International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Ayub Khan came to power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup. He introduced several reforms during his rule from 1958-1969, including political reforms that established a system of Basic Democracies, economic reforms to encourage industrialization and the Green Revolution, and land reforms that placed limits on land ownership. However, his reforms primarily benefited wealthy landowners and industrialists in Punjab and increased regional and economic disparities in Pakistan. Ayub Khan's authoritarian rule ended growing discontent, especially in East Pakistan.
Land is the basis of all economic activity. It is the most important asset in an agrarian economy like India where majority
of the population in rural areas are dependent on agriculture, labour and animal husbandry. This paper deals with an
important form of discrimination in the countryside, the lack of access of Dalit (Scheduled Caste) and Adivasi
(Scheduled Tribe) households to ownership and operational holdings of land in rural India. It includes a study of the
impact of land reforms in India on land holding among Dalit and Adivasi households.
The working paper titled “Social inequality and land holding for dalit in India” discusses the different
dimensions that have a bearing on the issue of inequality in land distribution in India . The SCs and STs who have been
historically out of the main stream development initiatives, partly due to the still continuing socio cultural barriers and
partly due to the inadequacy of the Government programmes in reaching this disadvantage group. However the paper
argues that An Overview of land holding for dalit: Past and Present, Status of land for dalit in India , Historical view of
Land Distribution Pattern and Economic Conditions of Dalits In this context, an attempt has been made in this paper to
examine Dalits‟ access to land in India during pre and post independence periods. And it also an attempt to assess the
impact of land reforms on land ownership by Dalits in India
Gurcharan Das' book "India Unbound" analyzes why India failed to industrialize as rapidly as other countries despite having significant infrastructure and trade by 1914. Das argues that India's development strategy after independence of pursuing an inward-looking, state-led model of industrialization through massive public sector investments was flawed and led to inefficiency. An alternative strategy proposed by Bombay economists of focusing on labor-intensive small industries producing simple goods for domestic consumption and export may have been better suited to India's resources and needs. Additionally, Das discusses the impact of British colonial rule on India's development, noting it had positive and negative effects.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
The document summarizes key events and policies related to modern China, including its early contacts with Western powers in the 19th century, the struggle for power between Nationalists and Communists in the early 20th century, and major economic and social policies and reforms under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping from the 1950s-1980s. It discusses the emergence of China as a communist nation after the Communists took control in 1949, and covers Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution as well as Deng's Four Modernizations program and economic reforms.
Here are two key points about the industrial sector in India on the eve of independence:
1. The colonial government pursued policies that systematically de-industrialized India's traditional handicraft industries and did not allow the development of a modern industrial base. This was done to reduce India to a supplier of raw materials for British industries and a market for their finished goods.
2. Modern industry began emerging in the late 19th century mainly in cotton and jute textiles, as well as iron and steel in the early 20th century. However, industrial growth was very slow and the sector contributed little to GDP. Capital goods industries were also lacking. The public sector was limited mainly to railways and power. Overall, India had not developed
The document discusses Iran's economy and its relationship to oil. It describes how Iran became heavily dependent on oil revenues in the early 20th century, allowing it to become a rentier state. This oil wealth contributed to economic growth but also severe inequality. The Iranian Revolution was driven partly by public dissatisfaction with this inequality and economic dependency on the West. The economy struggled after the revolution but has since stabilized due to rising oil prices, though it remains largely state-controlled.
The document provides information on several South Asian countries. It discusses how Mohandas Gandhi and religious conflicts led to Indian independence and the partition of India and Pakistan. Violence during partition resulted in millions of refugees and deaths. Economic and religious differences later caused East Pakistan to become the independent country of Bangladesh. It also outlines how the availability of water and hydroelectric power influence Pakistan's agriculture and development, and describes Afghanistan's ethnic and cultural diversity amid decades of conflict and invasion.
Ayub Khan came to power in Pakistan in 1958 through a military coup. He introduced several reforms during his rule from 1958-1969, including political reforms that established a system of Basic Democracies, economic reforms to encourage industrialization and the Green Revolution, and land reforms that placed limits on land ownership. However, his reforms primarily benefited wealthy landowners and industrialists in Punjab and increased regional and economic disparities in Pakistan. Ayub Khan's authoritarian rule ended growing discontent, especially in East Pakistan.
