Vaginal Progesterone Reduces Preterm Birth Risk

The Birth Of Preterm Birth
VAGINAL PROGESTERONE IN WOMEN WITH AN ASYMPTOMATIC SONOGRAPHIC
SHORT CERVIX IN THE MIDTRIMESTER DECREASES PRETERM DELIVERY AND
NEONATAL MORBIDITY
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR
NURS 5605– FAMILY HEALTH NURSING II
TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY
SHEENA THOMAS, BSN, RN
TWU
COLLEGE OF NURSING HOUSTON, TX JULY 22, 2015
In maternal–child health in the United States and feasibly throughout the world, preterm birth is
currently the most important problem and is the most significant challenge to modern obstetrics.
According to the World Health Organization, a preterm birth is defined as birth before 37 completed
weeks of gestation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014) estimated that 1 in 9
infants born in United States are preterm babies. Preterm–related reasons of death together
accounted for 35% of all infant deaths in 2010, more than any other single cause. Preterm birth is
also a foremost cause of long–term neurological disabilities in children. Preterm birth costs the U.S.
health care system more than $26 billion in 2005 (CDC, 2014). Preterm birth is a condition triggered
by several etiologies, one of which is a drop in progesterone action, which makes cervical ripening.
A sonographic short cervix (identified in the midtrimester) is a dominant forecaster of spontaneous
preterm
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Cancer Of Cervix Essay
Gynaec Oncology
Cancer of Cervix
If your loved one or you is diagnosed with or may think that you have cervical cancer, the cancer of
cervix team at Radium Cancer Hospital is here to treat you. We hold internationally recognized
physicians who are dedicated to offer compassionate care, treatment, support and personalized
diagnosis for patients suffering with cervical cancer or any member in your family.
Radium Cancer Hospital offers exceptional care by
 Leading gynaec oncology specialists serve you in diagnosis and treatment.
 Through our world class Pap smear evaluation center, systematic Pap smear assessment and
management is carried out for all patients.
 Specialised care, radiation treatments, tissue biopsy, etc is.
Cancer of Ovary and Fallopian Tube
The advancement of medicines and technology is reflected in ovarian cancer, which it would be no
longer considered as a type of cancer. Ovarian Cancer has several types and identifying it exactly
requires the skill of experienced physicians. Radium Cancer Hospital holds highly skilled
pathologists, experienced in making correct diagnosis to treat the particular type of cancer. Here is
why, it is necessary to select a renowned cancer team dedicated to treat all types of ovarian cancer.
We are one of the leading women's cancer centers in India. Our researchers and pathologists are
capable in diagnosing ovarian cancers that includes epithelial, germ cell, primary peritoneal
carcinoma, and sex cord stromal.
Cancer of

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) is defined as sudden death of an infant less than 1 year of
age that is unexplained by history, and unexplained by postmortem explanation including an autopsy
(Hunt, &Hauck, 2006). SIDS is the leading cause of death within the first year of life in the
developed world (Vennenman et al., 2009). In the west, the yearly incidence of sudden death is 1.3–
7.5 per 100,000 in the pediatric population beyond infancy (Mei–Hwan, 2010). In order to find a
correlation between SIDS and breastfeeding, a German study was conducted. The study concluded
that exclusive breastfeeding was correlated with reduction in SIDS rather than partial feeding, which
on its own was associated with decrease in SIDS compared to not breastfeeding.

The Birth Of Preterm Births Essay
Regardless of healthcare and medical advances, birth outcome disparities continue to exist in the
United States. In 2014, 1 out of 10 infant births were premature, correlating to over 380,000 infants
born prematurely (Health 2016). The current national average for infant births before 37 weeks is
9.6% (Services 2010). Premature birth is identified as a birth that occurs before the 37– week
gestation. During the preterm period, infants are placed at a high risk of death and developing
disabilities that may cause permanent handicap. Mothers that give birth preterm may partake in
risky behaviors such as smoking and drug usage, lack proper nutrition, and are burdened financially.
Maternal education intervention programs centered around the Health Belief Model may have a
positive impact on maternal care and prevent premature birth. Background Despite countless
medical advancements and technology, preterm births continue to plague the nation as a public
health issue. Preterm births have become a devastating issue that has caused government agencies to
intervene. There are a variety of risk factors that may contribute to a mother delivering a child
preterm, such as smoking, lack of prenatal supplements, and social disadvantages, which may cause
severe stress (Räisänen S., M. Gissler , J. Saari, M. Kramer, & S. Heinonen S 2013). Any
combination of these risk factors may increase a mother's chance for delivering a child preterm.
During the preterm period, infants are placed at a

The Female Body Is Always Growing And Changing As A Woman...
The female body is always growing and changing as a woman ages. From the time she is born to her
reproductive system evolving, getting her first menstrual cycle and having to worry about getting
sexually related dieses. A woman's body is constantly adjusting and adapting as it grows. Through
all the years of science most of the female body and how it works is still unknown today. The female
body is a beautiful mystery.
The female reproductive system consists of both external and internal genitals. Of all the parts that
make up the reproductive system the main two parts are the uterus, which holds and develops the
fetus and the ovaries, which are two cavities that hold the woman's eggs. The ovaries can produce
and hold anywhere from 40,000 eggs to 400,000 eggs each. The body then begins a process called
ovulation at which the ovary releases an egg through what are called fallopian tubes or canals into
the uterus. The egg then attaches to the uterus lining called the endometrium, which nourishes the
egg during and through pregnancy. While the egg makes its journey through the fallopian tubes it
can either be fertilized by the male sperm or not. If the egg does not get fertilized then it is expelled
through the vagina in a process called menstruation. "The vagina is a hollow, tunnel–like structure
of the female internal genitalia whose reproductive functions are to receive the penis and its
ejaculate, serve as a route of exit for the newborn, and provide an exit for

The Truth About Premature Babies
One in every ten babies are premature, but what are premature babies? A premature baby is a baby
who is not in the mother full term, meaning it was born before the 37th week of pregnancy. A
preemie baby's vital organs have not had the necessary final weeks in the womb to develop fully and
healthily. Premature births are the leading cause in death in children younger than five. Doctors have
discovered brain mapping premature babies' brains to prevent or notice further development
problems. Dr. Steven P. Miller of the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Canada researched
premature babies that where admitted to the Intensive Care Unit. He and his team brain mapped and
scanned for lesions using an MRI and found that the babies would

