The document discusses the evolution of the human resource management (HRM) function and managing human capital and knowledge. It traces the changing roles of HRM from welfare departments to strategic contributors that manage knowledge and human capital. It also discusses key challenges for HRM like employer branding, increasing legislation, and motivation/retention. For the tourism and hospitality industry specifically, it notes challenges like high labor turnover, poor training, and discrimination. The document emphasizes the importance of accurately measuring human capital and intellectual capital as drivers of competitive advantage. It also discusses concepts like empowerment, corporate culture, and the characteristics of service-based organizations.
Complete HRM Course work for Master of Engineering in Construction Management.
Lectures are delivered and compiled by Prof. Dr. Nafees Memon and (Sajjad & Mubeen).
Complete HRM Course work for Master of Engineering in Construction Management.
Lectures are delivered and compiled by Prof. Dr. Nafees Memon and (Sajjad & Mubeen).
A crisis can tear an organization down without any plan to combat its effects. Therefore, businesses and companies first and foremost create a crisis management plan that can tackle any nature of crisis; be it a natural disaster or a technical failure. Besides learning how to manage a crisis, the framework of the plan also tests the overall strength and strategic ability of the organization to respond. Equipping a team within the organization with specific crisis management skills will result in a faster and more efficient way to handle a real-time crisis as well as a smooth transition towards recovery.
A crisis can tear an organization down without any plan to combat its effects. Therefore, businesses and companies first and foremost create a crisis management plan that can tackle any nature of crisis; be it a natural disaster or a technical failure. Besides learning how to manage a crisis, the framework of the plan also tests the overall strength and strategic ability of the organization to respond. Equipping a team within the organization with specific crisis management skills will result in a faster and more efficient way to handle a real-time crisis as well as a smooth transition towards recovery.
Helps to know about concept and types of finance..........................................................................................................................
Chapter 5 Human capital managementLEARNING OUTCOMESOn complet.docxrobertad6
Chapter 5: Human capital management
LEARNING OUTCOMES
On completing this chapter you should be able to define these key concepts. You should also understand:
· The nature of human capital management
· The concept of human capital
· Characteristics of human capital
· Constituents of human capital
· Significance of human capital theory
· Importance of human capital measurement
· Reasons for interest in human capital measurement
· Approaches to measurement
· Measurement elements
· Factors affecting choice of measurement
· Criteria for HCM data for managers
Introduction
As defined by Baron and Armstrong (2007: 20), human capital management (HCM) is concerned with obtaining, analysing and reporting on data that inform the direction of value-adding people management, strategic, investment and operational decisions at corporate level and at the level of front-line management. It is, as emphasized by Kearns (2005), ultimately about value.
The nature of human capital management
The Accounting for People Task Force report (2003) stated that HCM involves the systematic analysis, measurement and evaluation of how people policies and practices create value. The report emphasized that HCM should be regarded as an approach to people management that deals with it as a high-level strategic issue rather than a matter to be left to HR. However, Wright and McMahan (2011: 102) warned that human capital should not be treated as a form of capital owned and controlled by the firm: ‘To do so would miss the complexity of the construct and continue to ignore the “human” in strategic HRM.’
The defining characteristic of HCM is the use of metrics to guide an approach to managing people that regards them as assets and emphasizes that competitive advantage is achieved by strategic investments in those assets through employee engagement and retention, talent management and learning and development programmes. HCM relates HR strategy to business strategy. The concept of HCM is underpinned by the concept of human capital, as explained below.
The concept of human capital
Adam Smith, cited by Schultz (1981: 140), originated the idea of human capital (like so many other economic concepts) when he wrote that: ‘The acquired wealth of nations derives from the acquired abilities of people – their education, experience, skills and health.’ Individuals generate, retain and use knowledge and skill (human capital) and create intellectual capital. Their knowledge is enhanced by the interactions between them (social capital) and generates the institutionalized knowledge possessed by an organization (organizational capital). This concept of human capital is explained below.
Human capital defined
Human capital consists of the knowledge, skills and abilities of the people employed in an organization. As Wright and McMahan (2011: 101) explained:
Each individual in the organization has characteristics that comprise human capital. He/she also engages in the processing of information, interpr.
This assignment look at the role of HR within Tescos supermarkets and further looks at how this role could be improved to better-meet the organisations objectives.
Human Resource Accounting is very important topic and following presentation is a brief out of what actually goes into human resource accounting. Human Resource is considered to be an Asset of the firm and hence computing its value and showing it in the balance sheet is also important. That is why Human Resource Accounting came into being and is being widely used.
This lecture is prepared for the teaching learning process purpose in Bahir Dar University, College of Business and Economics, Department of Management.