Land is the basis of all economic activity. It is the most important asset in an agrarian economy like India where majority
of the population in rural areas are dependent on agriculture, labour and animal husbandry. This paper deals with an
important form of discrimination in the countryside, the lack of access of Dalit (Scheduled Caste) and Adivasi
(Scheduled Tribe) households to ownership and operational holdings of land in rural India. It includes a study of the
impact of land reforms in India on land holding among Dalit and Adivasi households.
The working paper titled “Social inequality and land holding for dalit in India” discusses the different
dimensions that have a bearing on the issue of inequality in land distribution in India . The SCs and STs who have been
historically out of the main stream development initiatives, partly due to the still continuing socio cultural barriers and
partly due to the inadequacy of the Government programmes in reaching this disadvantage group. However the paper
argues that An Overview of land holding for dalit: Past and Present, Status of land for dalit in India , Historical view of
Land Distribution Pattern and Economic Conditions of Dalits In this context, an attempt has been made in this paper to
examine Dalits‟ access to land in India during pre and post independence periods. And it also an attempt to assess the
impact of land reforms on land ownership by Dalits in India
Gurcharan Das' book "India Unbound" analyzes why India failed to industrialize as rapidly as other countries despite having significant infrastructure and trade by 1914. Das argues that India's development strategy after independence of pursuing an inward-looking, state-led model of industrialization through massive public sector investments was flawed and led to inefficiency. An alternative strategy proposed by Bombay economists of focusing on labor-intensive small industries producing simple goods for domestic consumption and export may have been better suited to India's resources and needs. Additionally, Das discusses the impact of British colonial rule on India's development, noting it had positive and negative effects.
This content is full of information.from this source you can get the history of martial law .After studding this content you will be able to give presentation on Ayub Khan's era. this content is full of information of beigning years of Pakistan
The document summarizes key events and policies related to modern China, including its early contacts with Western powers in the 19th century, the struggle for power between Nationalists and Communists in the early 20th century, and major economic and social policies and reforms under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping from the 1950s-1980s. It discusses the emergence of China as a communist nation after the Communists took control in 1949, and covers Mao's Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution as well as Deng's Four Modernizations program and economic reforms.
Here are two key points about the industrial sector in India on the eve of independence:
1. The colonial government pursued policies that systematically de-industrialized India's traditional handicraft industries and did not allow the development of a modern industrial base. This was done to reduce India to a supplier of raw materials for British industries and a market for their finished goods.
2. Modern industry began emerging in the late 19th century mainly in cotton and jute textiles, as well as iron and steel in the early 20th century. However, industrial growth was very slow and the sector contributed little to GDP. Capital goods industries were also lacking. The public sector was limited mainly to railways and power. Overall, India had not developed
The document discusses Iran's economy and its relationship to oil. It describes how Iran became heavily dependent on oil revenues in the early 20th century, allowing it to become a rentier state. This oil wealth contributed to economic growth but also severe inequality. The Iranian Revolution was driven partly by public dissatisfaction with this inequality and economic dependency on the West. The economy struggled after the revolution but has since stabilized due to rising oil prices, though it remains largely state-controlled.
The document provides information on several South Asian countries. It discusses how Mohandas Gandhi and religious conflicts led to Indian independence and the partition of India and Pakistan. Violence during partition resulted in millions of refugees and deaths. Economic and religious differences later caused East Pakistan to become the independent country of Bangladesh. It also outlines how the availability of water and hydroelectric power influence Pakistan's agriculture and development, and describes Afghanistan's ethnic and cultural diversity amid decades of conflict and invasion.
Global Journal of Management (ISSN 2348-8581) Call for Papers and Guideline t...Arindam Banerjee
This document provides guidelines for authors submitting papers to the Global Journal of Management, including its editorial board members, submission dates and procedures, and style guidelines. The editorial board consists of 17 eminent academics and practitioners in management studies and allied areas. Authors are to follow APA style for citations and submit original, unpublished papers by email. The review process takes about a month and accepted papers will be published upon final verification by authors.
Does ownership matter in mergers a comparative study of the causes and conse...duythuong08
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates differences in merger decisions and consequences between family firms and non-family firms in Japan from 1955-1973. The study finds:
1) Family firms are less likely to merge than non-family firms, even after controlling for other factors, suggesting family firms prefer internal growth.
2) There is a positive relationship between pre-merger family ownership levels and the probability of mergers - family firms with higher pre-merger family ownership are more likely to merge.
3) Contrary to expectations, the study finds non-family firms experience better operating performance benefits from mergers compared to family firms.