Case Study On Vaginal Agenesis
Case study report draft
Kahee Lee 5838008
Introduction:
Vaginal agenesis is a rare case that got in Bhumibol hospital at OR.5, the plastic surgery ward. It is
congenital malformation in female reproductive tract. Congenital means "presence at birth", and
agenesis means "failure to develop" or "absence of". It occurs in 1 out of every 4,000–10,000
women and began in very early stage of development of reproductive system of fetus while in
mother's uterus.
This report contains and is focused on pathophysiology, etiology, treatments, operations and nursing
interventions on vaginal agenesis, which is based on the case I was given,
Case information:
16 years old, Thai girl who's admitted on 24/Oct/2016 was presenting congenital absence of vagina,
diagnosed with vaginal agenesis. 1years ago, she seek for medical care about her abdominal pain
with the diagnosis of uterine synerchia and got the operation. Since then, doctor founded that there's
no presence of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intermittent self–dilation: Dilators (a very small tube) are required to stretch and expansion of the
skin in the vaginal entrance once or twice a day by applying pressure on vagina for 15 to 20 minutes
to create vaginal canal. As the enlarging of vagina achieved, an increased in size dilators are
required. It is easier after a bath when the skin is soft and works best for girls who have dimples in
the area. As it is a time consuming method, the treatment will be completed less than on month to a
over year. Furthermore, regular dilation and/or sexual intercourse can help to maintain a functioning
vagina.
Surgical: surgical treatments of Abbe–Mclndoe Method, or skin grafts and creates vagina using
skins.
This procedure has to be delayed until the patient reach the puberty in order for non–surgical
treatment to be tried first. Otherwise, the surgical creation of vagina during childhood will have poor

Cervix Research Paper
The cervix is the lower neck of the uterus which connects to the vagina. The cervix has a small
opening which increases in size during childbirth. This opening also allows blood to leave a
woman's body during menstruation. Some problems and disorders may arise in the cervical area for
various reasons. Your healthcare provider may perform a Pap test during your well–woman
examination or regular health checkup in order to check for changes in the cells.
Cervical problems include:
Cervical cancer
Cervical incompetence – this can happen during pregnancy when the cervix begins to dilate much
sooner than the baby is due.
Cervicitis – Inflammation of the cervix, usually caused by an infection.
Cervical cysts and polyps – abnormal growths.
If you are facing any of the above issues, you may be interested in finding natural alternatives to
conventional medicine. Below you will find 10 herbs that are recognized to nourish the cervix ...
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Resveratrol
This herb is a dietary polyphenol which is extracted from grapes, peanuts, berries and various other
plants. This herb is shown to reduce proliferation of human tumor cells in vitro. Grapes are an
excellent source of resveratrol and other anti–cancerous properties. This property is even found in
cocoa and dark chocolate!
6. Rosemary
The compounds known as carnosic acid and rosmarinic acid in the herb rosemary have been shown
to impede the production of several human tumor cell lines. This herb can be used when cooking
however, it is best consumed fresh. This herb is also readily available as an essential oil. Research
indicates that by regularly adding rosemary to your daily life can help reduce your cancer risk.
7. Snow Fungus
This white, virtually translucent fungus has been shown to have an anti–cancerous effect. In
addition, this fungus helps prepare the cervix and uterus for radiation treatments, which helps
improve the effectiveness of such treatment. This herb is often used in traditional Asian soups.
8.

Cervical cerclage
Cervical cerclage is a term refers to the treatment of cervical incompetency or cervical insufficiency,
during pregnancy the cervix begins to shorten and open too early cause premature birth or late
miscarriage. The weakening of the cervix occurs as a result of cone biopsy or loop electrosurgical
excision procedure that had been previously performed on the pregnant patient, a history of
miscarriages that occurred in the second–trimester or when damage to the cervix by pregnancy
termination is done. The best time to have cervical cerclage procedure done is at 12– 14 weeks in
the third month of pregnancy or later when the cervix shortens or opens. Future pregnancies will
probably require the cervical cerclage procedure done.

Pelvic Exam Essay
Pelvic Exam
A pelvic exam is an exam of a woman's outer and inner genitals and reproductive organs. Pelvic
exams are done to screen for health problems and to help prevent health problems from developing.
You should start having pelvic exams when you turn 21 years old, unless your health care provider
recommends having a pelvic exam earlier. Talk with your health care provider about how often you
should have a pelvic exam.
During your pelvic exam, your health care provider may ask you questions about your health, your
family's health, your menstrual periods, immunizations, and your sexual activity. The information
shared between you and your health care provider will not be shared with anyone else.
WHAT ARE SOME REASONS TO HAVE A PELVIC ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your health care provider may feel your breasts to check for abnormalities.
An exam of your abdomen. Your health care provider may press on your abdomen to check for
abnormalities.
Pelvic exams may vary among health care providers and hospitals. The following things are usually
done during a pelvic exam:
You will remove your clothes from the waist down. You will put on a gown or a wrap to cover
yourself while you get ready for the exam.
You will lie on your back on a special table. Your feet will be placed into foot rests (stirrups) so that
your legs are wide apart and your knees are bent. A drape will be placed over your abdomen and
your legs.
Your health care provider will examine your outer genitals to check for anything unusual. This
includes your clitoris, urethra, vaginal opening, labia, and the skin between your vagina and your
anus (perineum).
Your health care provider will examine your inner genitals. To do this, a lubricated instrument
(speculum) will be inserted into your vagina. The speculum will be widened to open the walls of
your vagina.
○ Your health care provider will examine your vagina and cervix.
○ A Pap test, cervical biopsy, or cultures may be done, as

An Holistic Impact A Premature Baby Within The Neonatal...
Throughout this essay I will be discussing the holistic impact a premature baby within the neonatal
units has on not only the child but also the immediate family. There are many health issues which
can affect the child but also other issues including attachment to the mother which can also have a
long–term effect on the child. This can also influence the family as there may be financial
implications on the family due to these extra unexpected costs. Throughout this essay I will be
discussing these topics in detail. The health issue which I have chosen is the health of premature
babies who are within the care of the neonatal units. I chose this topic as it something which has
interested me for a long time as throughout the years of my research I have noticed a trend within
preterm babies and their survival rate which is something I would like to see change. "In babies born
preterm, the chance of survival at less than 23 weeks is close to zero, while at 23 weeks it is 15%, at
24 weeks 55% and at 25 weeks about 80%." (Tommy's 2016). Furthermore, I also chose this topic
due to my own experiences within a neonatal unit and seeing how it affected my health and my own
family's life throughout my time within there. Furthermore, the multi–agency working within this
unit and how everyone involved with the child is something what interests me as it is vital that the
mother feels supported throughout this period. "Good team working is in the interests of the woman
or baby (Nursing and