The changing face of the Hrm function presentation
1. The Changing Face of the
HRM Function
A Strategic Contributor to Industry
in Managing Knowledge
2. Faces
The Welfare department
The Personnel Department
The Human Resource Department
The Learning Organisation
Managing Knowledge
Managing Human Capital
3. An increase in a person’s self-actualisation increases the
chances of enhaning another’s self actualisation in a
virtuous circle, but this depends on providing satisfaction of
their physical, safety and social needs for the development
of the higher order needs to occur. This development will
not occur if organisations create lousy jobs and Maslow
recognised that large organisations in particular end up
with many lousy jobs (Salazar,2000)
4. Key Challenges
Employer Branding
CSR
Increasing Legislation
Equal opportunities Vs Managing Diversity
Recruitment and Selection
Training and Development
Empowerment
Motivation and Retention
Total Reward
Any Others?
5. Challanges in tourism & hospitality
Complexity of the situation
Immediate response to customers’ needs
Avoiding lost opportunities
Organising work hours
Dealing with part-time and casual workers
Controlling costs of labour and labour
turnover
6. Issues Facing Tourism and
Hospitality
Lower Quartile Salaries
High Labour Turnover
Zero Contract Hours
Poor training and development
Discrimination
Any Others?
8. Since value in today’s economy is
increasingly driven by employees as
opposed to hard assets , managing
employes and their ideas is now a
cornerstone of competative advantage
(Zimmerman,E. (2001)
To effectively manage these value-driving
elements, organisations must be able to
accurately measure them.
9. Capital
The term ‘capital’ is rarely defined in and of
itself, and existing definitions are vague.In the
economic view it is ‘something owned which
provides ongoing services’ and is ’normally
summed in units of money’(Econterms,2004)
Human capital(HC) has many definitions. Some
define HC as a ‘commercially valuable
skill?(Marcus,Ippolito,& Zhang,1998.) or the
‘attributes of a person or people that are
productive in some economic context’
(Econterms, 2004).
10. Others have defined HC as ‘the KSAs
(Knowledge, skills and abilities) required
for a particular job, which an employee
generates through education, training, and
experience’ (Sturman,2001) or the time,
personal skills, capabilities, experiences,
and knowledge of the individual’
(Sustainable Development Indicator
Group, 1996)
11.
12. Intellectual Capital
Intellectual capital covers many intangible
elements related to an organisation’s ability to
create value, and has three components:
Structual, customer, and human capital.
Structual capital deals largely with the
technological side of the organisation, including
hardware, software, databases, patents,
trademarks, customer support systems,
everything else that supports productivity.
13. The results of organisational learning that
has become part of a firm’s operations and
would continue to exist independent of
various employees departure.(Edvinsson
& Malone 1997)
14. Customer capital
The contributions that customers make to
service delivery, experience and
consumption processes, and to the bottom
line of an organisation, calculated as the
worth of a company’s relationship with its
customers (Caplan & Norton 2004)
15. Human Capital
Most difficult component to define, includes
company’s values, culture & philosophy which
would cease to exist without employees.
In short human capital is the sum of all human
capabilities that support the org’s objectives &
strategies and that can respond to market
fluctuations. (Brooking 1996)
16. Human Capital
Lev & Schwartz Model 1999 March
The evaluation is based on the present value of the
future earnings of the employees and on the
following assumptions:
•Direct and indirect benefits earned both in India
and abroad.
•Incremental earnings are based on group age.
•Future earnings have been discounted at 25.32%
which is being cost of capital for Infosys.
17. Human Capital
Accounting Model
Accounting model formula:
Vr = ΣT(t=r) I(t)/(1+r)t-r
Vr=the human capital value of a person
“r” years old
l(t)= the person’s annual earnings up to retirement
r = a discount rate specific to the person
T = retirement age
18. Historical developments of human
capital
Surfaced in the late 50s, and was described by
Theodore schultz(1960) as
All those human capacities, developed by education, that
can be used productively –the capacity to deal with
abstractions, to recognise and adhere to rules, to use
language at a high level. Human capital, like other forms
of capital, accumulates over generations; it is a thing that
parents `give’ to their children through their upbringing,
and that children then successfuly deploy in school,
allowing them to bequeath more human capital to their
own children.(Traub,2000, p.46)
19. This macro-level construct was first applied to
labour economies and population and family
studies.
Then sophisticated models connected macro-
level to its micro-level counterpart.
