standards or recommendations
formulated by industry experts on fire safety methods in high rise residential
buildings.
The full throttle of investment and adaptation of fire safety measures in buildings
was pioneered in the late 1970s. “A high-rise building definition is a completed
and occupied structure for which the roof access level exceeds the maximum
height of rescue capability from the street level by the fire and rescue service”
(O'Hagan, John T. 1977).
In the past 60 years increased migration has resulted in a shortage of
accommodation. This increased migration catapulted the construction of high
rise residential buildings which have accommodated the lower-class citizens
and ethnic minority immigrants.
Despite the high number of people residing high in the sky in small building foot
print areas, the adequate policing of fire safety measures in the high rise
residential buildings has not been whole heartedly financed to improve fire
safety prevention and protection attitudes. The reasoning behind the latter
statement was that lessons seem not have been learned from previous fires in
tower blocks such as the Lakanal house fire, were recommendations were not
implemented.
Delays in reviewing, improving and implementing building regulations and
recommendations by industry regulatory bodies, shows that even though the
government formulates and funds policies for the entire country, this seems to
have fallen short when it comes to speedily making critical life safety decisions
for disadvantaged people’s needs.
3. This may be due to excessive cost of implementing such changes. It is this lack
of passion and speed to improve fire safety policies and legislation that has led
to Grenfell Tower fire in London.
The devastating fires both at Lakanal House and Grenfell Tower in London
highlights the critical importance of fire safety in high rise buildings and the need
for sustained vigilance when maintaining or refurbishing such buildings. High
rise buildings are special in comparison to houses or maisonettes where escape
from a fire can be achieved through jumping from a first-floor window. In a tower
with 21 storeys there is no safe platform to jump to, except to death. “High-rise
buildings have a greater risk of fire because of features such as great height,
complexity of structure, and diverse functions, and so on” (Hassanain, 2009).
The Lakanal house fire in 2009, killed six people. After that tragic incident the
government All-Party Parliamentary for Fire Safety and Rescue Group appealed
for the amendment of Approved document B of the Building Regulations
regarding fire safety to include the role both active and passive fire protection
measures such as sprinklers in fire suppression and improved
compartmentation and fire stopping of voids plus a review of cladding
standards.
According a publication titled, the architect’s journal, the Lakanal House fire
report queried the suitability and sufficiency of the fire risk assessment
methodology in place at that time.
It was noted that the review of that process led to the development of a system
called British Standard, PAS 79 for Fire Risk Assessments which tackled
queries surrounding the suitability and sufficiency of fire risk evaluation
measures.
In 2013 following the Lakanal House a coroner’s report recommended that the
government Department encourage providers of social housing in high rise
residential buildings to consider the retro fitting of sprinkler systems and also
4. called for a review and simplification of the guidance to the English and Welsh
Fire Safety Regulations.
Before the recent fire at Grenfell a large number of issues had been raised by
various industry bodies relating to fire safety and mainly the use of non-fire
rated flammable cladding systems in residential tower blocks.
Tower blocks have been used due to the post war demands for affordable
accommodation in the 1940s and 50s, this catalysed the construction of high-
rise purpose-built blocks of flats. In the 1960s, these high-rise blocks began to
dominate the skyline of most towns and cities across the country. It is this long
association with high rise residential buildings that the government should have
by now put in solid measures to ensure that fire safety prevention and
protection measures are always dynamic in high rise buildings.
Aims
1. To understand how current policy and legislation affects fire prevention and
protection measures.
2. To highlight the inadequacy of measures that the government has put in
place to prevent the loss of lives in high rise buildings since 2000.
3. To explore bottlenecks in current regulations that makes prevention of fire
less secure.
4. To briefly analyse the relationship between Lakanal House, Grenfell Tower
Fire incident and how government policy seems to be influenced by ethnicity
and social class.
Objectives
To examine the effectiveness of current fire safety policies as a tool for
preventing fires in high rise residential buildings.
5. To investigate if lessons were learned and adopted after the Lakanal house fire
and if this could have helped prevent the devastating fire that consumed the
Grenfell Tower.
Hypothesis
In the United Kingdom although reviews have been done after major high-rise
fires, government policy does not seem to be updated at a fast pace to prevent
further similar incidences.
The government has failed to speedily review and amend Approved document
B of the Buildings regulations. Also, recommendations from fire experts not
being implemented.