Premature Babies And The Obstacles Involved
Premature Babies And the obstacles involved As a father who has personally experienced the
struggles and hardships of having a premature child, I feel like giving you information on this
subject is a lot easier for me to share than most things. I will preface by sharing my son 's
experience; he was born at 26 weeks gestation, weighing 2 pounds, 6 ounces, and spent more than
three months in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) that was available in Columbus, Georgia.
A large amount of families with infants in the NICU asks what the outlook for babies born earlier
than 28 weeks might be? Less than 1 percent of babies in this country are born this early (earlier
than 28 weeks), but these babies have the most complications despite great technological advances
in medicine today. Premature children born at an extremely low birth weight (less than 2 pounds, 3
ounces) almost always require treatment with oxygen, surfactant, and mechanical assistance to help
them breathe (even if for a short period of time until they can breathe on their own without
assistance). These babies are too immature to suck, swallow, and breathe at the same time, so they
must be fed through a vein (intravenously) until they develop these skills to do so. They often can
not cry (or you can 't hear them due to the tube in their throat causing a kitten–like groan), and sleep
most of the day to allow for growth and development outside of being in the womb. These tiny
babies have little muscle tone,

Prenatal Care and Preterm Births Essay
Prenatal Care and Preterm Births
In the last 20 years the hopes of survival for neonates have seen significant increase, almost all of
the causes of perinatal mortality and morbidity have decreased. There is only one threat unmoved,
still standing above the rest– Preterm birth. Prematurity or preterm birth is defined as the birth of
any child between 20–37 weeks of gestation. Delivery prior to 20 weeks of gestation is considered a
Natural abortion.1 The survival rate of low birth weight infants has significantly increased from 15–
80% in the last 20 years. However, the incidence of prematurity has not seen any change, neither
decrease nor increase. Currently the average incidence is 10–11%.1
There are noticeable sex and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main reason that the incidence has remained static is that there has been no clear definition of
the chain of events that result in pre–term birth. Without an understanding of how it happens, there
can be no way of stopping the process, and further, of stopping the process once it has begun being
that there is no way of knowing exactly at what stage it is. There has recently been a strong theory
proposed which needs to be given more attention, the prostaglandin theory. Briefly, pro–
inflammatory cytokines and other immunomodulatory proteins produced by either overt or sub–
clinical infection stimulate prostaglandin synthesis and release. This ultimately induces the synthesis
and release of metalloproteases, which bring on cervical ripening and membrane weakening and
rupture. 4 The increased survival rate with a static incidence means that there are more people with
problems in society, more NICU's being filled, more families are having to learn to live with
someone that is handicapped, more problems arise with health care funding as more people have
chronic health problems, and with a little creativity and a careful eye, the rest of this paper could be
a list of the problems that are arising. Some known morbidities of preterm birth include Cerebral
Palsy, ADHD, growth retardation, respiratory distress syndrom, decreased cognitive ability,
decreased academic skills, decreased visual and gross motor

Health screening – Cervix
Dr Aisha Bhaiyat
In countries such as Canada and the UK, women are routinely invited to have cervical screening.
The aim of these screening programs is to prevent cervical cancer. Such screening programs do not
exist in Kuwait. However, cervical screening is available. So why do I recommend that all women
over the age of 20 should consider having cervical screening?
Cervical cancer is a disease that mainly affects women in their 30's and 40's. Occasionally, it can
affect those that are older or younger. Most importantly, this is a cancer that is preventable. Unlike
many other cancer screenings, cervical screening looks for changes in the cells that may lead to
cancer and not for the actual cancer itself. Cervical cancer is one of very few cancers that can be
detected and stopped before it even begins. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A hole, known as the cervical canal, passes through the cervix. This allows menstrual flow out and
sperm into, the uterus. This can also open very wide during birth. The cervix is coated in a skin–like
covering, whose cells are collected using a small plastic brush during a cervical smear test. These
cells are then looked at under a microscope for early changes that may lead to cervical cancer if
ignored or left untreated. An abnormal test does not mean that there is cancer of the cervix; it in fact
means that through treatment, cancer of the cervix can be prevented from occurring. Some women
can find cervical screening to be uncomfortable, but it shouldn't be

Impact Of Prematurity On Development Essay example
Impact of Premature Birth on Development
Years ago, premature birth almost always meant death for the baby. Today, however, we have the
technology to nurture these infants' development, and many of them survive to lead normal, healthy
lives. Although, very premature infants (that is, those born before about the fifth month) are still not
likely to survive, many born at five months and older will thrive. Some preterm babies, however, do
have many obstacles to overcome. There are a variety of medical problems that affect some of them,
they may have impaired mental or physical conditions, and they may be looked upon by others in
their environment as slow, or they might be treated differently because they were ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This still puts them in the same IQ range as their full term peers. They are more likely to need
special education classes later in life, though, and more likely to have to repeat a grade in school.
This is most likely because some premature infants have been shown to have some cognitive
impairment when compared to full term infants of the same age. Their memories are not as good,
and their information processing speed is significantly lower.
There have been many studies performed that compare the cognitive performance of preterm infants
with full term infants. One study in particular, performed by Susan A. Rose and Judith F. Feldman,
tested the memory and the processing speed of preterm children versus full term children at the age
of eleven. They used the Colorado Specific Abilities Test, which is a comparison of eight paper and
pencil tasks the child must perform. This test showed the degree of these four abilities: memory,
perceptual speed, spatial ability, and verbal ability. They also used the Cognitive Abilities Test
(CAT) which is a detailed exam of memory and speed. This test shows us exactly what aspects of
speed and memory it is that pre and full term children differ in, and how much this difference
actually affects them. It is comprised of a set of basic cognitive tasks used to study the individual
elements of cognitive

