Globalization has impacted industries, employers, and employees in several ways. It has increased economic independence among nations and the flow of capital, information, and technology across borders. Employers have responded by moving production overseas to reduce costs, outsourcing work, and increasing temporary and part-time positions. They have also pushed to decentralize collective bargaining and make labor markets more flexible. As a result, traditional human resource management has been challenged, with fewer permanent positions and more alternative work arrangements.