Impact of Armed Conflict on Female Education in Tehsil Matta, Kabal and Khawa...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
El documento presenta el cronograma de actividades de la segunda jornada de práctica de una alumna en un jardín de niños. La agenda incluye actividades diarias como honores a la bandera, ejercicio, lectura en voz alta y recreo, así como temas de aprendizaje como valores, convivencia y respeto que variarán durante la semana.
3. ICV Kongres Controllera Srbije 2015, Aleksandra Paunić,Head of Controlling...Menadžment Centar Beograd
Aleksandra je pričala kakav je controller kao biznis partner u oblasti osiguranja. Pored toga, pričala i o: controlling procesima, izveštajima, KPIs i planiranju.
Illocutionary Acts Analysis of Chinese in Pematangsiantarinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Myth and Reality of Womens’ Political Marginalization In Nigeriainventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Socio Economic Status of Bengutia Village, Birbhum Districtinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Impact of Using the Information Technology on the Quality of Health Servi...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study on the impact of using information technology on the quality of health services in private hospitals in Najran, Saudi Arabia. It presents a model showing the relationship between the independent variable of information technology and the dependent variables of health service quality, hospitality service quality, and administrative service quality. The study aims to examine the availability of information technology, its relationship to service quality dimensions, and its impact on each service quality dimension. Survey data was collected from 64 employees to test the model and hypotheses about the importance and positive impact of information technology on health service quality.
Habit of Television Viewing and Its Impact on Weight Status among School Age ...inventionjournals
The study aimed to assess television viewing habits and weight status of 60 school-aged children in Aurangabad District, India. The results found that 90% of children had average TV viewing habits, while 5% had poor or good habits. Regarding weight status, 56.6% of children were below the 50th percentile, 8.3% at the 50th percentile, and 35% above. There was a mild positive correlation between TV viewing habits and weight status. TV viewing habits were significantly associated with the child's age, class, father's occupation, and area of house. The study concluded that children's nutritional status and TV viewing habits should be regularly monitored.
Model Integrated Softs skills Based Eastern Values to Create Character Graduatesinventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Present Market Globalisation And Democratic Decentralisation of Gandhi - Cont...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Este documento presenta una prueba de historia, geografía y ciencias sociales para estudiantes de 4o año de gastronomía. La prueba se enfoca en el contexto histórico de la película "NO" y el plebiscito de 1988 en Chile que enfrentó las opciones de votar SI o NO, el cual tuvo gran importancia para el desarrollo político y social del país en los años posteriores. La prueba contiene 7 preguntas sobre la película y el plebiscito que los estudiantes deben responder para demostrar sus
Totally R*-Continuous and Totally R*-Irresolute Functionsinventionjournals
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses probabilistic diameter and its properties. It defines probabilistic diameter (DA) as a distribution function that represents the probability that the distance between any two points in a set A is less than some value t. It presents several properties of probabilistic diameter including: (1) DA is a distribution function; (2) DA = H if A contains a single point; and (3) if A is a subset of B, then DA ≥ DB. It also defines probabilistic distance between two sets A and B as another distribution function (FAB) and establishes some of its properties.
1) Los pasos para constituir legalmente una cooperativa incluyen solicitar el uso de la denominación ante la Secretaría de Economía, realizar una asamblea constitutiva para aprobar las bases constitutivas y elegir consejos y comisiones, y registrar la cooperativa ante el Registro Público de Comercio.
2) El Acta Constitutiva debe incluir datos generales, acuerdos de la asamblea como la aprobación de la idea y las bases constitutivas, y la elección de consejos y comisiones.
3) Las Bases Constitutivas deben cont
The document discusses things that one should never stop doing like searching, spring cleaning, and asking questions. It provides tips on passion, purpose, problems to solve, and spending time on hobbies and with good friends. It also advises cleaning out toxic social media friends and emails. The document cautions that no one can truly prepare for the future and to trust no one's predictions, instead favoring predictions from movies. Ultimately, it says to trust yourself.
The document discusses the evolution of Indian historiography from pre-colonial to post-colonial times. It notes that pre-colonial India had its own empires and kingdoms with unique histories that were often orally transmitted. The British introduced a more systematic documentation and chronology of Indian history when they colonized the country. Modern Indian historiography continues to develop, with recent themes including the role of social groups in anti-colonial resistance and the impact of politics on national, communal, and regional identities.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism under British colonial rule:
1) Worldwide concepts of nationalism and self-determination inspired by the French Revolution.
2) The Indian Renaissance which exposed Indians to Western ideas and education.
3) Modernization initiated by the British unified India politically, economically, and through infrastructure but also made Indians aware of colonial contradictions.
4) Strong reaction against repressive British policies like the Vernacular Press Act and Arms Act fueled nationalist sentiment.
I. After independence in 1947, India adopted socialist policies inspired by the Soviet Union rather than capitalist America. Nehru set up inefficient public sector units and over-regulated private enterprise.
II. This led to slow growth, with per capita income falling behind China's. By the 1990s, half of Indians were poor and four in ten were illiterate.
III. Economic reforms began in 1991, deregulating business and encouraging foreign investment. This led to strong growth in the 1990s and a new sense of confidence and possibilities in India's economic future.
Global Journal of Management (ISSN 2348-8581) Call for Papers and Guideline t...Arindam Banerjee
This document provides guidelines for authors submitting papers to the Global Journal of Management, including its editorial board members, submission dates and procedures, and style guidelines. The editorial board consists of 17 eminent academics and practitioners in management studies and allied areas. Authors are to follow APA style for citations and submit original, unpublished papers by email. The review process takes about a month and accepted papers will be published upon final verification by authors.
Does ownership matter in mergers a comparative study of the causes and conse...duythuong08
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates differences in merger decisions and consequences between family firms and non-family firms in Japan from 1955-1973. The study finds:
1) Family firms are less likely to merge than non-family firms, even after controlling for other factors, suggesting family firms prefer internal growth.
2) There is a positive relationship between pre-merger family ownership levels and the probability of mergers - family firms with higher pre-merger family ownership are more likely to merge.
3) Contrary to expectations, the study finds non-family firms experience better operating performance benefits from mergers compared to family firms.
Impact of Armed Conflict on Female Education in Tehsil Matta, Kabal and Khawa...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
El documento presenta el cronograma de actividades de la segunda jornada de práctica de una alumna en un jardín de niños. La agenda incluye actividades diarias como honores a la bandera, ejercicio, lectura en voz alta y recreo, así como temas de aprendizaje como valores, convivencia y respeto que variarán durante la semana.
3. ICV Kongres Controllera Srbije 2015, Aleksandra Paunić,Head of Controlling...Menadžment Centar Beograd
Aleksandra je pričala kakav je controller kao biznis partner u oblasti osiguranja. Pored toga, pričala i o: controlling procesima, izveštajima, KPIs i planiranju.
Illocutionary Acts Analysis of Chinese in Pematangsiantarinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Myth and Reality of Womens’ Political Marginalization In Nigeriainventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Socio Economic Status of Bengutia Village, Birbhum Districtinventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Impact of Using the Information Technology on the Quality of Health Servi...inventionjournals
The document discusses a study on the impact of using information technology on the quality of health services in private hospitals in Najran, Saudi Arabia. It presents a model showing the relationship between the independent variable of information technology and the dependent variables of health service quality, hospitality service quality, and administrative service quality. The study aims to examine the availability of information technology, its relationship to service quality dimensions, and its impact on each service quality dimension. Survey data was collected from 64 employees to test the model and hypotheses about the importance and positive impact of information technology on health service quality.
Habit of Television Viewing and Its Impact on Weight Status among School Age ...inventionjournals
The study aimed to assess television viewing habits and weight status of 60 school-aged children in Aurangabad District, India. The results found that 90% of children had average TV viewing habits, while 5% had poor or good habits. Regarding weight status, 56.6% of children were below the 50th percentile, 8.3% at the 50th percentile, and 35% above. There was a mild positive correlation between TV viewing habits and weight status. TV viewing habits were significantly associated with the child's age, class, father's occupation, and area of house. The study concluded that children's nutritional status and TV viewing habits should be regularly monitored.
Model Integrated Softs skills Based Eastern Values to Create Character Graduatesinventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Present Market Globalisation And Democratic Decentralisation of Gandhi - Cont...inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Este documento presenta una prueba de historia, geografía y ciencias sociales para estudiantes de 4o año de gastronomía. La prueba se enfoca en el contexto histórico de la película "NO" y el plebiscito de 1988 en Chile que enfrentó las opciones de votar SI o NO, el cual tuvo gran importancia para el desarrollo político y social del país en los años posteriores. La prueba contiene 7 preguntas sobre la película y el plebiscito que los estudiantes deben responder para demostrar sus
Totally R*-Continuous and Totally R*-Irresolute Functionsinventionjournals
International Journal of Mathematics and Statistics Invention (IJMSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJMSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Mathematics and Statistics, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document discusses probabilistic diameter and its properties. It defines probabilistic diameter (DA) as a distribution function that represents the probability that the distance between any two points in a set A is less than some value t. It presents several properties of probabilistic diameter including: (1) DA is a distribution function; (2) DA = H if A contains a single point; and (3) if A is a subset of B, then DA ≥ DB. It also defines probabilistic distance between two sets A and B as another distribution function (FAB) and establishes some of its properties.
