The brain
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The document discusses the main parts and functions of the human brain. It explains that the brain controls and regulates all information in the central nervous system. It then lists the brain's main functions as processing sensory information, controlling responses and memory, reasoning, and higher cognitive functions. The document further breaks down the main parts of the brain, including the brain stem which controls vital functions, the hypothalamus which helps control behaviors and stimuli selection, the cerebellum which processes balance and coordinates movement, and the cerebrum, the largest part and most important region of the brain.
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Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
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1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
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By: M. Thiru murugan
Unit – 11:
Types of nerves- structure and functions
Brain and cranial nerves.
Spinal cord and motor and sensory pathways of the spinal cord, autonomic nervous system.
Nervous system:
Nervous system is one of vital system in our body which control and coordinate all the functions of body parts.
Classification:
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
1. Central nervous system (CNS): brain and spinal cord
2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Somatic nervous System & Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Central Nervous System (CNS):
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind.
It consists of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord.
The brain is the center of our thoughts, the interpreter of our external environment, and the origin of control over body movement.
It interprets information from our special senses, as well as from internal organs
Meninges:
The coverings of brain and spinal cord are called meninge.
There are 3 layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Dura (outer layer)
Arachnoid (middle layer)
Pia matter (inner layer)
Dura mater: The tough outer layer is called the dura mater. protect the central nervous system.
Arachnoid: The middle layer is the arachnoid, It contains cerebrospinal fluid, which acts to cushion the brain
Pia matter: the innermost layer of the meninges, the pia mater closely covers the brain.
Brain:
Introduction:
The brain is a complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch, motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every process that regulates our body.
the brain and spinal cord Together make up the central nervous system, or CNS
The brain receives information through our five senses: sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing - often many at one time
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The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Cerebrum (telencephalon or endbrain): is the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres. It performs higher functions like interpreting touch, vision and hearing, as well as speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine control of movement.
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Brainstem: consist midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata acts as a relay center connecting the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord.
Functions such as breathing, heart rate, body temperature, wake and sleep cycles, digestion, sneezing, coughing, vomiting, and swallowing.
Lobes of the brain:
Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
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The human brain contains over 100 billion neurons that form over 100 trillion connections. Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals to control functions like movement, thinking, senses, and language. The cerebrum is divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal - each controlling different functions like planning, senses, vision, and memory. Deeper brain structures like the brainstem regulate vital functions, while the cerebellum coordinates movement. Overall, the brain's complex network of neurons allows for intricate cognitive and physical processes.
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The central nervous system is composed of two major interconnected organs - the brain and spinal cord. The brain, located in the cranial cavity, serves as the main control center. It is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain includes the cerebrum and diencephalon. The cerebrum is the largest part and controls voluntary activities. The midbrain relays sensory and motor information. The hindbrain includes the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata, and controls vital functions like breathing and heart rate. Together, the brain and spinal cord integrate sensory information and coordinate the body's motor responses.
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This document discusses basic electrical concepts including:
- Electrical circuits consist of basic elements like current, potential difference, and resistance. Ohm's law relates these factors.
- Current is the flow of electrons measured in amperes. Potential difference (voltage) is the energy given to electrons measured in volts.
- Resistance depends on a material's ability to prevent electron flow and is calculated using resistance equals voltage divided by current.
- Circuits can be connected in series or parallel, affecting how voltage, current, and resistance are distributed.
- Power, measured in watts, is the rate of electrical energy transfer based on voltage and current. Common units like kilowatt-hours are used to measure electrical
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Constructing effective vaccines requires extensive research and testing. Scientists must identify the antigens that trigger an immune response to a specific pathogen. They then formulate vaccines that contain weakened or dead parts of the pathogen to induce immunity without causing disease. The final vaccine must go through rigorous clinical trials to prove it is safe and effective before being approved for public use.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is a branch of molecular biology that allows manipulation of an organism's genome. Common practices include eliminating harmful genes, introducing healthy genes, and modifying genes. The process involves isolating the gene of interest using restriction enzymes, inserting the gene into a cloning vector like a bacterial plasmid, locating host cells containing the gene, and cloning those cells to produce the gene product. For example, the human insulin gene can be cloned into bacteria to produce insulin in large quantities at low cost for treatment of diabetes.