In This Paper I’M Gonna Be Talking About The 12 Stages
In this paper I'm gonna be talking about the 12 stages of life development considering the main
points of each stage and the milestones. The stages I will be talking about is Pre–birth which is the
stage of potential, Birth is the stage of Hope, Infancy (Ages 0–3) Vitality, Early Childhood (Ages 3–
6) Playfulness, Middle Childhood (Ages 6–8) Imagination, Late Childhood (Ages 9–11) Ingenuity,
Adolescence (Ages 12–20) Passion, Early Adulthood (Ages 20–35) Enterprise, Midlife (Ages 35–
50) Contemplation, Mature Adulthood (Ages 50–80) Benevolence, Late Adulthood (Ages 80+)
Wisdom, Death & Dying Life. Pre birth is the period that usually lasts nine months, this is the stage
where the major body organs and parts are made such as the facial ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The third stage of labor happens after you baby has come out, when your womb contracts and the
placenta comes out through the vagina. Infancy is the stage or period of early childhood this is
where the kid is full of energy learning where to crawl, roll over and sit up and eventually how to
walk. Very basic skills are learned during through this period such as, coordination and the ability to
represent images and objects with words. A lot of the child's features also change during this stage.
Early Childhood is a stage in human development. It includes toddlerhood and some time afterwards
also this is where children play. However this is where language is learned and being used, they take
what is and they combine it with what is possible. Also this is the stage where children become very
curious asking Who? What? When? Where? And Why? Furthermore this is when the child develops
a huge imagination and a imaginary friends. Middle Childhood is a time where where children
develop their skills for building healthy social relationships with other children or adults. Also this is
the stage that will prepare them for later developments such as Adolescence and Adulthood.
Additionally this is where the sense of an inner subjective self develops for the first time, this is a
time when sexual and aggressive urges are repressed aldo the child learns the values of their

The Importance Of Preterm Birth
Preterm birth is babies who are born closer to 32 to 34 weeks. It is a major challenge for women that
give birth between to 32 to 34 weeks, risking infants with disability and health problems causing life
or death. Preterm birth not only affects infants, but families too. Families who need to provide care
for their infants need to be prepared. Infants spend several months in the hospital to be checked on
for respiratory distress syndrome and brain development. Preterm birth is causing long term health
problems for premature babies than full born babies.
Preterm birth is important for most women who don't know the risk factors and how important
premature babies are. The March of Dimes Association had made an awareness for mothers with ...
When premature babies are able to take short breaks, parents can provide skin–to–skin contact.
Studies show premature babies can maintain their temperature longer and improve their breathing
and heart rates. Mother's should breast milk it's one of the best ways you can do to help your
preemie.
Preterm birth is the leading cause of newborn death. Advances in technology, neonatal care and
treatments for preterm babies have greatly increased the chances for survival. Babies born before 37
weeks are still vulnerable to increased risk for death and to many short– and long–term effects of
premature birth. Premature babies may have trouble breathing due to immature respiratory system.
If the baby's lungs lacks of respiration from the lungs that can't expand , then he or she may develop
respiratory distress syndrome because the lungs can't expand and contract normally. Therefore heart
problems can be another short term disease for premature babies. The most common heart problem
are patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and low blood pressure. PDA is a persistent opening between two
major blood vessels leading from the heart. This heart defect often closes on its own, left untreated it
can cause too much blood to flow through the heart and cause heart failure. Brain problems for
premature babies can be born develop, the greater the risk of bleeding in the brain, known as an
intraventricular hemorrhage. Hemorrhages are mild

The Natural Family Planning ( Safe Period )
3– Natural family planning ( safe period):
Natural family planning is one of the most widely utilized means of birth control, espicially for
those whom their religion or their cultural beliefs do not authorize devices or drugs for birth control.
This method includes periodic abstinence, to avoid intercourse during a female 's fertile period,
which is around the time of ovulation. Determination of the fertile period involve the calendar
method, cervical mucus method, or the symptothermal method technique.
The calendar method is based on 3 hypotheses as follows: The human ovum can be fertilized only
for approximately 24 hours after ovulation, spermatozoa can maintain their ability of fertilizing for
only 48 hours after coitus, and ovulation usually occurs 12–16 days before the onset of the
subsequent menestruation. The menses is recorded for 6 cycles to estimate the fertile period. The
earliest day of the fertile period is calculated by the number of days in the shortest menstrual cycle
subtracted by 18. The latest day of the fertile period is assessed by the number of days in the longest
cycle subtracted by 11.
* Efficacy:
The failure rate in typical utilization is estimated to be approximately 25%.
* Advantages:
No adverse effects from hormones occur. This may be the only method acceptable to couples for
cultural or religious beliefs. Immediate return to fertility occurs with termination of utilization.
* Disadvantages:
This is most suitable for female with standard and

Delivery Of The Cervix: The Stages Of Childbirth
The stages of childbirth are dilation and effacement of the cervix, delivery of the baby and the
delivery of the placenta. Dilation and effacement of the cervix is the longest stage of labor, lasting
an average of 12 to hours with a first birth. The later births average 4 to 6 hours. Contractions of the
uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful, causing the cervix, or uterine opening, to
widen and thin to nothing, forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina
(Berk, 2014).
Delivery of the baby is much shorter, lasting about 50 minutes for a first birth and 20 minutes in
later births. Strong contractions of the uterus continue, but the mother also feels a natural urge to
squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles. As she does so with each contraction, she forces the
baby down and out (Berk, 2014).
Delivery of the placenta is when labor comes to an end with a few contractions and pushes. These
cause the placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus and be delivered in about 5 to 10 minutes
(Berk, 2014). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Intervention procedures can include induction, episiotomy, and caesarean section. Induction is an
artificial way to start labor using one of the following induction methods: membrane stripping or
sweeping via the health–care providers' finger to separate the cervix from the tissue around the
baby's head. Rupture of membranes using a sterile hooked instrument. Cervical ripening with the
insertion of either a prostaglandin gel or a balloon–like catheter. Pitocin, a synthetic hormone given
through an IV drip in steadily increasing amounts to stimulate contractions

Premature Babies And Their Chances Of Survival
Premature babies have existed since the beginning of time. The only difference between now and
the past is that babies currently have more chances of survival. This paper will discuss a few
components: the history of premature babies, impact of knowledge and technology and the nurses
that take care of premature babies. We have the advancement in technology to thank for that. Today
there are still some cases where the baby might be born and still be too underdeveloped and die even
with technology. For example, I have a friend that had a baby a few months ago at nineteen weeks
gestation and neither one of the baby's lungs were developed so she died. They told her that since
she was so early that there was no way to save the baby even if they attempted to. The reason this
subject means so much to me is because I also had a premature baby. My son came at twenty– seven
weeks gestation and stayed in the hospital for eleven weeks. Although he came early he survived
and I am forever grateful for that. Technology and Vanderbilt played a big part in that. Premature
care was very rare but is now standard.
History of the NICU World
It is known that you might not be able to control or prevent preterm birth therefore improving the
infant's health and quality of life is the goal. The knowledge and technology was not available to
keep the babies alive. Once a child is born premature they are placed in the Neonatal Intensive Care
Unit. In the early 20th century premature birth was the

Personal Statement: Why I March For Babies
Why I March for Babies
I do not have a child of my own, but that does not mean me and my family has not been affected by
a premature birth. My Nephew/God Son Willie Tre' was born premature. Therefore, this is really
personal to be and my family.
Of the 4 million babies born each year in the United States, one out of eight will be premature. Each
year, thousands of babies around the country are born too soon and they face a lifetime of health
problems. I can attest to these health problems being real because Willie Tre' has acute eczema,
epilepsy and has Autism Spectrum Disorder, however my family is blessed because many babies
will not survive.
Premature birth is a public health crisis because it is responsible for 75 percent of infant

Abortion, A Doctor 's Referral Is Not Necessary
INTRODUCTION: In the steps in acquiring an abortion, A doctor 's referral is not necessary,
although an independent ultrasound usually needs to be done. The quantity of Canadian med schools
that give direction in fetus removal strategies is diminishing, which could conceivably make a
shortage in medicinal faculty gifted here. Abortion is limited and differently ruled in provinces.
Access in British Columbia (BC) is administered by the Access to Abortion Services Act, which
confines political exhibits outside of fetus removal giving offices, doctors workplaces, and doctora
homes to set separations. Third–trimester premature births are not by and large accessible. Case in
point, in Quebec, there is no specialist who will perform a third–term fetus removal unless the
wellbeing of the lady is in extraordinary hazard or there is a hereditary issue. The province (quebec)
sends ladies who look to have third–term abortions performed to the United States. Quebec is
effectively hoping to contract a doctor to do third–term abortion, however has not been successful as
of October 2004. Until 2004, Manitoba did not subsidize private abortion centers. Be that as it may,
in July 2004 the region 's just private fetus removal facility was bought by a non–benefit association,
which then effectively sued the common government to pay for abortion techniques there. In
December 2004, a Manitoba Justice decided that the area must pay for every single remedial
abortion.l This was overruled in

The Beginning Of My New Life
Lost after the wound
The beginning of my new life:
Has every individual dream and picture how they want their life to be when they reach adulthood.
This is my story, after I graduated from high school I got Married and as a woman I wanted to have
2–3 beautiful children 's a couple of years after I got married. Well it did not work out as I planned it
to be. Six months later after the man that I married had to leave me behind for a couple of months in
the states while I continue my education by attending Aladdin beauty college in Lawton Oklahoma.
Two weeks after he left to go to Germany I woke up feeling very sick to my stomach I was very
nauseated and I will have dizzy spells and it time. That morning I went to cosmetology school ...
3months has pass and now I 'm 4 months Bring me up it is time for me to depart from the Yunana
steaks to Germany as I load my carry–on bag onto the plane and as I began to see it before the plane
took off I prayed and asked God to cover me. When I arrived in Germany I was so excited to see my
husband because it has been six months since I have seen him. A week after I made it to Germany I
had a doctors appointment and so I went and that 's when I discovered I was having a little girl.
Once I found out I was having a girl I am mediately call my family members and gave them the
great news and everyone was extremely excited. After we left the doctors office we went shopping
for her and purchase a lot of pink items.
Labor time approaching:
At 38 weeks I started going to the doctors once a week and everything my cervix will still be hard
and the The doctor told me to do a lot of walking so that 's what I did. As time was getting closer I
was more afraid of having my little girl because I did not have any family member there with me my
parents was back in the states and all I wanted was my mother to be there with me. 39 weeks has
came and still when I went to the doctors they checked my cervix and it was still the same, so I
began to walk again. At 39 weeks I start walking twice a day morning and evening one mile both
times. 40 weeks came

Premature Birth
What are Preterm Labor and Premature Birth?
A normal pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks after the first day of the last period. Going into labor
before 37 weeks of pregnancy is known as preterm labor and Babies born before 37 weeks of
pregnancy are called premature babies.
Signs of premature labour
About one baby in every 13 will be born prematurely. Premature delivery is the birth before the 37th
week of pregnancy. In most cases labour starts by itself, and the signs will usually be the same as
labour that starts at full term. The signs could be:
contractions sudden breaking of the waters a 'show' (when the plug of mucus that has sealed the
cervix during pregnancy comes away and out of the vagina)
Find what happens in a preterm delivery: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Complications in the baby
If your baby is born too soon, there is a good chance that his or her lungs will be underdeveloped. If
so, he or she will need to be put onto a ventilator to help with breathing.Your baby may also have
trouble maintaining a normal body temperature and will need to be kept warm. If your baby is born
too early to suck and swallow, he or she will have to be fed through a needle in a vein or through a
tube passed through the nose and throat into the stomach.
What causes Preterm Labor?
Medical science doesn't completely understand why some women go into labor or break their water
early. In some cases, an infection may be involved while in others, it may be an abnormally short
cervix or a combination of factors. In about half of all cases, there is no known cause. The main risk
of preterm labor is if the mother having had a preterm birth before.
Other risk factors include:
Carrying more than one baby
Abnormally shaped uterus or an abnormal cervix
Age younger than 17 or older than 35
A previous

Case Study Of Incompetent Cervix
Introduction
This case study is about nursing a female patient, 31 years old, Madam X with a condition of
cervical incompetence.
General
An incompetent cervix is a condition that occurs when weak cervical tissue contributes to premature
birth or miscarriage. The cervix is the lowest part of the uterus, which is normally closed. As
pregnancy progresses and women prepare to give birth, the cervix gradually softens, decreases in
length and opens. In the case of incompetence cervix, cervix might open too early, then causes
miscarriage or premature birth. Sign and symptoms of incompetence cervix normally occur in
between 14 to 20 weeks of pregnancy. Sign and symptoms of the condition include a sensation of
pelvic pressure, backache, mild abdominal cramps, change in vaginal discharge and light vaginal
bleeding. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient was on 17 weeks and 5 days of pregnancy on the admission day. The patient had
experienced two previous miscarriages which happened two years ago. Two previous pregnancies
also because of cervical incompetence secondary to bicornuate uterus. Instead of being pear–shaped,
bicornuate uterus looks more like a heart, with a deep indentation at the top. Most of the women
with bicornuate uterus might present with cervical incompetence or early pregnancy loss. Clinical
manifestations of the patient shown are quite significant which are changed in vaginal discharge for
one week and also light vaginal bleeding in the later stage. Vaginal discharges are thick in
consistency, whitish in color and no foul