1) Los pasos para constituir legalmente una cooperativa incluyen solicitar el uso de la denominación ante la Secretaría de Economía, realizar una asamblea constitutiva para aprobar las bases constitutivas y elegir consejos y comisiones, y registrar la cooperativa ante el Registro Público de Comercio.
2) El Acta Constitutiva debe incluir datos generales, acuerdos de la asamblea como la aprobación de la idea y las bases constitutivas, y la elección de consejos y comisiones.
3) Las Bases Constitutivas deben cont
The document discusses things that one should never stop doing like searching, spring cleaning, and asking questions. It provides tips on passion, purpose, problems to solve, and spending time on hobbies and with good friends. It also advises cleaning out toxic social media friends and emails. The document cautions that no one can truly prepare for the future and to trust no one's predictions, instead favoring predictions from movies. Ultimately, it says to trust yourself.
The document discusses the evolution of Indian historiography from pre-colonial to post-colonial times. It notes that pre-colonial India had its own empires and kingdoms with unique histories that were often orally transmitted. The British introduced a more systematic documentation and chronology of Indian history when they colonized the country. Modern Indian historiography continues to develop, with recent themes including the role of social groups in anti-colonial resistance and the impact of politics on national, communal, and regional identities.
The document discusses several factors that contributed to the growth of Indian nationalism under British colonial rule:
1) Worldwide concepts of nationalism and self-determination inspired by the French Revolution.
2) The Indian Renaissance which exposed Indians to Western ideas and education.
3) Modernization initiated by the British unified India politically, economically, and through infrastructure but also made Indians aware of colonial contradictions.
4) Strong reaction against repressive British policies like the Vernacular Press Act and Arms Act fueled nationalist sentiment.
I. After independence in 1947, India adopted socialist policies inspired by the Soviet Union rather than capitalist America. Nehru set up inefficient public sector units and over-regulated private enterprise.
II. This led to slow growth, with per capita income falling behind China's. By the 1990s, half of Indians were poor and four in ten were illiterate.
III. Economic reforms began in 1991, deregulating business and encouraging foreign investment. This led to strong growth in the 1990s and a new sense of confidence and possibilities in India's economic future.
Gurcharan Das' book "India Unbound" analyzes why India failed to industrialize as rapidly as other countries despite having significant infrastructure and trade by 1914. Das argues that India's development strategy after independence of pursuing an inward-looking, state-led model of industrialization through massive public sector investments was flawed and led to inefficiency. An alternative strategy proposed by Bombay economists of focusing on labor-intensive small industries producing simple goods for domestic consumption and export may have been better suited to India's resources and needs. Additionally, Das discusses the impact of British colonial rule on India's development, noting it had positive and negative effects.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Contribution of Tribal Leaders of Malkangiri in Freedom Movement of Indiaijtsrd
Malkangiri is one of the most tribal dominated district of Odisha where their number is about 58 . Far from the urban glitz, these pure hearted creatures are the man of the movement. They won’t worry about their future. That phrase of Charbak, “Jabet Jibet Sukhim Bhabet, Rinam Kruttwa Ghruttam Pibet’’ still survives in their civilization. Primitive tribes like Bonda, Didayi and comparatively mainstream communities like Bhumia, Koya, Kandha, Paraja, Gadaba and all most all the 62 types tribes with small population are found in Malkangiri and Undivided Koraput districts. In this paper there is a humble attempt to discuss about the participation of Malkangiri in Freedom movement of India and various rebellions associated with this district. Mr. Arun Kumar Tripathy | Mrs. GVV Ranjitha "Contribution of Tribal Leaders of Malkangiri in Freedom Movement of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50678.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/other/50678/contribution-of-tribal-leaders-of-malkangiri-in-freedom-movement-of-india/mr-arun-kumar-tripathy
The document discusses a research study on the impact of a mining project in Jharkhand, India. It aims to understand the process of land acquisition from the perspective of project-affected people and locate it in the debate around development. The study uses qualitative methods like interviews and focus groups to understand the experiences of people who lost land to the mining project. Some key findings include state oppression in facilitating land acquisition, lack of alternate development models, and people's demand for fair compensation rather than being against development. The research aims to provide a localized understanding of development by capturing people's own narratives.