Checks on maintenance and refurbishment contractors working on high rise
residential buildings are not robust enough to help prevent breaches in
compartmentation, especially in hidden voids.
Literature Review
According to Newstatesman (2017, p. 1), council tenants are perceived to be
scroungers, obese people and smokers of illicit substances. It may be for this
reason that the residents repeated warnings to authorities, that the building was
unsafe were repeatedly and contemptuously ignored.
They residents had asked for an inquiry 18 months ago but due to being poor
they did not get one. They were powerless until they paid with their lives, hence
an inquiry has now been conducted, posthumously.
This study will be limited to high rise residential buildings in the United Kingdom
where highly devastating fires have led to lives being lost, communities being
broken and people being injured. A desktop study of this proposal will
6. concentrate on recent fires in Lakanal House, and also analyse the recent
review of the Grenfell Tower fire report authored by Dame Judith Hackitt in May
2018.
“High rise buildings pose significant problems to both the building occupants
and the firefighting agencies. Therefore, it is important that residential tower
blocks are afforded greater significance through effective fire-safety engineering
solutions, to prevent the occurrence of building fires in time” (Dechamps et al.,
2011).
There is a long history of rules and restrictions in place in England to lower the
risk of fires in buildings. In the aftermath of a disastrous fire in Southwark,
London, during 1212, a council of ‘reputable men’ established a series of conditions
that local buildings should meet to ensure safety at all times. These policies are
still recognisable today as the basic themes for fire safety concerns as they affect
building specifications. The Great Fire of London in 1666, the Rebuilding Acts
(1667 and 1670) set standards for new construction in London to be based on
stone instead of timber, with detailed requirements on the thickness of walls and
heights of rooms within a building.
Twinch (2017), said “after Lakanal House fire, I never thought I’d see this again,
but now I have”. This statement suggests that lessons were not learned from
previous high-rise building fires.
According to The Regulatory Reform Fire Safety Order Legislation (2005), all
local authorities were encouraged to conduct fire risk assessments on all their
residential buildings. A chartered surveyor Walker (2013), an expert witness,
said “Southwark Council should have prioritised Lakanal House in Camberwell,
as it was high-risk". However, six people died in this Fire in 2009 because
recommendations of the fire service were not enforced as evidenced by the fact
that no valid fire risk assessment was in place when a fire broke out at Lakanal
House, claiming six lives. In high rise residential buildings evacuation
7. procedures should be constantly reviewed due to the potential for crowding and
slow movement in escape routes due to the increased building height and
because exit stairs do not normally increase in width as people traverse
downwards to evacuate. “However, stair shafts also represent one of the main
means by which smoke moves vertically” (Jin T, 2002). In addition, the time
taken by an occupant to descend a stairway significantly increases with the
height of the building, which increases the potential for smoke exposure.
The Royal Institute of British Architects called for a ban on flammable
cladding, as well as a requirement for water mist systems such sprinklers to
be retrofitted and a secondary means of escape for high-rise residential
buildings, however this has not been actioned.
The Fire Protection Association (2017), a think tank works with many UK
insurers, confirms that the current Building Regulations are not fit for purpose in
terms of current building refurbishment methods and material use.
Research Methodology
A qualitative methodology was conducted to achieve the research aim. The
literature review process started by looking into primary and secondary sources
of information. In order to achieve the objectives listed above, I will refer to two
case studies of building fires in high-rise residential buildings in England.
A desktop study of the high-profile fire disasters in tower blocks examines the
causes, attitudes and actions taken by authorities in putting measures in place
to prevent future tragedies.
Case Study 1, Lakanal House Fire
Fire initiated in flat 65 part of a 14-storey tower block built in 1959 housing 98
flats stretching almost 42m high. The building had been designed with escape
balconies reaching to an enclosed central staircase. The council had prior to the
8. event spent £3.5 million on fire safety refurbishment measures. The fire quickly
broke out of flat 65 ensuing smoke out the window and radiating heat to the flat
above in flat 79. One of the residents called the fire authorities and was advised
to remain inside the compartment flat because the building had a stay put policy
in place until some 28 minutes later when she was overcome from heat and
smoke. The principles of fire safety and firefighting in the UK are based on
containment of the fire within a compartment. The walls, floors ceilings and
doors are designed to contain fire within a flat for 30 to 60 minutes. Once a fire
is discovered the dweller in the flat of fire origin should leave the premises
immediately and raise the alarm while residents in neighbouring flats are
supposed to stay put until the fire service attends.