Mediolateral Episiotomy
Describe effacement and dilation: Effacement is the thinning and softening of the cervix that occurs
prior to labor. Dilation is the process of the opening of the cervix during active labor. Effacement is
measured in percentages and Dilation is measured in centimeters. 100% effacement means that the
cervix has reached maximum thinning and dilation at 10 cm means that the cervix is completely
open and dilation is complete (Mayo Clinic).
Define Crowning: Crowning is the emergence of the baby's head through the opening of the vagina
during contractions (American Pregnancy).
Define Breech and why is this a complication of delivery: Breech is the positioning of the feet
and/or the buttocks of the baby that are delivered first as opposed to the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The term "guevedoce" means "penis at 12". This tend to happen in children that are raised as girls in
countries like the Dominican Republic. Then at puberty age are revealed as boys (Live Science).
The individual is chromosomally male. This individual is male because genetically they have an XY
Chromosome pair (Live Science).
At birth, the individual's external genitalia mimics the genitals of a female and may present itself as
ambiguous depending upon the individual. The genitals is easily mistaken as female genitals
because of an mutation that generates while the child is inside the womb. This mutation hinders the
developing child's body from changing testosterone, a male hormone into the secondary hormone
DHT "dihydrotestosterone" (Live Science).
During puberty, testosterone increases and the body becomes more sensitive and it begins to respond
to the increase in testosterone. Sex organs, such as the scrotum and the penis tend to grow larger,
and secondary sex characteristics, such as a deeper voice become more prevalent (Live

Preventing Sperm From Entering The Uterus
II. Barrier methods:
These methods are designed to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. Barrier methods are
removable and may be an option for female who cannot utilize hormonal methods of contraception.
Types of barrier methods include:
1– Male condom:
The condom consists of a thin sheath placed over the glans and the shaft of the penis that is applied
before any vaginal insertion. It is one of the most popular mechanical barriers. Among all of the
barrier methods, the condom offers the most effective protection of the genital tract against STDs.
Its use has increased from 13.2–18.9% amongst all females of reproductive age due to the disquiet
regarding the acquisition of HIV and STDs. It prevents pregnancy by preventing the passage of
semen into the vagina. Figure (1): Male condom
In November 2013, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) stated policy for improving the
utilization of condoms amongst adolescents.
These recommendations include the following:
Encouraged adolescents to abstain from sexual intercourse or delay future sexual relationships
Pediatricians should particibate in educating adolescents and their parents about responsible sexual
activity and encouraging the correct utilization of condoms among adolescents who are sexually
active.
Health education programs for K–12 children should provide education and counseling about sexual
behaviour and be integrated into cooperative, community–based

Premature Babies
What is a premature baby? A premature baby, is an infant that was born earlier than the original due
date. These types of pregnancy's can be unexpected or they may be needed due to medical
conditions. These babies are typically born much earlier than most. While reading the information
provided, all readers will learn: how early preemies are usually born, what causes prematurity, also
can prematurity cause health issues. Preemies are born quite some time before their due date. Most
premature infants are born within three to four weeks earlier, than babies born at their full forty
weeks. Spacefem.com states that 31.8% of U.S babies are born at forty weeks, it also states that
43.4% of the U.S babies are born prematurely. Some babies just can't wait to make their appearance
into the world so they come at 37 weeks or earlier says EveryWeekCounts.Com like mentioned
earlier they may be unexpected or needed due to medical situations. Preemies are born fairly early,
earlier than they should be. But sometimes it's best, whether it's for the baby or the mother.
Prematurity is caused, by multiple reasons such as these reasons. Multiple pregnancy's , it can
weaken the uterus and then the lining. Maternal age, have higher risk of ongoing health conditions
and may only be discovered while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The following sicknesses are Apnea, when the baby stops breathing in his/her sleep (can be
lifelong), Necrotizing enterocolitis , a serious disease that occurs when the intestinal tissue becomes
damaged (is not lifelong) Respiratory distress syndrome , a breathing disorder where a lung may
collapse (can potentially be lifelong), Retinopathy of prematurity,causes abnormal blood vessels to
grow in the nerve tissue in our eyes that allow us to see (isn't lifelong), Patent ductus arteriosus
abdominal blood flow between two arteries connected to the heart (can be lifelong)

Bethesda Classification Of Pap Smear Testing And Evaluation
Bethesda Classification of Pap smear testing and evaluation
The Bethesda classification is relied upon in the reports that need to be made on the diagnosis
related to vaginal or cervical cytology. Pap smear screening is used in the detection of processes in
the cervix that are potentially cancerous and pre–cancerous. In the event of abnormal findings
during the process, there could be further tests ran to get more clarity before the final decision is
made on the conditions that is suffered (Rásky, Regitnig, Schenouda, Burkert, & Freidl, 2013). The
National Cancer Institute recommends utilization of "The Bethesda System" for the reporting of
cervical / endocervical / vaginal cytology (Pap smears) specimens. The standardized language of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An adequate endocervical / transformation zone component (from a patient with a cervix) (Nayar, &
Wilbur, 2015).
(2) Quality of the Pap smear will still be noted when:
Less than 10 well preserved endocervical or metaplatic cells are seen
Blood or inflammation moderately obscuring the Pap smear (Nayar, & Wilbur, 2015).
(3)"Unsatisfactory for evaluation" designates that the specimen is unreliable for the detection of
cervical epithelial cell abnormalities.this term is used if any of the following apply:
A broken slide that cannot be repaired
Scanty squamous epithelial component (less than 8,000 well preserved and well visualized cells on
conventional slides or less than 5,000 well preserved and well visualized cells on liquid–based
preparations)
Obscuring blood, inflammation, thick areas, poor fixation, air–drying artifact, contaminant, etc. that
precludes interpretation of approximately 75% of the epithelial cells(Nayar, & Wilbur, 2015).
If the pap smear test is abnormal it can be reported by Bestheda system as follows:
2.Descriptive
Normal
Benign
Epithelial cell abnormality (a) Atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (b) Low grade
squamous intraepithelial lesion (c)

The Preterm Birth And Autism
Prematurity and Autism have long time been thought to be linked. For reason such as late
development of preterm infants to the lack of adequate weight at birth. But, is it true that if a baby is
born preterm then they are destined to be autistic? In order to answer that question, we must first be
educated on preterm infants as well as the disorder of Autism. Not many people are educated on
what Autism is and even less are educated on the health and well–being of premature babies. The
purpose for this research is to shed some light on both autism and premature birth as well as justify
if there is any connection between preterm birth and autism.
When one thinks of a baby born prematurely many imagine a tiny one–pound baby barely able to
live even with all the ventilators and machines hooked up to it. They imagine a baby that will be
under weight and unable to leave the hospital for many months to come. Few will know the risk
factors that come along with being preterm, and even less will know that preterm babies are just as
capable of living healthy and normal lives. "Every child develops in their own unique way, and your
baby 's development will depend on a range of factors, including his genetic make–up, and the
environment and influences around him" (https://www.tommys.org).
For those who are unsure of what qualifies a baby as premature, a premature baby is any baby that is
born before 37 weeks' gestation. Any baby born at 37 weeks or higher is considered full term. "Late