In this duel-level construct. ‘aggregate
accumulation of human capital is a factor in
generating aggregate economic growth, while
individual accumulation is the process that
generates individual growth’(Mincer,1997,)
20. After establishing that macro-level human capital
affects income distribution, and micro-level
human capital affects individual’s wages,
research progressed further by exploring the
organisational level
Though not represented on financial and
accounting statements, the effects of human
capital grew so large for publicy traded firms that
they could not be ignored.
21. Book and Market Value of an Organisation
Human capital’s financial importance became
evident in the widening gap between book and
market value of firms, during the technological
revolution.
Researchers began to give more credence to
non financial, intangible sources of competative
advantage possesed by these firms that affected
what individuals were willing to pay for partial
ownership.
23. Human Capital
One such study on hospitality compensation
compared the levels of HC found in various
economic sectors & industries.
Using the macro level variables to calculate HC,
the study found that hospitality Orgs:-
(1) Had the lowest level of HC of all industries
studied,&
(2) On average, required individuals with lower
levels of HC than that found in people in other
industries.(Sturman,2001)
24. Human Capital
Who should measure it:-
Despite its importance, many HR professionals hesitate
to deal with human capital or calculate its monetary
value.
Common reasons for evading human capital valuation
include
(1) HR professionals chose an HR career to avoid dealing
with numbers.
(2) They fear the unknown/ or discovering that their HR
programmes might be ineffective
(3) Measuring human capital is the same as placing a
dollar value on individual employees which is believed
to be distaseful
25. Human Capital
They argue that certain employee
attributes are highly valuable to hospitality
org’s regardless of ‘intellectual’ magnitude,
and these attributes constitute hospitality-
specific human capital (HHC)
Other attributes than intellect `customer’
service orientation’ are necessary to
deliver a high-quality hospitality product to
the customer.
26.
27. Characteristics of service-based
organisations in tourism &
Hospitality
Manufacturing is about things and service
is about people
Services are provided direct to the
customer
Services are intangible
Quality is defined by the customers
perceptions
28. Empowerment
Senge:- defines empowerment as
persuading employees to take total
responsibility for their own job satisfaction
Schein:- empowerment represents an
attempt to establish moral involvement…
which means that the person intrinsically
values the mission of the org and their job,
and is personally involved and identifies
with the org
29. Facets of empowerment
Giving employees more authority to make the
decisions about their immediate tasks can
increase org’s effectiveness, and improve
employe satisfaction.
In service industries (e.g. tourism &
hospitality)=concern to gain competative
advantage through improved service
quality(Gardner)
Emotional involvement=Marriot ‘It takes happy
employees to make happy customers’
30. Leadership and empowerment (1)
HRM strategy- cascading downstream
(storey)
Empowerment of General Managers and
staff (Novotel)
Treating the customers as a personal
guest is an appeal to these emotions of
hospitality that a worker might use in a
private context (Novotel)
31. Leadership and empowerment (2)
Likert: most effective leaders are those not
just concerned with production but have
complete confidence and trust in
subordinates, allow subordinates to make
decisions, motivate by matually agreed
goals and shared ideas and opinions.
Most effective leaders appeal to emotional
response from subordinates.
32. Marriot Hotels-Training
Empowerment = developing quality of the
service = giving staff confidence to make
decisions, large or small, that impact on
the guest’s stay
40-60hrs per employee
Develop sense of empathy to customer
experiences in the staff
Benefits in two dimensions: employee &
customer
33. Harvester Restaurants –
Autonomous work groups
Each restaurant is organised around
teams – bar, restaurant & kitchen
Each team has its own responsibilities
Approach required total commitment from
senior managers
Benefits: lower turnover, quicker responce
to change, increase in sales, lower level of
guest complaints
34. Delegation Vs Empowerment
Delegation in traditional management
model,Limitation of this approach: assigning
authority does not mean that someone has the
ability, motivation, and understanding necessary
to perform.
Empowerment = core concept of the new
management model. Empowerment and
ownership are social aspects of organising,they
are based on efficacy and initiative, and not just
roles and requirements. They belong to people
35. Conclusion
Empowerment makes greater use of knowledge
and abilities of the workforce, it encourages
team working and it can aid the sucessful
implementation of change programmes.
In the service sector empowerment is often seen
as a way to gain competatative advantage but
the true potential is broader.
In order to be successful it requires a clear
vision, a learning environment both from
management and employees and participation
and implementation techniques.
36. Corporate Culture
“Customer-obsession is a prerequisite for
creating customer delight.”
“In God we trust; everyone else must
come with data.”
“We would first like to be known as decent,
honest, and trustworthy people and then
as smart people.”
37. “One should be humble, have respect for
competitors and a healthy sense of
paranoia, else we will disappear like dew
on a sunny morning.”
“The softest pillow is a clear conscience.”
“When in doubt, disclose.”
Corporate Culture