The document discusses various topics including:
1. Industry 4.0 and how it involves cyber-physical systems and the internet of things.
2. The location of Bharat Gold Mines in Karnataka, India.
3. The ancient Silk Road trade network between Asia, Africa and Europe.
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The Conquest of Nature-A Critique on Tackling the Problems Relating To It Soon After India’s Independence
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 12 ||December. 2015 || PP.16-18
www.ijhssi.org 16 | P a g e
The Conquest of Nature-A Critique on Tackling the Problems
Relating To It Soon After India’s Independence.
Dr Anuradha Jaiswal
Associate Professor, Dept.Of History, R.N.College, Hajipur.
ABSTRACT : During independence three quarters of the workforce was in agriculture, a sector which also
contributed close to 60% of India’s gross domestic product. There was a small but growing industrial sector,
which accounted for about 12% of the workforce, and 25% of G.D.P. There existed enormous variations in
agricultural practices across the subcontinent. These variations notwithstanding, everywhere in India
agriculture was largely empirical, based on knowledge and traditions passed down over the generations rather
than on innovative or scientific ideas. To the Indian nationalist, however continuity was merely a euphemism for
stagnation. Almost from the time the Congress was founded in 1885, Indian nationalism had charged the British
with exploitation of the peasantry. They had resolved that when power came to them, agrarian reform would be
at the top of the agenda. The socialist elements in the Indian National Congress pushed the organization to
commit itself to thoroughgoing land reform, as in the abolition of large holdings, the promotion of the security
of tenants and the redistribution of surplus land. Further if India had to be industrialized which model it should
follow? The Indian people had to choose whether they will come into closer contact with the outer world and
become responsive to its influences or remain secluded and indifferent. Action not sentiment had to be the
determining factor.
Keywords- Nationalist, Industrial, Biases, Gandhian, Centralized, Planning, Irrigation, Agrarian.
I. INTRODUCTION
The peasant was the backbone of the Indian nation, and of the Indian economy.1
There existed enormous
variations in agricultural practices across the subcontinent. There was a broad division between the wheat
regions of the north and west, where women generally did not participate in cultivation, and the rice regions of
the south and east. These variations notwithstanding, everywhere in India agriculture was largely empirical,
based on knowledge and traditions passed down over the generations, rather than on scientific ideas. Rural India
was pervaded by an air of timelessness. Peasants, shepherds, carpenters, weavers, all lived and worked as their
forefathers had done. As a survey of the 1940s put it, ‘ there is the same plainness of life, the same wrestling
with uncertainties of climate, and the same financial indebtedness. To the Indian nationalist, however continuity
was merely a euphemism for stagnation. Agricultural productivity was low, hence also levels of nutrition and
health. About the only thing that was rising was population growth. However as medical services expanded, the
death rate rapidly fell.
Almost from the time the Congress was founded in 1885, Indian nationalists had charged the British with
exploitation of the peasantry. Three programmes seemed critical. 2
The first was the abolition of land revenue.
The second was the massive expansion of irrigation, both to augment productivity and reduce dependence on the
monsoon. The third was the reform of the system of land tenure In north and east India, the British had
encouraged a system of absentee landlordism. The forms of exploitation were manifold and highly innovative.
The socialist elements in the Indian National Congress pushed the organization to commit itself to
thoroughgoing land reform, as in the abolition of large holdings, the promotion of the security of tenants and the
redistribution of surplus land. They also advocated an expansion in the provision of credit to overcome the
widespread problem of rural indebtedness.
Agrarian reform had to be accompanied by a spurt in industrial growth. In colonial times there had existed a
sharp divide between factories owned by British forms and those owned by Indians. Jute for instance was
largely in the hands of the foreigner, cotton textiles in the hands of the native. While some Indian capitalists
were studiously apolitical, others had been vigorous supporters of the Congress. They naturally hoped that when
freedom came, the biases would be reversed, placing foreign capitalists were studiously apolitical, others had
been vigorous supporters of the Congress. They naturally hoped that when freedom came, the biases would be
reversed, placing foreign capitalists at a disadvantage. The question was if India had to be industrialized, which
model should it
2. The conquest of nature-a critique on tackling the problems…
www.ijhssi.org 17 | P a g e
follow? Some nationalists wrote admiringly of the Soviet Union, and of the extraordinary use they have made of
modern scientific knowledge in solving their problems of poverty and want. Another much admired model was
Japan . Visiting that country during the First World War, the prominent Congress politician Lala Lajpat Rai
marvelled at the transformation it had undergone, moving from (agrarian) primitivism to civilization in a mere
fifty years.