How To Write A Persuasive Essay On The Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular System Persuasive Essay As a parent finding out your baby born with Craniopagus
Parasiticus and not knowing what to do is a complicated situation.Craniopagus Parasiticus a
extremely rare disease that only occurs in 4 to 6 out of 10,000,000 babies.Craniopagus parasiticus
begins when the baby is a embryo and fails to fully separate.The baby is born with a parasitic twin
which usually needs the host,the healthy baby,In order to live.The doctor has informed us that we
have to get Steve in to surgery if we want a chance of him surviving.The risks of this surgery are
really dangerous,we either let the parasitic twin live and end both lives or try and separate them
which could damage the brains and any major arteries connected that could lead to death. We would
have to choose to the the surgery to our babys Steve and tom the parasitic twin because it could be
saving steves life.Not procceeding to do the surgery would be ending both the babies life not even
trying to save one.The surgery will take around 13 hours the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Life Steve would be living would hopefully would be normal if all goes well during surgery.We
know us proceeding means a big cost on medical bills and a lot of publicity for the hospital and
steve.We need a way to repay them if they save steve's life and that would be giving the hospital
credits for a big achievement of separating our babies.Since it has only been successful one it can
happen once again,hope is what we have for steve.After surgery if all goes well the doctor informed
us that it's crucial for him to get checked up every so often to observe if steve had any major or
small complications we need to worry about.Steve would have to constantly need care after the
surgery because it's crucial.That means providing him with the right medications at the exact time

The Oropharynx : The Area Behind The Oral Cavity
Oropharynx: the oropharynx occupies the area behind the oral cavity, which extends from the uvula
to the level of the hyoid bone. Its boundaries are: anteriorly, the mouth through the isthmus faucium,
laterally, is the palatine tonsil, between the palatoglossal arch and the palatopharyngeal arch. The
anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the epiglottic vallecula; the lateral wall is made
up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars; the superior wall consists of the
inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula1'2. Groups of lymphoid tissue in the mucosa of the
pharynx surround the entrance of the throat in a ring–like positioning, known as Waldeyer 's Ring.
They are three groups: –1– Palatine tonsils, the most protruding groups in the ring and form
recognizable masses, (also known as the tonsils), –2– Pharyngeal tonsil (also known as the
"adenoids"), and the –3– Lingual tonsils2'3. Histologically, there are three characteristic features
distinguish the tonsils from each other: their position, type of the epithelium and the number of
crypts3.
Tonsil Position Type of epithelium Crypts
Palatine In the lateral walls of the oral part of the pharynx. Stratified squamous non–keratinising.
10–20 in number.
Pharyngeal In the midline on the roof of the nasopharynx. Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
epithelium, as well as some patches of stratified squamous epithelium. Numerous folds of
pharyngeal epithelium, not real crypts.
Lingual At

A Brief Note On Prematurity And Prematurity Apnea
1
APNEA OF PREMATURITY
PREMATURITY APNEA
Sandra V. Aguirre
November 21, 2015
Patient Assessment II 2232
Stephen Stosich
Idaho State University
What is prematurity? Birth before 37 weeks of pregnancy. In other words, babies being born 3
weeks before their due date. Births at 32 weeks or under are considered extremely critical due to
higher mortality rate. According to the article Born Too Soon, "15 million babies are born
prematurely each year, that is 1 in 10 babies born worldwide, and 1 million die due to complications
of preterm." Premature births are the leading cause of infant death within the first 4 weeks of life.
Each surviving birth can develop secondary medical conditions from being born too early with a
low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even though apnea is a limited of time issue and the neonates grow out of it is still a severe issue.
There are number of arguments to why premature neonates have apnea from not fully developed
brain and weak airway muscles. Other stresses that can worsen apnea in a sick premature; feeding,
anemia, heart with lung problems, infection, low oxygen levels, overstimulation and body
temperature regulation issues.
Premature infants often have an irregular breathing pattern with short episodes (5–10) second of
either shallow breathing or no breathing (apnea.). These episodes are followd by periosd of normal
brathing . When there is a very shallow or apnea, the baby may also have a drop in thir their heart
rate or in othere words bradycardia. Some infants may alos have a poor color and an ill looking
apearanc. Apnea episosed that last longer thatn 20 seconds are considered serious. Sue to mort
preterim and some sick full term infants have some degree of apnea they are often monitored to
monitor their vital signs such as heart rate, respirations and saturations. Bradicara with apnea can set
off alarams to notify the staff. , Infants that develop apnea of Prematurity (AOP). AOP is identified
when the infant has a sudden pause of breathing lasting 15 to 20 seconds. The upper airway reflexes
tend to be inhibit and they become apneic. Immaturity decreases

Contraceptive And Birth Control And Contraception
Are you using or someone you know partaking in a contraceptive method? Chances are you
answered "yes" since "more than 99% of women...have used at least one contraceptive method"
(Contraceptive Use in the United States). But you are probably using the wrong type. I can enlighten
you to the most effective and all around most appealing birth control on the market known as the
ParaGard IUD.
Before we dive in we must ask ourselves, what is birth control? What is the difference between it
and contraception? Well, the only difference is what the common belief in society is, of each.
Society commonly thinks that birth control is a tiny pill that takes care of your own or someone
else's pregnancy worries. This is true, but it is only a type of birth control. Also, in false thinking,
many individuals believe contraception is a fancy word for condoms. As with the pill condoms are
only a type of contraceptive. Society only has a small spectrum of what contraceptive and birth
control is. In reality, they are definitely the same. By definition, birth control is contraception; an
online dictionary states that it is "the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation"
(MerriamWebster.org). There are many forms of contraception. It is a major contributor to why our
population is limited to 7.4 billion people (Current World Population). If you are ever considering a
contraception method the Intrauterine device, especially the ParaGard, will be a dependable option
to keep the population

Causes And Consequences Of Premature Birth Essay
Introduction Babies born before thirty–seven weeks gestation are considered to be preterm, or
premature. More than one in every ten babies is born too early. Preterm birth complications are the
leading cause of death among children under five years of age. Premature birth has a wide range of
effects. All babies born before thirty–seven weeks gestation are at risk for complications that can
have a lasting effect on the growing baby and family. At twenty–four weeks, the survival rate of a
premature baby is only fifty percent. The many different causes and effects that premature birth can
have on the baby, his/her future development and family will be further discussed in this paper. At
birth a baby is considered one of the following: "Premature (less than thirty–seven weeks gestation),
Full term (thirty–seven to forty–two weeks gestation), Post term (born after forty–two weeks
gestation)" (Kaneshiro). A premature baby is not fully developed due to exiting the womb prior to
reaching full term. Due to this complication, premies will spend time in the NICU (Neonatal
Intensive Care Unit) if the doctor deems it necessary. A baby born at full term weighs somewhere
between five pounds eight ounces and eight pound thirteen ounces. A baby born at thirty–two weeks
weighs somewhere around three and a half pounds, twenty–eight weeks two and a half pounds, and
twenty–four weeks one and a half pounds. This low birth weight and underdevelopment causes
many issues for the

Ethical Dilemmas Regarding Technology : Ethical Dilemma
Ethical Dilemmas Regarding Technology
An ethical dilemma is a situation where one must choose between two conflicting options, which are
all morally correct. It is worth to note that ethics and morals are not easy to separate, as they both
define what human behaviour should be at all times. The two aspects address issues of right and
wrong as pertains to different walks of life. Cultural norms usually determine the ethical behaviour
of a society, and these norms would inform people's take on right and wrong as they tread life. For
example, a lady may conceive with a man then finds herself with another man before the pregnancy
manifests physically. The latter man decides to take her for a pregnancy test before they could spend
together and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They still find it difficult to advise people to embrace the idea of artificial womb to nurture infants.
It is worth noting that there should be no human testing for three to five years on an infant nurtured
in an artificial womb. Scientists submit this assertion to give ample time for maturity of the infant
nurtured on artificial womb. This would give space for the interaction of nature and artificial forces
to compose the developing infant born prematurely.
In the event that an artificial womb records success for premature infants, deep legal and ethical
debates could arise. The debates would revolve around the comparison of health status of the infants
nurtured from artificial wombs and those born maturely through natural and normal means. The two
generations of infants have different clinical and care requirements to ensure proper and/or enhanced
their growth as human beings. The question of the need to satisfy such needs would invoke the
basics of morals and ethics. This would ensure no violation of rights of the infants on the basis of
how they nurture up. It is worth noting that the external artificial uterus have the capability of
facilitating and supporting the whole gestation process, which runs from implantation to delivery.
However, this level of artificial nurturing of infants is conventional as of the contemporary analysis.
Contemporary incubators assure sustenance of premature infant's life without continuing the process
of gestation. This is a

Health Issues Of Health Of Women And Infants Essay
"When a child is born the mother is also born again," as rightfully quoted by Gilbert Parker.
Childbirth is one of the greatest privileges on the earth anyone could have and we, as women,
should feel proud to be major contributors for it. A mother plays a key role in aiding healthcare
workers to mitigate the health crisis associated with childbirth by performing her duties faithfully.
One such associated health crisis is "Premature (preterm) birth" which occurs when the baby is born
too early, before 37 weeks of gestational period(CDC,2015). It is an important public health priority
in terms of health of women and infants.
Extent of this public health problem: Every year an estimated 15 million pretaerm babies are born
and this number is still rising.(WHO,2015).In 2014, 1 of every 10 babies born in United States were
premature and black infants were 50% more likely to be born premature than white, Hispanic and
Asian/Pacific islander infants(CDC,2015). Almost 1 million children die each year due to
complications of premature birth(WHO,2015). A major challenge in decreasing the rate of preterm
birth is lack of knowledge about the etiologies and effective strategies for prevention. In order to
create awareness and mollify premature birth, a community based outreach program based on
Transtheoretical Model is proposed to strategically prevent premature birth among high risk
population of African American women.
Priority population:
Premature birth is a major

A Critical Review Of A Journal Paper
A Critical Review of a Journal Paper
Introduction
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that permanently affects an individual's ability to move such
as body movement, muscle control and contraction, this can be caused by a combination of
abnormal development or damage to parts of the brain that control movement, balance and posture.
(2) Cerebral palsy is the most common movement disorder in children and premature birth is one of
the many risk factors associated with the condition. This critical review examines an article that
links Magnesium sulfate in lowering the chances of diagnosing cerebral palsy in infants. (1) The
article, "A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Magnesium Sulfate for the Prevention of Cerebral
palsy" is written by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this being said the risk of stillbirth or infant death was slightly higher in the magnesium sulfate
group when compared to the placebo group. Cerebral palsy was diagnosed in 41 children from 40 of
942 pregnancies in the magnesium sulfate group and in 74 children from 73 of 1002 pregnancies in
the placebo group. The percentages of mild, moderate or severe cerebral palsy in the magnesium
sulfate group were 2.2%, 1.5%, and 0.5% respectively and 3.7%, 2.0% and 1.6% respectively in the
placebo group.
Critique
The study is relevant to researchers as cerebral palsy is the leading physical disability condition in
childhood and globally approximately 17 million people are suffering from the condition. (2)
Researchers believe that fetal exposure to magnesium sulfate before preterm birth can reduce the
risk of cerebral palsy, if so this can aid medical doctors in preventing the condition as evidence is
lacking for effective interventions targeted toward participation, environment, or personal factors.
(1)
This study does not add anything new towards the condition of cerebral palsy, as the author knew
that by administrating magnesium sulfate to mothers will decrease the likelihood of cerebral palsy
being diagnosed within an infant that was born pre–maturely. This knowledge is known with
previous randomized, placebo–controlled trials of magnesium

The First Signs Of Music Therapy Essay
The use of music for therapy has been seen to exist for almost as long as the start of therapy itself.
At around 400 B.C., Hippocrates, a Greek physician known for his tremendous contributions to
modern medicine, was shown to be the first human to use music as a way to therapeutically treat
mental patients. Since then, records of other civilizations such as the Egyptians, Arabians, and even
the Native Americans show signs of the use of music in medicine. This form of therapy was said to
help align the soul and the body together. However, it was not until the 18th century that researchers
have studied how music affects the nerves themselves (Gouk, 2004). The first signs of music
therapy used in the modern world were predominantly in the United Kingdom after World War I
(Degmecic, 2005). Musicians played to war veterans suffering from both mental and physical
trauma to help alleviate their pain. As these veterans were seen having positive responses to the
music played, doctors hired more musicians to help play at veteran hospitals. Seeing the positive
feedback and recovery of the veterans prompted the use of music therapy to become an actual
academic curriculum taught in college courses. Currently, the leading organization that focuses
primarily on music therapy is the American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) which was formed
in 1998. Their team of music therapists has helped countless of patients improve both their physical
and emotional help with the use of music. Music

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