Coroner’s Report
An inquest into the event found London Fire Brigade personnel were negligent
by failing to react quickly to the situation and also informing residence to stay
where put. The fire service did not attend to the caller within the 30 minutes stay
put time limit.
The jurors also concluded that It would have been possible for residence to
escape without assistance, however, there was much confusion over the layout
of the building and flat numbers which prevented firefighters getting to dwellings
quickly. The government policy of “stay put” clearly did not work.
It is therefore, important that there is a full understanding of how and why the
fire developed and spread quickly to improve building design and technology
installed within for passive and active fire protection measures.
The fire development and spread was unusual in this case and the
circumstances resulting in this event are still unknown. However various
sources on the internet indicate that breaches in compartmentation could have
caused the fire. Southwark Council did a post fire recommendation and a
9. review of their policies concerning fire risk assessments of high-rise buildings,
training for staff and liaising with emergency services.
Case Study 2, Grenfell Tower Fire
According to the New York Times, Residents of Grenfell Tower had complained
for years that the 24-story public housing block invited catastrophe. It lacked fire
alarms, sprinklers and a fire escape. It had only a single staircase. And there
were concerns about the cladding that was supposed to improve the building
aesthetics and energy consumption.
The fire started in a Hotpoint fridge freezer on the fourth floor. The fire engulfed
one side of the building externally, before consuming the entire block. According
to the BBC, flammable cladding installed on Grenfell Tower in a recent
renovation is thought to have contributed to the rapid spread of the fire.
Both the cladding and insulation on the outside of the building failed all
preliminary tests by the police. The insulation samples burned more quickly
than the cladding tiles.
The concrete-framed Grenfell Tower was designed in 1967 and completed in
1974. It was refurbished in 2016 by lead contractor Rydon Maintenance in an
£8.6 million scheme for the Kensington and Chelsea Tenant Management
Organisation, which maintains the local council’s housing stock.
The refurbishment was designed by architect Studio E and the renovations
were regularly inspected by the London council building control team. According
to drawings, the retrofit replaced the original façade of precast spandrel panels
and single-glazed aluminium windows with new powder-coated aluminium
windows and a cladding system. It was calculated that the cladding would save
households around £200 a year on their energy bills, and to further increase the
10. energy efficiency of the building a new heating and hot-water system was
installed.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The Grenfell Tower fire has been a wake-up call for British the government
and society at large. Urgent changes are needed to ensure that the lessons
learnt are speedily acted upon to avoid such tragic incidents happening
again.
Questions such as why local authorities and the government did not
implement suggestions made after the Lakanal House fire in 2009 still need to
be answered at the highest government levels.
According to Hackitt (2018), “Ignorance, indifference and inadequate regulation
led to the Grenfell Tower disaster, not its cladding alone”.
A recent report by an Independent Reference Group recommends that any
learning outcomes from the interim and final reports of the Grenfell Public
Inquiry and the Independent Review of Building Regulations and Fire Safety are
considered and implemented by the government speedily.
The lack of a total ban on non-fire rated cladding in high rise buildings
reinforces the argument that the government is protecting elite members of
society who own and run the cladding manufacturing industries at the expense
of the lower members of society.
The government should consider introducing mandatory clerk of works
inspections during refurbishment and maintenance to ensure that
compartmentation is maintained at all times.
11. Attitudes towards fire safety measures need to change so that the preservation
and protection of human lives is always put first and not profits first.
For many years, members of regulatory bodies had written letters requesting
new restrictions on cladding, especially as the same flammable facades blamed
for fires in France, the United Arab Emirates, Australia and elsewhere were in
use at Grenfell. However, the United Kingdom government has to date resisted
implementing this.
Also, the recent findings of the Independent Reference Group recommend that
future learning outcomes or recommendations from the Grenfell tragedy are
considered and implemented where necessary by the Housing Executive as
soon as practically possible, however the same group fails to recommend the
outright ban of flammable cladding.
In finality to prevent such tragic fire incidents happening, CDM (2015),
regulations need to be re-invented to ensure that all stakeholders in a
construction put safety first.
This research looked at the government’s willingness to review and implement
wholesome changes with regards to recommendations made by industry
experts. It is clear from the literature above that recommendations and
standards were not effected. The stay put policy should be reviewed and
amended for high rise residential buildings. Once there is a real fire in tower
blocks residents should always be advised to evacuate.
(Word count 2520)
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