In 1938 Congress set up a National Planning Commission, for prescribing a policy for economic development in
a soon to be free India. Chaired by Jawaharlal Nehru, the committee had some thirty members in all – those
divided almost equally between the worlds of science, industry and politics.3
From Japan and Russia, the
National Planning Commission took the lesson that countries that industrialized late had to depend crucially on
state intervention. This applied with even more force to India, whose economy had been distorted by two
centuries of colonial rule. In 1944, a group of leading industrialists issued what they called A Plan of Economic
Development for India (known as Bombay Plan) . However the spirit was all in favour of centralized planning
of the state occupying what was called the’ commanding heights’ of the economy. Thus the Constitution of
India directed the government to ensure that ‘the ownership and control of the material resources of the
community are so distributed as best to subserve the common good. In the summer of 1951 the Planning
Commission issued a draft of the first five-year plan. This focused on agriculture, the sector hardest hit by
Partition. Besides increasing food production, the other major emphases of the plan were on the development of
transport and communications, and the provision of
social services. Mahalanobis was among other things the man who brought modern statistics to India.4
A
government resolution of 1956 classified new industries into three categories. Class 1 would be the ‘exclusive
responsibility’ of the state, these included atomic energy, defense related industries, aircraft, iron and steel,
electricity generation and transmission, heavy electricals, telephones and coal and other key minerals. Class 11
would witness both public and private sector participation, which included the lesser minerals, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, fertilizers, pulp and paper, and road transport. Class111 consisted of all the remaining
industries, to be undertaken ordinarily through the initiative and enterprise of the private sector.
If Mahalonobis was the chief technician of Indian planning, then Nehru was its chief missionary. Nehru
believed that, in the Indian context, planning was much more than rational economics. It was good politics as
well. Nehru hoped that the new projects would be a solvent to dissolve the schisms of caste and religion,
community and region. On the economic side, Nehru singled out two activities as providing the ‘essential bases’
for planning, the production of power and the production of steel. At independence, India had only two steel
plants, both privately owned, which produced just over a million tonnes a year. This was inadequate for an
expanding economy, more so one that had committed itself to the building of heavy industries.5
The private
sector was barred from starting new enterprises in steel, which along with coal, shipbuilding, atomic energy and
aircraft production was deemed too important to be subject to the profit motive. The second plan had set a target
of 6 million tonnes of steel. The output was needed to provide inputes to other planned industries. But it was
also a way of promoting forced savings. The Indian government signed three separate agreements for the
construction of steel plants. The Germans would build one in Rourkela in Orissa, the Russians one in Bhilai in
Madhya Pradesh, the British one in Durgapur in West Bengal.
In the economic modernization of India, large dams occupied a rather special place. Indian intellectuals greatly
admired the Tennessee Valley Authority, the integrated project that was a cornerstone of Franklin Roosevelt’s
New Deal. 6
In the mid 1950s the political scientist Henry hart wrote a lyrical account of the transformation of
‘New India’s River’s. For Hart, these projects were ‘the greatest of the monuments of free India’ to them ‘men
and women come, in a pilgrimage growing season by season, to see for themselves the dams and canals and
power stations. The most prestigious was the Bhakra Nangal project in northern India. This project would
generate nearly a million kilowatts of electricity, while the water from the reservoir would irrigate 7.4 million
acres of land, this carried in canals for whose excavation 30 million cubic yards of mud and stone had to be
removed. This project was a form of compensation for the refugee farmers from west Punjab, a substitute for the
canal colonies they had left behind on the other side of the border.