The process of genetic engineering in detail
Genetic engineering allows manipulation of a genome by introducing, eliminating, or modifying genes. The main steps are: 1) Isolating the gene of interest using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments; 2) Inserting the gene into a bacterial plasmid using recombinant DNA techniques; 3) Detecting colonies containing the inserted gene through tests or hybridization; 4) Cloning the bacteria to produce many copies containing the gene.
Tarea de birth control
The document compares the benefits and limitations of 5 birth control methods: condoms, birth control pills, IUDs, diaphragms, and vaginal rings. It provides details on the effectiveness, proper usage, and potential side effects of each short-term and long-term method. Condoms are highly effective but must be used with each sex act. The pill is over 99% effective but must be taken daily and can cause side effects. IUDs are also very effective long-term methods but may cause cramps or heavier periods. Diaphragms require fitting and spermicide but are 94% effective. Vaginal rings are convenient but can also cause side effects like bleeding between periods.
Condom
This document summarizes different birth control methods, including their effectiveness rates and key characteristics. It discusses condoms as a 99% effective short-term method for males. It describes the pill as a 99.99% effective long-term method for females that must be taken daily without missing doses. The day after pill is outlined as a 99% effective short-term option for females to be taken within 1-48 hours. IUDs are summarized as over 99.99999% effective long-term devices inserted by a doctor. Vasectomies are defined as a 100% effective long-term reversible option for males requiring a doctor.
Lorenzo’s oil (1)
The document discusses human sex determination and inheritance. It notes that females have two X chromosomes (XX) while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). Some examples of sex-linked traits and diseases are also provided, such as hemophilia and color blindness. Rare genetic diseases like adrenoleukodystrophy are also summarized, including signs and symptoms as well as inheritance patterns for X-linked traits.
Lorenzo´s oil
The document discusses a rare genetic disease called adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). ALD is caused by an abnormal buildup of fatty acids in the central nervous system, which damages myelin and causes neurological problems. It is an X-linked recessive disease that often leads to death. ALD affects males almost exclusively and a carrier mother has a 25% chance of passing the disease to a son.
Lorenzo´s oil
This document discusses sex determination and inheritance. It notes that sex is determined by heterochromosomes (sex chromosomes) which are either XX in females or XY in males. It describes Klinefelter syndrome, which is a genetic condition where males have an extra X chromosome (XXY). The document also discusses sex-linked inheritance of traits located on the X chromosome, such as hemophilia and color blindness, which can be passed from fathers to sons. It provides brief descriptions of adrenoleukodystrophy, fatty acids, myelin, and hemophilia.
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The brain
- 1. THE BRAIN Javier Ayala de Miguel nº1 Daniel Casado Faulí nº 4 Enrique Reina Gutiérrez nº 22
- 2. THE BRAIN is the part that controls and regulates all the information that goes all around the body in the CNS.
- 3. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN • • • • To process information from sensory neurons To work out responses and commands for effector organs To regulate functions of every part of the nervous system To control higher nerve functions like memory, reasoning, intelligence, conscience and will.
- 4. THE PARTS OF THE BRAIN • - The brain stem • This is where the brain connects with the spinal cord. The nerves from the brain crossover in the brain stem so that the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and vice versa. The brain stem control vital functions like the heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing and motor control.
- 5. • The hypothalamus • This is the area of the brain between the brainstem and the cerebrum. It helps control sleep patterns, body temperature, thirst, hunger, visual and auditory reflexes, communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain, and the selection of stimuli which are send to the brain.
- 6. • The cerebellum • The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain. It has grey matter on the outside and white matter on the inside. It is responsible for processing information from the ear related to balance. It coordinates motor impulses from the brain so that movements are precise.
- 7. • The cerebrum The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and the most important. Part of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex.