Project Management System Evaluation Paper

Project Management System Evaluation Paper
Evaluation– Introduction Our project is to create a computer system for Kings Estate Agent
Company that will help them monitor their assets and also allows employees to access the
application system. In this evaluation we will be reviewing literatures discussing the different types
of methodologies available to software developers. We will conclude the evaluation with our reasons
for selecting the method chosen for our project. Methodologies Understanding software
methodology and its impact on deign of software systems is important. Methodology is defined as a
system approach to the analysis and design of information systems, which is administered by a set
of principles. There are different types of methodologies that are available to developers ... Show
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One of the main reasons is that it gives us the freedom and flexibility while we are designing and
implementing, it minimizes the risk of getting far in designing and then finding errors. Trial and
errors was a huge part of our design of BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation), class model
to make sure our procedures were correct. We believe we used we used Agile methods such as
Scrum which are identified as having 3 categories– roles, artifacts and time boxes. These were all
important aspects to implementation during our development to ensure that we were all on the same
path. It increases the quality by better handling with changes, reduces error, and increases efficiency
with strong framework of necessary procedures. As a team we established examples of Test–driven
development (TDD), performing short development cycles, to test first and then improve an
application in contradiction of them, until all pass. We found it particularly beneficial to ensure we
kept the design without overcomplicating and increasing the risk of errors. Short cycle testing
allowed us to make regular
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The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Waterfall Model
Waterfall Model
What is the Waterfall Model?
The acronym (SDLC) which stands for System Development Life Cycle was the earliest to be used
for system development and it is called "The Waterfall Model". It can also be called as the "Linear–
Sequential Life Cycle Model". The waterfall model illustrates software development process in a
liner sequential flow. If the previous phase is completed, the development process shall begin. The
progression in the waterfall model is seen as flowing gradually downwards through the phases as all
these phases are arrange in a series or sequence to each other. The firstly phase should be finished
before continuing to the following phase and the next phase will only start later at the specified
allocated of goals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The models are used in highly builded physical environments in which changes after the
implementation are very expensive, if it is not difficult to deal with. Since it was first used in
physical processes, one after another when software was not abundant, the waterfall model was only
later modified for software development.
How are ideas presented in a waterfall model?
Since the waterfall model is very straightforward and understandable and it follows a step–by–step
procedure, ideas are presented in a specific manner. The users of the model focus on only merely
idea at a time and follow the waterfall model's phases and will carry on to the next set of ideas for
specified phases. As said in the other component of the research, the users of this model cannot
proceed unless the stage in focus is finished.
Why is the waterfall model important?
The waterfall model is crucial because it can easily help the users and developers to understand the
sequential procedure in development. Since it shows the processes in a cascaded format, each
process is easily recognized by anyone who looks at its

Essay Development Process & Risk Analysis
MET CS 682 – Module 2 Assignment 2 Development Process & Risk Analysis Date of
Submission: January 29, 2014 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Scenario 4 Part I. Selection of a
Suitable Development Process 5 Waterfall Approach 5 Iterative Approach 5 Agile Approach 6
Development Process for MallKiosk Development 6 Part II. Risk Analysis 8 Identification of Risk 8
Risk Analysis 9 Risk Management 10 Appendices 12 Appendix 1: Waterfall Approach 12 Appendix
2: Agile Approach 12 Appendix 3: Risk Management 13 References 14 Introduction This week's
assignment focus on the processes of system development and risk involved. For someone like me
who never was part of the full design phase of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example: "Shoes at Macy's: 20% discount for 3 or more" based on the last time this customer
bought items. The following characteristics apply: * It is anticipated that MallKiosk features will
change as often as every month after its release. * For example, new applications will be added and
others removed. This may be reflected in their positions on menus. * For this reason, its
functionality should be as easy as possible to modify by IT * MallKiosk may be extended in the
future to interface with customer–service communication, including chat and telephone. * It has not
yet been determined if MallKiosk will be served by several internally managed servers or if it will
be cloud hosted. * A website is to be established that describes MallKiosk and its usage. * Your team
has only four programmers experienced with programming of this type of system: ten are needed. *
A third of the development team will be co–located; a third will reside in a second domestic
location; another third in another offshore location. * Initial delivery is to be in six months. Part I.
Selection of a Suitable Development Process Waterfall Approach For the past years, waterfall
process had been used by small and big companies as an approach to development process. This
approach looks like a waterfall where it shows a steady downwards flow. This approach of
development is the most mature and disciplined. The

Implementing Developing An Information System
A system development methodology refers to the framework that is used to structure, plan, and
control the process of developing an information system. For a software company developing
commercial software, and IT organization delivering business applications to users or Systems
Integrators delivering solutions to the customers improving overall development lifecycles will yield
benefits to both the company and their respective customers. A wide variety of such frameworks
have evolved over the years, each with its own recognized strengths and weaknesses. Most
important of them are
1) Waterfall method: The waterfall model is a sequential design process, used in software
development processes, in which progress is seen as flowing steadily ... Show more content on
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Every software development company has a particular strategy of developing software solutions and
clients should know about these SDLC models in order to choose the one that best suits their
requirements. It has following phases
1) Requirements specification: The very first step in the waterfall model starts with requirement
analysis and checking whether the project is actually feasible with the present technologies or not.
Requirements are gathered, analyzed and then proper documentation is prepared which helps further
in the development process.
2) Design: The requirements gathered in the above phase are evaluated and a proper implementation
strategy is formulated according to the software environment. The design phase is further
categorized into two sections, i.e. system design and component design. The system design contains
details and specifications of the whole system and explains how each component of the system will
interact with others. The component design contains specifications as to how each component will
work separately and how results from one component will travel to another. Individual coders are
usually assigned to develop each component.
3) Implementation: Now is the time to actually start creating the components. The information
gathered in the first two phases is applied in this step to create

Different Types Of Software Development Models
I selected this topic because it is vital to anyone who wants to develop software to understand the
various types of software development models. Software development models guide developers
from start to finish for any given project. They encompass areas of development such as research,
planning, design, coding, testing, setup, and maintenance (Liviu, 2014, pg.39–40). Various software
models exist so it is also important for developers to know how to select the proper one that will be
the most effective for their particular project. Although many models exist, for this review I will
focus on two of the most commonly used software development models, which are the waterfall
model, and the incremental model. HOW EACH MODEL WORKS. In this ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The incremental model is also much more accepting of changing requirements compared to the
waterfall model (1,17).
Analyze Weaknesses For the waterfall model, the rigorous planning prior to the project being started
leads to a rigid design for the software (Ali, 2017, pg.16). The rigid design makes it difficult to
accommodate for any changes that may need to be made along the way (Krishna, Sreekanth, 2016,
pg.162). Ultimately, this could make the waterfall model risky as it has less flexibility (Dawson,
2014, pg.44). The waterfall model is not very suitable for projects where some requirements may be
unknown (2,162). Unknown requirements may call for a change in another part of the project, which
the waterfall model cannot tolerate (1,16). For the incremental model, one of the biggest challenges
of using it stems from not having all of the requirements defined before starting the project (1, 17).
It requires more management to compensate for unknowns, as well as being used for larger projects
(2, 163). Since each cycle adds onto the previous one, design errors can become part of the system
and can be difficult to remove (2, 163). Staring a project with unknown requirements raises the risk
of the project being completed correctly (1,17).
Understand Best Case Scenarios for Each Model The waterfall model excels in situations where
requirements are clear and fully defined, as it is unable to

waterfall model
Introduction The waterfall model is the most common model of all software development life cycle
models. It is very simple to understand and use. In a waterfall model, each phase must be completed
before the next phase can start. At the end of each phase, a review takes place to determine if the
project is on the right path and whether or not the project should be continued. Here phases do not
overlap with each other. Waterfall model is a sequential design process in which progress is seen as
flowing steadily downwards through Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing,
Production/Implementation and Maintenance Phases. A Water Fall Model is easy to flow. It can be
implemented for any size of project. Every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Requirement gathering and Analysis
This is the first phase of waterfall model which includes a meeting with the customer to understand
his requirements.
This is the most crucial phase as any misinterpretation at this stage may give rise to validation issues
later.
The software definition must be detailed and accurate with no ambiguities.
It is very important to understand the customer requirements and expectations so that the end
product meets his specifications.
Requirement gathering and Analysis phase the basic requirements of the system must be understood
by software engineer, who is also called ANALYST.
All this requirements are then well documented and discussed further with the customer for
reviewing.
2. Design
The customer requirements are broken down into logical modules for the ease of implementation.
Hardware and software requirements for every module are Identified and designed accordingly.
Also the inter relation between the various logical modules is established at this stage. Algorithms
and diagrams defining the scope and objective of each logical model are developed.
In short, this phase lays a fundamental for actual programming and implementation.
It is an intermediate step between requirements analysis and coding. Design focuses on program
attribute such as– 1) Data Structure. 2) Software Architecture. 3) Algorithm Details etc.
The

An Integral Part Of Ensuring That Any Organization Runs
An integral part of ensuring that any organization runs smoothly, is ensuring that they have the
proper software necessary to perform daily functions effectively and efficiently. No two–software
developed will ever be the same, and the same goes for its updates. This leads me to my next point
which is, since software programs are developed to meet the different needs of different
organizations, it is difficult, better yet nearly impossible for there to be just one type of method for
software development. Thus, software development can take form in using anyone of the three
categories. There is the Rainfall method (also referred to as the traditional method), the Agile, and
the Hybrid. This paper will feature the comparisons of two ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The article also covered the "Manifesto for Agile Software Development," which was an outcome of
an event held in 2001. The "Manifesto for Agile Software Development" is basically a set of values
and principles that software developers came up with from that event that should help themselves
and others improve the ways of developing software. At the end of the article there is a list of the
principles that make up the Manifesto for Agile Software Development. The author also covered
why Agile is becoming more favorable in regards to the software being delivered in the form of a
service and less of a good. He also explained the roles that the licensee and licensor played in the
way that the Waterfall Method software was delivered and updated. In addition, he compared it to
the way Agile has changed software into more of a service that is conducted over the Internet. This
article also covers in a brief paragraph the purpose of a development agreement and some terms that
can be included in it to help both parties. Even though these development agreements can provide
great uncertainty and high risk allocation, attorneys can use some features of Agile to help with
managing those problems, instead of, being opposed to the development of Agile projects. Now in
the article, An Excursion to Software Development Life Cycle, the author focuses more on the
different stages in the software development

System Approach And Agile Approach Essay
COMPARISON OF THE FORMAL AND AGILE APPROACHES TO SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT, UNIT 11
Sophie Pritchard
CONTENTS
Introduction 3
Different stages of a life–cycle 4
The formal approach: 4 the waterfall approach: 4
The Agile approach: 7
Prototyping: 7
Conclusion 9
INTRODUCTION
A system is created to solve problems, for example, work out someone's wages. The systems
approach can be said to be an organised way of dealing and solving the problem.
A life cycle in system analysis is a term used to describe a process for planning, creating, testing,
and deploying an information system. The systems development life–cycle concept applies to a
range of hardware and software configurations, as a system can be composed of hardware only,
software only, or a combination of both.
General system development life–cycles that exist include: o Waterfall – stages, requirements,
design, implementation, verification, maintenance. o Agile – stages, define requirements, integrate
& test(X3), feedback, approved? yes=release to market, no= record & incorporate changes, adjust &
track, next iteration (back to beginning). o Spiral – plan, test, analyses, development of testing (back
to the beginning until everything is complete and there are not problems found in testing.)
(sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle)
DIFFERENT STAGES OF A LIFE–CYCLE
THE FORMAL APPROACH:
THE WATERFALL APPROACH:
The waterfall model is a sequential

System Development Life Cycle ( Sdlc ) Methodologies
Businesses rely heavily on their information systems for decision making, an essential component of
organization management. Information systems serves several purposes in a business, ranging from
transactions and assisting leadership with difficult strategy formulation. Advances in computer–
based information technology in recent years have led to a widely variety of systems that managers
are now using to make and implement decisions (Alter, 1976). In today's businesses, systems
development is a process of examining a business situation to analyze better procedures and
methods to stay competitive. System development life cycle (SDLC) methodologies are promoted as
means of improving the management and control of the software development process, structuring
and simplifying the process by specifying activities to be done and techniques to be used (Russo,
1995). Every businesses have different types of projects that have different requirements. Therefore,
businesses must choose the SDLC phases according to the specific needs of the project. There are
different types of SDLC. These are Waterfall Model, V–Shaped Model, Prototyping Model, Spiral
Model, Iterative Incremental Model, and Extreme programming (Agile development) (Sami, 2012).
Each of the models has different level of risks and benefits to cope with the project requirements.
This paper will discuss the processes of System Development Life Cycle methodologies that makes
it excessively formal and rigid and

Design Process : The Waterfall Model Essay
The Waterfall approach to design is an ordered design process used in software development where
progress is seen moving at a steady pace in a downward flow through the various stages of
development. The downward flowing nature of this design process is the impetus for its naming
convention. The Waterfall model is a hardware–oriented model which was adapted for use as a
software development methodology. The various stages of the Waterfall design method would
include conception, initiation, analysis, design, construction, testing, implementation, and
maintenance. System and software requirements are captured in the conception stage. Models and
rules are determined during analysis, and software architecture is produced during the design stage.
Software integration and coding surface within the construction phase. Defect debugging occurs
while testing, and installation, support, and maintenance are the ending step in the process. The
Waterfall model suggests that movement to the next phase in the process should only take place
after the preceding phase has been reviewed and verified. Modified waterfall models might include
variations of this theory. Variations could include returning to the prior cycle after finding a flaw, or
going back to the design phase if necessary.
Agile Software development addresses principles of software development in which requirements
and solutions manifest through collaborative efforts and cross–functional teams. Agile development

Wells Fargo Waterfall Approach
Written off as a dying approach to software engineering I found that the Waterfall approach process
was in fact alive and largely in use according to a Queue opinion article (Neill, 2004). While
surveying professionals for the article in Queue, the Waterfall approach was reported to be in use by
a third of the professionals that responded to the survey (Neill, 2004). I could not help but wonder if
the Waterfall approach was some sort of zombie process that was back from being presumed dead,
or if the method was being used for convenience purposes. Before I would be able to answer these
questions for myself I would have to look into why these presumptions were made in the first place.
The rigid methods employed by the Waterfall approach makes it easy to manage because the team
cannot move onto the next stage if all of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a system update is going directly to Wells Fargo's consumer an Agile method should be
considered. Such an approach is being used for the redesign of Wells Fargo's consumer website,
which now allows consumers to use a beta version. This allows consumers to interact with the new
software and provide feedback. This feedback can be used to overhaul the changes made to the
website. For software that directly effects consumer, I would believe having the ability to change
aspects of the build would be vital as every consumer's needs are different. These types of problems
would not be as well defined due to the vast needs of every consumer. The development of software
used in ATMs may need to be overhauled due to a system issue that does not properly work for
those that have vision impairment. The whole project cannot be scrapped due to one issue that was
overlooked. This overlook would be far costlier in a Waterfall method development than in an Agile
method. Not only would the cost be great the time lost could be detrimental if consumers are
demanding

The Waterfall Method And Source Code
The Waterfall method uses documentation at the onset of the project that clearly defines the software
requirements. The creation of the documentation and source code usually takes a significant amount
of time. This time consuming process is usually circumvented when using an Agile approach
(Arken, 2008). The process, however time consuming, is also extremely important. By clearly
defining the goals and objectives of the project, stakeholders like the customers and developers are
on the same page at the start. Another clear benefit to having documentation of project requirements
is realized whenever there is a change of personnel during the project lifetime. The creation of
documentation helps prevent project failure if one or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By providing working iterations of code to stakeholders several times over the course of a projects
life, changes are requested and the code is altered on–demand; this can help prevent project failure.
Customer–oriented Development
To this point, one stark contrast between the Waterfall and Agile methods of software development
is the degree to which they involve the customer. In this sense it is easier to think of the Waterfall
model as being more "predictive" and the Agile model as being more "adaptive". There are
milestones in either case, but the changes that are a result of customer input drive the flow of
development in an Agile system (Arken 2008). One can see how the "adaptive vs. predictive"
differences can become more of a problem where finances are concerned.
Project Management
Looking at each methodology from a different perspective, the management perspective, unveils
additional benefits and setbacks. The rigidity of the Waterfall method for software development can
be cumbersome when dealing with changing expectations, but it makes it easier for management to
manage the project's progression. Having clear goals makes it easy for managers to track the
development process. It is more difficult to track a project where requirements are constantly
evolving. Most of the projects (not involving software development) in our department are tracked
through their process. As goals are achieved, completion nears 100%.

Waterfall Methodology : Waterfall Theory
Waterfall Methodology: After having reviewed definitions and perspectives by three author groups,
I'm inclined to conclude that waterfall methodology is essentially defined by its insistence upon the
completion of product development steps in a sequential manner in order to accommodate a client's
need for a product or tool that will enable their business to be performed in a temporally defined
effective (or desired) manner. By utility, for the sake of quickly delivering a product to the
satisfaction of its client, a development team who employs the waterfall method may do so because
of waterfall's logical yet rigid structure. Its step–by–step nature promotes an easy to follow guide,
though many of the tasks involved in the process of its development are anything but easy. Further,
waterfall's rigid nature seems to reinforce the notion of its logic, if but for the sake of timely product
completion and client budget. Due to its methodological rigidity, however, products developed by
way of waterfall may tend to be rigid in their own right. As noted by Williams in her article The
Documentation of Quality Engineering: Applying Use Cases to Drive Change in Software
Engineering Models, when the waterfall method is employed, an application will not be delivered to
a client until all of its stages are "... complete, in order. First, one project phase must be completed
before the next starts. Also, once it is finished, it and its documents are not to be revised" [1, p. 5].
This

Analysis Of Hy Vee Corporate Headquarters
ASSIGNMENT #9(AGILE VS WATERFALL) MICHELLE WICHMAN
DUE DATE: 21JUN2015
POINTS POSSIBLE: 100
OVERVIEW: Hy–Vee Corporate headquarters is based in West Des Moines and is an employee–
owned supermarket. As of 2015, Hy–Vee has 233 stores across eight Midwestern states and $6.9B in
annual revenue.
The article Scope Management in Agile Versus Traditional Software Development Methods (Israr
Ur Rehman, et al, October 2010, NSEC '10: Proceeding for the 2010 National Software Engineering
Conference) discusses the importance of scope management, it's role and impact on a project, and
how it alone can lead projects toward failure. "A well–defined and well managed scope is very
important for a qualitative, cost effective and timely completion of the project (page 1). The
replacement of traditional software development (Waterfall) by agile software development methods
is very apparent in cost, resources and time for the work.
Cost and resource needs are higher for traditional than Agile due to Waterfall's sequential
development phase of all requirements determined in the beginning, software design and finally
implementation of master design. The need for all information up front takes substantial time to
gather and the sequential design does not allow for project changes as the flow enters into the
programming stage. With Agile, costs remain low because there exists an incremental and iterative
approach to the project, meaning less time is used to collect all requirements up front, the

The Waterfall Method And The Agile Methods Of Development
Evan Pierce
Marvin Hagen
Introduction to Business Intelligence – DSS600 – Lesson 9 Assignment
21 June 2015
Compare and Contrast the Waterfall Method and the Agile Methods of Development As it is with all
decisions we make in the day, there are often multiple opportunities which often times lead to a
single outcome. Such decisions as, "Do I take the turnpike today" can have such a profound impact
on the outcomes. Will you hit traffic on turnpike and as a result miss a meeting. If you go the
backway do you make the scheduled meeting? On any given day the same approach you have
always taken can backfire. Keeping this in mind we must learn how the business methods we
implement can often lead to the same outcome. What differs is the process ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
At no point in the process development can the next phase begin until the previous phase is
completed. This is how the waterfall method received its name, it begins at the top and works its
way down towards the bottom, and at no point can the process be reversed. Youssef Bassil in his
article titled "A Simulation Model for the Waterfall Software Development Life Cycle", defines the
water fall method as the following, "The Waterfall model defines several consecutive phases that
must be completed one after the other and moving to the next phase only when its preceding phase
is completely done. For this reason, the Waterfall model is recursive in that each phase can be
endlessly repeated until it is perfected." There are certain situations where the waterfall method is
advantageous in application and that involves the following; a short time frame, there3 are no
unclear expectations, the technology is understood, the requirements are fixed and the product
propose is stable.
There are distinct requirements of each phase in the water fall method, and the application of theses
requirements often dictate the success or failure of any development project. The first phase is
described as gathering and analysis which outlines and documents all possible requirements for the
system being developed. This includes the

Defect Correction Is The Remediation Of A Software Condition
Defect Correction
Defect correction is the remediation of a software condition or result that contradicts or does not
meet the needs of the software requirements (Defect, 2010). The agile test model is an automated
and efficient process for detecting requirements and functionality variations (Tarhan & Yilmaz,
2014). Also, unit testing activities are performed earlier within the life cycle and defects are
identified sooner (Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2014). The early identification of defects minimizes the costs
for defect correction or rework (Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2014). The accelerated timeframe allows teams to
remediate defects before functionalities are demonstrated or sent to the customer for user acceptance
testing (Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2014). Without incremental methods, as evident in the waterfall model,
identified defects are unknown until post customer delivery (Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2014). As a result,
the estimated costs for software development are exceeded to remedy code defects or cover the
expense of rework for issues that customers identify post implementation (Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2014).
Finally, post development defects may result in the loss of customers given the impact and severity
(Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2014). An empirical study of development models revealed that agile model
performance was superior to that of waterfall with respect to defect detection and cost control
(Tarhan & Yilmaz, 2014).
Estimation
Estimation is the process by which teams provide an assessment of the level of

Agile Methodology For Software Development
A single definition of agile methodology in software development is not easily found. We should
consider agile methodology as an umbrella under which various agile methodologies rest. I will
define agile methodology as an alternative to traditional 'heavyweight', linear project management
methodologies that is marked by an adherence to and reliance on the individual not as a replaceable
part, constant interactions between the project team and the customer, adaptiveness, customer
collaboration, and responsiveness to change throughout a product's development, which is perpetual.
A major and initial influential force in agile methodology was Dr. Winston Royce. In 1970, he
published an article entitled "Managing the Development of Large Software Systems". In this paper,
he argues software development is unlike the sequentially, siloed group phased execution auto–
manufacturing sector and proposed an iterative and incremental approach, while also acknowledging
its risks, that today is commonly referred to as agile methodology. Throughout my reading on the
topic, I noted that the push for the use of agile methods in software development has been referred
to as a movement. And at the forefront of this movement is the Agile Alliance. In 2001, the Agile
Alliance published the "Manifesto for Agile Software Development". I will not explore this group or
its manifesto further other than citing its opening salvo, listed on its website, in order to further
demonstrate the essence

Assignment of S/W Eng..
U9 Assignment of
Software Engineering
Homework–1
Submitted by: Submitted To:
Name: Abhishek Mr. Amandeep sir
Section: E – 3004
Roll_No: RE3004B58
Group : 2
Part – A
Q1: Take a suitable example to develop a software and implement the waterfall Model technique in
it to develop the software ?
Ans: The waterfall model shows a process, where developers are to follow these phases in order: 1.
Requirements specification (Requirements analysis) 2. Software Design 3. Integration 4. Testing (or
Validation) 5. Deployment (or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justify your statement by giving some example.
Ans: Project management is a people intensive activity, and for this reason, competent practitioners
often make poor team leaders. They simply don't have the right mix of people skills. And yet, as
Edgemon states unfortunately and all too frequently it seems individual just fall into a project
manager role and become accidental project managers.
Model of leadership
Motivation : The ability to encourage (by "push or pull") technical people to produce to their best
ability.

Organization : The ability to mold existing processes (or invent new ones) that will enable the initial
concept to be translated into a final product.
Ideas of innovation : The ability to encourage people to create and feel creative evan when they
must work within bounds established for a particuler software product or application.
Problem Solving :
Managerial identity : A good project manager must take charge of the project. She must have the
confidence to assume control when necessary and the assurance to all good technical people to
follow their instinct.
Achievement : A complete manager must reward initiative and accomplishment to optimize the
productivity of a project teem. She must demonstrate through own action that controlled risk taking
will not be punished.. Influence and team building : An effective project manager must be able to
read people she

The Original Waterfall Model Has A Foundation That Is...
The original Waterfall model has a foundation that is supported by two distinct characteristics. First,
the methodology is rooted in the fact that that the software be developed in stages. "Originally
created by Benington in 1956 and later modified by Royce in 1970, the quintessential Waterfall
model is linear and sequential in evolution, typically with milestones at each phase of development.
(Pavolka, 2005). As seen in figure 1 (Ruparelia, May 2010), the typical thresholds consisted of
Evaluation, Requirements, Analysis, Design, Development, Validation, and ultimately Deployment.
The evaluation phase, at the aggregate level, helps to reveal the situation at hand. The requirements
phase is arguably the most important phase of the Waterfall plan as it lays out the project statement
and sets the framework and expectations for the project. The next phase, Analysis, works as a
comparison between what capabilities are needed versus what constraints currently exist. That leads
into the Design phase in which the software developers determine the architecture required to meet
the customer's expectations taking into account the constraints previously identified. Development is
the next phase that takes the inputs from the Design phase and outputs a tangible product ready for
testing. The testing or Validation phase is the process in which the software is checked for two
things: a) any and all bugs are identified and removed and b) the original scope of work including all

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Waterfall Management
ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institute Java Institute for Advanced Technology
OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN H7DV 04 H7DV 04/AS/01
RUCHINI ERANDATHI SCN NO : 157474812 947814141V
WATERFALL METHODOLOGY
The waterfall model of software engineering for the systems development life cycle model is the
most popular version. Often considered classic approach to life cycle of systems development ,
linear and sequential waterfall model describes the development system. Waterfall development
objectives are different for each stage of a development .Imagine a waterfall on the cliff of an alp.
Water has flowed over the edge of a steep mountain side and has started walking down , it cannot
turn back. It is same as the waterfall development. Once a phase of development is completed, there
is no turning back when the development proceeds to the next phase. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The rigidity of the model is easy to manage – Each stage has a specific distribution and review
process.
In this methodology phases are processed and completed one at a time and phases do not overlap.
Waterfall methodology proceeding well for smaller projects where requirements are very well
understood.
Disadvantages of waterfall methodology
When an application is in the testing stage, it is very hard to turn back and change something, that
was not well–thought out in the concept stage.
No working software is produced until late during the life cycle.
Uncertainty and the risk, very high.
It is not a good methodology for complex and object–oriented

Waterfall And The Agile Model
The Waterfall and The Agile Model comparison
The waterfall model was legally introduced as an idea through a paper that had been published by a
man called Winston Royce in the year 1970. However, due to the waterfall model being introduced
by Winston Royce himself, it had been introduced as an example of a flawed software development
method, which was vulnerable due to its shortcomings. The waterfall model philosophy had been
inherited from the hardware manufacture and construction strategies that had been in practice in the
year 1970s; therefore it had a structured approach to the software development itself. In comparison
to the agile methodology, which developed in the year 1990s where the developers had decided to
break away from the traditional structured, segmented and administrative approaches, which were
being made to the developed software, and progressed towards more of the flexible development
styles. The term Agile can be referred to as being lightweight methods, which had been declared in a
research paper in the year 1974 by Edmonds. Furthermore, some of the most noticeable and
common agile methods of the software development that subsequently had been evolved were
known as Scum in the year 1995, 'Extreme Programming ' in 1996, 'Adaptive Software
Development ', 'Dynamic Systems Development Method ' in 1995 and 'Feature Driven Development
'. In the year 2001, a team of developers in the agile software development had declared the agile
manifesto. The agile

Software Development Lifecycle Models And The Waterfall Model
In a paper titled "Software Development Lifecycle Models", Nayan B. Ruparelia describes many of
the different options when developing software including the Waterfall model. The Waterfall model
was one of the first true models documented for software development and "has underpinned all
other models" (Ruparelia 2010) since inception. Originally developed by Herbert Benington in 1956
and later adjusted by Winston Royce in 1970 (Ruparelia 2010), the Waterfall method became an
important and widely used process to get software into the workplace. The model follows a pattern
of evaluation, requirements, analysis, design, development, validation, and deployment. Royce's
model also allowed for "iterative feedback" (Ruparelia 2010) that allowed a group to move to a
preceding step if feedback was needed. One of the key tenants of the Waterfall method is heavy
planning and documenting with a key goal of minimizing risk during coding. Also, collaboration is
low across phases as each group in a phase would play a different part in terms of requirements and
validation. Traditionally, the Waterfall model is used to develop large and complex software rollouts
that require different experience levels and backgrounds to accomplish the overarching goal. Once
the software is coded and deployed, the documentation allows for better understanding of what took
place if a process needed to be revisited. Other variations of the Waterfall model have been
documented but the original version is

Agile Vs Waterfall Case Study
ASSIGNMENT #9(AGILE VS WATERFALL) MICHELLE WICHMAN DUE DATE: 21JUN2015
POINTS POSSIBLE: 100 OVERVIEW: Hy–Vee Corporate headquarters is based in West Des
Moines and is an employee–owned supermarket. As of 2015, Hy–Vee has 233 stores across eight
Midwestern states and $6.9B in annual revenue. In this paper, I'll be comparing Agile vs Waterfall or
traditional software development methods. First, let's take a look at Agile, in particular the role of
scope. Several traditional software development models came about in the 1960s, such as
incremental, spiral and waterfall modelling. Over time it was realized that the software development
team did not realize all of the needs up front. Thus, the customer was was not delivered what was
expected. It's essential to have an outline of who, what, when and where but this is often a
transforming list. Thus, Agile came into play. This is a faster and smaller method over traditional.
Stakeholders get together with small teams to look at cost, resources and expected time frames. This
team figures out the computer verbiage, checks and balances, verification coding, iterations, number
limits, scripts, all in the early stages of development. When a large and ... Show more content on
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This is a much better approach than having to predetermine what the executives may want. My
experience with the executives is that a lot of times they are not sure what they want it takes several
tweaking and re–programming to get it just right. What's cool about this method is that the strengths
of different programmers can be best utilized. Furthermore, all programmers can work on their
pieces at the same time, get feedback, tweak it some more, get feedback all simultaneously which
will be much quicker and efficient than if it was the Waterfall method. The stakeholder's needs take
a priority with an iterative

Project Development Models: The Waterfall Method
Introduction 1. Project development models are control systems which help establish the framework
for conducting a project. There are many different models that can be used, however, correct
selection of a methodology is paramount to its success. If applied correctly it will aid Project
Managers in controlling a project throughout its lifespan and enable them to react to the
unpredictable. With many different project development models available selecting the correct one
could in itself become a mini project. This assignment will look to research and report on three
different project development models (Waterfall, RAD and Scrum) examining their advantages and
disadvantages to aid in model selection. The Waterfall Method 2. The Waterfall method was
originally developed in 1970 by Dr. W Royce to assist with the development of software. It has
survived to this day through adaption and revisions enabling it to be one of the most widely used
models (Charvat 2003). Its namesake originates from the analogy of a waterfall flowing downwards
with the model following suit, cascading towards completion (Balaji and Murugaiyan 2012) this is
known as a serial lifecycle. Each phase (starting in the top left corner) within the serial lifecycle is
completed before moving on to the next phase until the end goal is reached (see Figure 1). This kind
of method suits projects that have clearly defined stage goals, outcomes or solutions that are
highlighted in the initial strategy of

Agile V. Waterfall
Waterfall to Agile References Pavolka, R., Mount, V., Neymeyr, A., & Rhodes, C. From
Waterfall to Rapid Prototyping (2005). Supporting Enterprise–wide Adoption of the Oncourse
Collaboration and Learning (CL) Environment at Indiana University. SIGUCCS '05 Proceedings of
33rd Annual ACM SIGUCCS Fall Conference, 312 – 319. Northrop, Robert (2004). The Fall of
Waterfall. Intelligent Enterprise 7.3, 40–41. Adams, John (2013). Change in Software Techniques
Helps FHLB Reduce Defects. American Banker, Technology Section, Volume 178 No. 23. I. Agile
v. Waterfall Agile Development Methods (Agile) and the Waterfall Method (Waterfall) are two
different styles of designing and managing the Soft Development Life–Cycle (SDLC) ... Show more
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Implementation is very simply put the execution of the requirements in the design specifications
document. During this phase, developers actually write the code that makes the software system
work. Hardware specialists similarly setup the equipment and hardware that are necessary for the
solution. The application is developed, debugged and tested against the design document and once it
passes muster, the product is handed off to the next phase: testing. Testing is often handled by a
quality assurance team. The team upon taking delivery of the product refers back to the documents
created during conception and ensures that all of the requirements are satisfied by the solution. This
team documents the project and uses business cases or test cases to determine whether the solution
actually is the complete solution and whether or not it actually works in its entirety. This team
generally hands off the functioning solution, its documentation and a user manual to the next phase:
installation. An installation or delivery team then hands the product over to the customer. This team
also often provides formal training to the end–user. Delivery is followed by maintenance.
Maintenance of a product usually includes end–user support, debugging of system flaws that are
discovered after delivery, and change requests. If Waterfall is executed to the letter of its design,
there will be no overlap between the separate phases of the project. Clearly defined

The Pyramid Of The Waterfall Model Is Imminent, And Other...
The first article I selected focuses on the Waterfall method of software development, entitled "The
Demise of the Waterfall Model Is Imminent" and Other Urban Myths. Authors P. Laplante and C.
Neill, take a conversational, slightly cheeky approach to dispelling the prevailing thought that the
application of the Waterfall method was in steady, rapid decline. The Waterfall method is
characterized by a methodical but rigid five step process to developing software: Requirements;
Design; Implementation; Verification; Maintenance. Each step is addressed completely before
moving onto the next step, and once in a given step of the process, there is usually no going
backwards. This method favors a disciplined approach to development, ... Show more content on
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The second myth that the authors address is one relating to prototyping, a missing element of the
Waterfall method. The prevailing thought is that prototyping offers an avenue to hasten the
development process and can even minimize the number of errors. The authors go a step further in
identifying a subset of prototyping that is more incremental in nature, characterized by improving
one's original prototype iteratively. This approach to prototyping means that it evolves over time,
thus aptly named evolutionary prototyping. The authors draw a fine balance in weighing the benefits
and costs associated with prototyping but ultimately, they reject that prototyping is necessary to
increase the efficacy of the Waterfall method. They argue that unlike an engineering solution,
software prototypes can be used in the final prototypes, thanks to evolutionary prototyping. Yet,
prototyping does not necessarily correlate to decreased numbers of errors in programming. Their
contention then is that the rigor built–in to the Waterfall method ultimately delivers a greater quality
end–product beyond the operational properties of the software, which is something prototyping does
not necessarily support. The final myth postulated is that the Waterfall method is underappreciated
as an industry best practice. The authors state that while a third of respondents cite it as the primary
method of development, a slightly greater number of respondents

Software Process Model Essay
Software process model is a step by step highly structured technique for designing and development
of any software. There are various process models widely used for developing software. Process
models give a guidelines regarding development of the software.
Process models are very important for developing the software in a systematic manner, such that it
will be delivered within the time deadline and should also have proper quality. There are four major
steps which includes Elicitation, Designing, Coding and Testing.
In this paper we develop a new model for software development that lays special emphasis on
highly structured lifecycle and defining an output with each stage and also tries to fulfill the
objective of the Software Engineering of developing high quality product within schedule and
budget. The new proposed model is designed in such a way that it allows client and developer to
interact freely with each other in order to understand and implement requirements in a better way
using the concept of process model.
Keywords–Software Engineering, software process models, Free–Flow Model, Requirement
collection, Testing, Activities involved in process models, Comparative analysis of models.
I. INTRODUCTION
Software process model is a technique which gives a new way of designing of any software within
less time and gives high quality of software product as per the requirement. Software process gives
the better performance in Implementation and

Systems Development Life Cycle : Desiree M. Kamansky
Systems Development Life Cycle
Desiree M. Kamansky
University of Maryland University College Introduction
Information technology governance refers to aligning the strategy of the IT department with the
strategy of the organization. IT governance is carried out by aiming at ensuring that companies
maintain their level of operation striving to achieve their goals and strategies while at the same time
finding better ways of measuring the performance of information technology within the
organizations. Information governance guarantees that interests of the stakeholders are well taken
care of as well as ensuring that realistic results are achieved from the organizational activities
(Shuptar, 2012). Management should assist in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third step is the design stage which involves the requirements for the design of the technology,
and these include data layers, programming language, and the data services. This stage helps in
implementing a design that highlights the coverage of the business logic that was analyzed at the
previous stage. The next step is the coding which involves writing the sources of the actual code that
will be used in the implementation of the business logic, the models, and the integrations of the
services that had been generated earlier. The fifth stage is a testing step where testers such as beta
testers are solving issues that arise out of the application (Petersen & Baca, 2009). However, this
stage usually tends to repeat the coding stage so that there can be proper squashing of the detected
bugs. The final stage is the operation stage where the application is considered complete and can be
deployed. Besides, this stage involves maintenance and support in ensuring the application remains
updated and fully operational (Petersen & Baca, 2009).
The Purpose of the Model
The waterfall model should be used in certain situations. For instance, waterfall models should only
be applied when the requirements are clearly known and properly fixed (Tutorials Point, n.d.). They
can also be used when there is a stable definition of the product, a distinct understanding of the
technology, or when ambiguous requirements are

Software Engineering Is Like An Art
"Software engineering is like an art in that it begins with a problem and ends with the creation of a
solution that solves it (Blum, p.9)." Engineers grew out of the ashes of the problems of the world.
Software engineers deal with problems and maintenance in computer software. For a computer to
find a solution to anything, programs have to be designed and written into the computer using
models for the software process. Bernd Bruegge, in his presentation titled, Software Lifecycle
Models, states "a software process represents all the phases needed to create a program, from the
study of the goals leading to the objective, to the maintenance of said goals and how the phases
relate to one another." There are many different models used as guidelines to form the software
process needed to create a program, but this paper will prove how the waterfall model performs the
software process in the most reliable and user–friendly fashion. The waterfall model will be defined
and then compared to the V–model, prototype model, and Boehm's spiral model, with all aspects in
relation to software engineering. M. C. Escher's painting, "Waterfall", depicts a waterfall defying
reality by creating an infinite flow of water from a structure that seems to be realistic. Escher's
waterfall, on paper, seems to be flawless but when implied to the real world, the design is
impossible. The waterfall model used to create software processes is flawless if used properly, but if
one step is overlooked,

Process Of Software Development : The Waterfall Model
In this semester, we covered three SDLC's waterfall, incremental, and integration. The waterfall
model divided the process of software development into different steps and the next step could not
be initialized until the current step was completed. Incremental development was more of an agile
development, since the processes could interleave. Integration development relies heavily on
reusable code, which focused into integrating the components into the system. GCC and CLANG
strive to give users the latest and most recent updates of their compilers. Therefore, with both being
updated so frequently, the waterfall model is not the best SDLC for either of these systems.
However, GCC or CLANG could be either incremental or integration. Both ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
CLANG allows the public to submit changes that could become requirements, but they need to be
validated by the CFE or DEV team depending on what kind of changes need to be made. They also
have standards that need to be followed in contemplation of changes becoming requirements.
Software documentation is a key part of the system in order to give guidance of how the architecture
of the software project is made. CLANG uses doxygen to generate its documentation, since the
system is constantly changing. GCC uses their own online documentation to provide manuals and
latest releases. Both GCC and CLANG have incredibly detailed and easy to follow documentation,
which gives the user the essential information to perform any task on the compilers.
As described above in brief detail both GCC and CLANG allow the public to submit changes and
both have standards that need to be followed in order to get the changes looked at. GCC will only
commit changes if is considered a major change. They have a description on what a major change is
as well as what the process is to make a major change. CLANG provides a more thorough
explanation on what is done to validate a patch and release it to the public, which makes it better in
a way. CLANG describes the seven steps that merits a proposed extension, as well as the coding
standard that needs to be followed. Both systems have a complex way of validating changes, since
they need to guarantee that the change is not only valid but also doesn't

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Waterfall
Waterfall Model Advantages As the waterfall model seems to be the most popular model being used,
there are some advantages to using it. The advantages can be seen more in distinct types of
organizations and situations. This method is useful in large organizations that are highly structured
and is able to emulate the structured needs of the organization. This method works for projects that
are less subjective in the nature of what is needed for an outcome. Projects that have a well–defined
end result will be able to utilize this method. Completely structured processes and goals are a
necessity. The waterfall method allows for easy reporting out on results during project. Each step is
very specific in what is to be accomplished at that time so showing defined progress towards can be
done easily. Accomplishments towards progress is easily visible due to specifically set progress
points. In this method, there is a potential cost reduction in moving too fast through project tasks.
With this method that is an inability to go back a step to change outcomes. Each step must be
completed thoroughly and correctly to be able to continue with the project. Documentation of the
process is an important piece of this method to allow for understanding of project procedures by
others. Disadvantages The waterfall method works well for certain scenarios but can be at a
disadvantage in other aspects of the project cycle. Chatterjee explained that the waterfall method
(Chatterjee,

Waterfall Model Is Based On Sequential Process
Waterfall model is based on sequential process that is used in software development process. It takes
place in steps. It is called as waterfall because it moves step by step in downward direction. As seen
in manufacturing and construction site, each process is well structured and carried out step by step,
in software development Waterfall model carries out all phases in sequential manner. All the phases
like Conception, Initiation, Analysis, Design, Construction, Testing, Implementation and
Maintenance are carried out in a sequential manner, step wise. It is stated that the first formal
description of Waterfall model was made in 1970 in the article written by Winston W. Royce.
Though the first use of waterfall model was made in 1976 in the article written by Bell and Thayer.
2.0 Spiral Model
2.1 Introduction & Overview [2]
Spiral model is another alternative process that is used in software development cycle. It is more
focused on risk analysis. It is based on unique risk pattern that is adopted by the software. It can
adopt any of the software development process such as incremental, evolutionary prototype and
waterfall model. This method was introduced in 1986 in paper written by Barry Boehm. This model
has four phases Planning, Risk Analysis, Engineering and Evolution. At each progress the software
project has to be passed through all these four phases. The baseline spiral is reference for each other
subsequent spirals. The baseline spiral starts with the planning

Agile Software Architecture Written By Christine Miyachi
The first article I focused on was Agile Software Architecture written by Christine Miyachi. This
article mainly focused on the concept of agile software development. The concept of agile
development is mainly based on interactions between the software developer and the consumer of
the software. An agile software is something that can be fixed at the last minute due to sudden
changes (Miyachi, 2011). With the ability to change the developing software at any moment in the
process, it is widely believed that the cost to do this would be very high but agile method experts say
that with changing software the cost will actually level out over time (Miyachi, 2011). In order for
this method to work, a development team must accept a process ... Show more content on
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The article mainly focused on comparing an evolutionary method to the waterfall method. The
author of the article believed that the waterfall model is very unrealistic and dangerous to use as a
primary development tool for any project (Gilb, 1985). The waterfall method is scheduled for a
single finished date and all planning, design and analysis is done in the very beginning before the
software coding begins (Gilb, 1985). The evolutionary model is based on delivering to a real user,
measuring the added value to the user, and adjusting any issues (Gilb, 1985). A key difference
emphasized in the article was that a system built in the evolutionary model is real and always
changing while the waterfall method is not (Gilb, 1985). The waterfall method is more focused on
what the software will do as compared to the evolutionary method which is more focused on how
well the software will work for the client (Gilb, 1985). Gilb had the opinion that the waterfall
method is no longer a method to follow (Gilb, 1985). Back in 1985, Gilb wanted to show readers
that the evolutionary method was the way software should be developed and that the clients were
more interested in a technology that was perfected for them (Gilb, 1985). As seen in the waterfall
approach, it was very common to have a software developed for a client and the client would not
even know who the developer was (Gilb, 1985). The waterfall method was effective but it is a
method

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Software...
Abstract
The success of a software development project greatly depends upon which process model is
used.This paper presents a description of various software engineering process models. It
emphasizes on the need of using appropriate model as per the application to be developed.In the
paper description of following seven models are given namely Waterfall,Prototype,Rapid application
development,Incremental,spiral, Buid and fix and V–shaped. Advantages and disadvantages of these
models have been given in this paper. our aim is to create a reliable and cost effective software and
these models provides us a way to develop them.In the paper a comparative study of various models
have been made along with their defects and features.
(1)Introduction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2 User get a view of his product.
Disadvantages
1The factor of software quality is ignored to some extent.
2 In a rush of making prototype working,implementation mistake can occur.
(c) Rapid Application Development model
RAD means Rapid Application Development.RAD model is a high speed adaption of Waterfall
model.This model can be implemented if a developer knows the requirements of customer in
advance and here the development cycle is extremely small. User or customer involvement is there
in every stage of RAD model. This model has four phases Reqirement planning,User
description,Construction,Cutover. A number of teams work on a single function and then it is
integrated to form a whole software. diagram Advantages
1Customer satisfaction is there as customer is involved in every stage of the model.
2 Development time is extremely small.
3 Feedback from customer is available at initial stages.
Disadvantages
1For large projects, RAD model require the size of team to be large and hence a significant human
resource is needed.
2Team members must work in close association with users/customers to complete the project in
time.
3 RAD model is not appropriate for all kinds

Agile And Agile Software Development
Agile Agile software development refers to a group of software development methodologies e.g.
Dynamics System Development Model, Crystal Methods and Extreme programming (XP
methodology). Agile methods attempt to minimise the risk in software in short time boxes called
iterations. Every iteration includes all the tasks necessary to release the mini increment of new
functionality: planning, requirements analysis, design coding, testing and documentation. At the end
of every iteration the priorities will be evaluated. Agile methods emphasise real time
communication, preferably face to face instead of written documents. Agile methods also emphasise
working software as the primary measure of progress. Agile methods produce very little
documentation compared to other methods. Most Agile teams are located in a bullpen and include
all the people necessary to finish the software. (1) (3) Crystal Methodology Crystal Methodology is
one of the most lightweight and adaptable approaches to software development which focuses on
people, interaction, community, skills and talents and communications. Crystal is actually made up
of a family of agile methodologies such as Crystal Clear, Crystal Yellow, Crystal Orange and others.
This refers to the underlining core which represents values and principals. The principal is that each
team has a different set of talents and skills and each team should use a process uniquely tailored to
it. (1) Dynamic Systems Development Model

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Activities Of Software...
Activities of Software Developments:
The activities below used to resolve any software issue and involve in its development: Issue
understanding, Determining a strategy for the solution, Coding the strategic resolution and Program
testing. In larger systems, activities followed in order to create it are enlarge. The large activities
includes sub–activities in order to ease each step. It is suitable to perfectly do those steps rather than
doing the whole activity at once. In most, the main steps could be: analyzing the requirement,
making the design, writing the cods and testing the project.
In fact the last step – maintenance – is the stage where the mistake corrected or the enhancement
added in order to hit the rank of the expectation. In contrast to the hardware the software doesn't
broke down but may contained performance issues which called errors. After clarifying the errors
from the software codes then the software tends to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very humble and easy to comprehend and use. Such a model is easy to manage because of the
inflexibility of the model where every stage has precise receivable and an evaluation process. The
stages of this type of models are managed and accomplished one by one. Stages is not intersection
or overlap. Waterfall model perfectly perform for smaller projects when desires are perfectly
understandable.
Disadvantages of waterfall model:
As waterfall model has many advantages it is carrying a lot of disadvantages. It is hard to make
changes after testing the stage. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go
back and change something that was not well–thought out in the concept stage. The software never
work tile the few last steps and it is very hard to identify the errors at the beginning. It is gambling
operation to make a software and successful of the software is unknown. It is not suitable for a large
complex project.
Incremental

The Agile Methodology ( Am ) For Software Development Essay
The Agile methodology (AM) for software development is an iterative system characterized by
cycles of development, testing, and stakeholder feedback. According to Ferreira and Cohen, the
Agile methodology has the following five characteristics (50): 1. Iterative development: Small
versions of the software are developed at regular intervals. 2. Continuous integration: Instead of
waiting until the end to make changes to code, code changes are integrated immediately and then
tested to ensure they work. 3. Collective ownership: Development teams are fluid as team members
take on different roles depending on need. They all own and are responsible for the system. 4. Test–
driven design: Developers identify the testing required before beginning to write the code for the
system. 5. Feedback loop: In AM, there is a frequent feedback loop from stakeholders to ensure that
the software is on track with expectations throughout the process. Each loop in Agile development is
characterized by development of specific features, testing, stakeholder review, incorporation of
changes, and then on to the next cycle until completion. Comparison of the methods: Stakeholder
input: Both waterfall and Agile methodologies use stakeholder requirements in their process. In the
waterfall case study, the video game highlighted had a pre–production stage where the requirements
were identified and analysis was done up front to develop the game conception. The design is based
on that early analysis and

The Software Development Life Cycle
The Software Development Life Cycle is a model, which consists of multiple steps or phases. This
model is used for the development of software or application. The purpose of SDLC is to make
software more efficient and effective. The life cycle typically has six phases. It starts with analysis
and design phase, then the implementation/ construction phase, testing phase, release or deployment
phase and ends with maintenance phase. The analysis phase determines why the need for the
software arose, the deliverables or outcome expected from the software or system and also identifies
the various requirements for the development. It is very important to involve users, stakeholders and
working engineers in this phase, to ensure that the "Why" criteria is thoroughly fleshed out. A well
worked out analysis phase will help developers and architects to successfully work on the given
requirements in the design phase. The design phase might also involve building several use cases
and building prototypes for users. Design can be logical design, physical design or architectural
design. In the construction phase, physical construction is done to complete the software (i.e.
programming, hardware, software and so on). The implementation phase turns the design into an
actual product. The next phase tests the software for possible vulnerabilities and bugs. This is to
ensure that the product is safe from possible security breach. The product is tested in the real world
to see if it functions as

Disadvantage Of Waterfall Model
Waterfall Model benefit, disadvantage and critique Waterfall Model is the first software
development process model proposed by Royce in 1970 which is a linear sequential software
development life cycle (SDLC) model. It is a sequential process model which does not overlap. It
means that until the one phase is not completed then next phase cannot start. Requirement Analysis:
often know as Software Requirements Specification (SRS). In this phase, all requirements of the
software product are collected and documented in software requirement specification document. It
implicates system and business analysts to define both functional and non–functional requirements.
Functional requirements are defined by means of use cases which describe ... Show more content on
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Also, some enhancement can do in this phase if user is not fully satisfied. Waterfall approach has
become so prevalent and popular that major US governmental organization started utilizing it. The
most famous uses of waterfall are in the US Department of Defense (DOD) and NATO. Although
waterfall utilized by many businesses and organizations around the world. Below are the are benefits
and drawback to this approach mentioned in many literatures. Advantages Disadvantage It is very
easy to understand and use. Each phase has a specific deliverable and review process. Phases are
processed and completed one at a time. Works well for small projects where requirements are well
understood. Clearly defined phases. Well understood deliverables. Arranging tasks easily. Process
and results are documented. Working software is available late during the life cycle. It has a lot of
risks. A poor model for large projects. It is not fit for projects where requirements are changed
frequently. Difficult to measure progress during phases. It cannot manage changing requirements.
Adjusting scope during the process model can end a project. As waterfall is the oldest, and is still
widely practiced, it tends to be the standard against which other development approaches are
compared. However, in general minimal empirical evidence exists to support the advantages of any
one

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