In the push to industrialize India, a key role had to be played by technology and technologists. In an
underdeveloped country like India, science had to be made the handmaiden of economic progress, which
scientists devoting their work, for augmenting productivity and ending poverty. At the time of Indian
independence, a mere 0.1 percent of GNP was spent on scientific research. Within a decade the figure had
jumped to 0.5 percent, later it was to exceed 1 percent. Homi Bhabha founded and directed two major scientific
institutions. The first was the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay whose work, as its name
implies was aimed mostly at basic research. The second was the Atomic
3. The conquest of nature-a critique on tackling the problems…
www.ijhssi.org 18 | P a g e
Energy Commission, mandated to build and run India’s nuclear power plants. Many new engineering colleges
were also started. Five IITS were inaugurated between 1954 and 1964. The industrial bias of Indian planning
was tempered by a range of programmes promoting agrarian uplift. Assured irrigation and chemical fertilizers
increased agricultural productivity But they could not solve what was a fundamental problem of rural India,
inequality in access to land. Therefore, landless peasants were encouraged to settle in areas not previously under
the plough. In the first decade of independence, close to half a million hectares of land were colonized,
principally from material forests in the northern terai, the central Indian hills and the western Ghats.7
A second
way of tackling landlessness was to persuade large landholders to voluntarily give up land under their
possession. This was a method pioneered by Vinoba Bhave. A third way of ending landlessness was to use the
arm of the state. After Independence, the different states passed legislation abolishing the zamindari system,
which under the British, had bestowed effective rights of ownership to absentee landlords. The abolition of
zamindari freed up large areas of land for redistribution, while also freeing tenants from cesses and rents
previously exacted from them.8
After the end of zamindari, the state vested rights of ownership in their tenants.
However their well being would have required a second stage of land reforms, where ceilings would be placed
on holdings, and excess land handed over to the landless. This was a task that the government was unable or
unwilling to undertake. Even after a decade of planning, access to land
remained very unequal.9
Further the Gandhians had deep reservations about large dams. They thought them
costly and destructive of nature. But as Indians were soon finding out, dams were destructive of human
community too. By the early 1950s reports began appearing of the sufferings of those displaced by dams.
Conclusion
There was lot of critique relating to free-market, human capital as well as ecology. But at the time these notes of
dissent were scattered, and they were politically weak. There was then an overwhelming consensus in favour of
a heavy industry- oriented, star-supported model of development. This was a consensus’s among intellectuals,
no fewer than twenty –three of the twenty four economists asked to comment on the Mahalanobis plan agreed
with it in principle. This consensus was shared by large sections of the ruling class as well. In their Bombay plan
the leading industralists had asked for an ‘enlargement of the positive functions of the state’. They approvingly
quoted the Cambridge economist A.C.Pigou’s view that freedom and planning were entirely compatible. Indeed,
these big businessmen went so far as to state that the ‘ the distinction between capitalism and socialism has lost
much of its significance from a practical standpoint’.10
No economic organization can function effectively or
possess lasting qualities unless it accepts as its basis a judicious combination of the principles associated with
each school of thought. The economic integration of India is a consequence of its political integration. Greater
the movement of goods and capitals and people across India, the greater the sense of one’s own country. In the
first decade of independence, it was the public sector which dominated and furthered sense of unity. Andhras
laboured in steel plant in Bhilai and
lived alongside Punjabis and Gujrati’s.11
More recently it has been the private sector, ensuing profits as well as
furthering the process of national integration. Migration is not only in professional classes, but also like barbers
working in the city of Bangalore, come from UP, same way carpenters from Rajasthan. However economically
laggard states have been sinking deeper into provincialism and facing monetary hardships. Still since
independence efforts are going on to bridge economic disparity between states.
References
[1] Gyanendra Pandey, The Ascedancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh, 1926-34, A study in imperfect Mobilzation (Delhi:Oxford
University Press, 1978.
[2] J.K.Galbraith, ‘Rival Economic Theories in India’, Foreign Affairs, vol 36, no 4. 1958, p, 591.
[3] K.T.Shah, ‘Principles of National Planning’, in Iqbal Singh and Raja Rao, eds Whither India, Baroda, Padmaja Publications
1948.
[4] P.C Mahalanobis, ‘Draft Plan frame for the Second Five Year Plan’, Economic Weekly special issue, 18 June 1955.
[5] Ved Mehta, ‘Portrait of India’ pp.285-97. New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1970.
[6] Hanson, ‘Process of Planning’, pp. 128-30. Economic Weekly, 26th
January 1956.
[7] S.C Dube, ‘India’s Changing Villages’ (London: Rourkela and Kegan Paul, 1958), pp 157-63.
[8] Sunil Kulkarni, ‘The Idea of India’ (New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1997).
[9] S. Bhoothalingam, ‘Rourkela Steel Plant’, Indian Review, April 1956.
[10] W. Burns, ed, Sons of the Soil: Studies of the Indian Cultivator, 2nd
edn. ( Delhi: Manager of Publications, 1944), introduction.
[11] T.S. Epstein, ‘Economic Development and Social Change in South India’, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1962), esp.
pp 27-47.