The document provides an overview of spinal anatomy including:
- The 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae and sacrum/coccyx bones that make up the spine.
- Key structures like the anterior/posterior columns that provide compression/tension resistance.
- Facet joints that resist rotation and displacement.
- Important anatomical features of each region like the cervical facet orientation and thoracic transverse processes.
- Neural structures like the spinal cord, nerves and nerve roots.
- Key concepts like clinical instability and relationships between structures.
The document discusses heart sounds, describing the four main sounds - S1, S2, S3, and S4. S1 occurs with the closing of the atrioventricular valves, coinciding with the R wave of an ECG. S2 occurs with the closing of the semilunar valves, coinciding with the T wave. S3 occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. S4 occurs during atrial systole between the P wave and Q wave. Heart sounds provide diagnostic value for assessing cardiac diseases and can be studied using a stethoscope, microphone, or phonocardiogram.
This document provides an overview of anthropometry, which is the quantitative measurement of the human body. It discusses various anthropometric measurements that can be taken including height, weight, body mass index, skin fold thickness, circumference measurements, and more. Guidelines are provided on techniques for accurately measuring each parameter in both adults and children. The document also discusses how these measurements can be used for nutritional assessment and to screen for malnutrition.
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
This document discusses heart sounds and murmurs and provides information on auscultating the heart. It describes the normal heart sounds and where to best auscultate each heart valve. It discusses abnormalities in heart sounds that can indicate various heart conditions. It also covers extra heart sounds like S3, S4, clicks, and gallops and what medical conditions they may suggest. The document is intended to educate medical students and residents on evaluating and interpreting heart sounds during a physical exam.
A teacher will teach 5th grade students about the digestive, muscular, and skeletal systems over 5 days using various interactive technologies and activities. The class has 24 students, most of whom are Caucasian or African American. On day 1, students will learn about organs and the 3 systems. Each subsequent day will focus on one system, explaining its organs and functions. Assessment methods include videos, games, presentations and a podcast. The goal is for students to understand 80% of the content about the human body systems.
The document outlines a 5-day lesson plan for a 5th grade classroom to teach the digestive, muscular, and skeletal systems to 24 students, with varying demographics. Over the 5 days, students will learn about organs and their functions, the skeletal system, digestive system, and muscular system. A variety of interactive activities using technology like blogs, videos, posters, and games will reinforce the concepts. Formative assessments include student creation of presentations, podcasts, and QR codes to demonstrate their understanding.
The document provides an overview of spinal anatomy including:
- The 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae and sacrum/coccyx bones that make up the spine.
- Key structures like the anterior/posterior columns that provide compression/tension resistance.
- Facet joints that resist rotation and displacement.
- Important anatomical features of each region like the cervical facet orientation and thoracic transverse processes.
- Neural structures like the spinal cord, nerves and nerve roots.
- Key concepts like clinical instability and relationships between structures.
The document discusses heart sounds, describing the four main sounds - S1, S2, S3, and S4. S1 occurs with the closing of the atrioventricular valves, coinciding with the R wave of an ECG. S2 occurs with the closing of the semilunar valves, coinciding with the T wave. S3 occurs during rapid ventricular filling between the T and P waves. S4 occurs during atrial systole between the P wave and Q wave. Heart sounds provide diagnostic value for assessing cardiac diseases and can be studied using a stethoscope, microphone, or phonocardiogram.
This document provides an overview of anthropometry, which is the quantitative measurement of the human body. It discusses various anthropometric measurements that can be taken including height, weight, body mass index, skin fold thickness, circumference measurements, and more. Guidelines are provided on techniques for accurately measuring each parameter in both adults and children. The document also discusses how these measurements can be used for nutritional assessment and to screen for malnutrition.
The document discusses the history and types of vaccination. It describes how Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids exposed to cowpox did not get smallpox, leading him to develop the smallpox vaccine in 1796. Since then, vaccines have been developed for over 20 diseases and have saved millions of lives worldwide by training the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens. Vaccines can be live attenuated, inactivated, toxoid, subunit, polysaccharide or genetic based.
This document discusses heart sounds and murmurs and provides information on auscultating the heart. It describes the normal heart sounds and where to best auscultate each heart valve. It discusses abnormalities in heart sounds that can indicate various heart conditions. It also covers extra heart sounds like S3, S4, clicks, and gallops and what medical conditions they may suggest. The document is intended to educate medical students and residents on evaluating and interpreting heart sounds during a physical exam.
A teacher will teach 5th grade students about the digestive, muscular, and skeletal systems over 5 days using various interactive technologies and activities. The class has 24 students, most of whom are Caucasian or African American. On day 1, students will learn about organs and the 3 systems. Each subsequent day will focus on one system, explaining its organs and functions. Assessment methods include videos, games, presentations and a podcast. The goal is for students to understand 80% of the content about the human body systems.
The document outlines a 5-day lesson plan for a 5th grade classroom to teach the digestive, muscular, and skeletal systems to 24 students, with varying demographics. Over the 5 days, students will learn about organs and their functions, the skeletal system, digestive system, and muscular system. A variety of interactive activities using technology like blogs, videos, posters, and games will reinforce the concepts. Formative assessments include student creation of presentations, podcasts, and QR codes to demonstrate their understanding.
This document outlines a lesson plan to teach 5th grade students about the major systems and functions of the human body over the course of a week. The class has 24 students from diverse racial backgrounds, and some have ADHD. Each day focuses on a different body system, using a variety of interactive activities like singing, video creation, games, drawings, and videos. Technology like YouTube, Movie Maker, iPads, PowerPoint, and podcasts will be used to engage the students. The objective is for students to comprehend the key functions and systems with 90% accuracy by the end of the week.
Photoshop was used to increase the size of an image from 5.56 inches width and height to 9 inches width and height by increasing the pixel dimensions from 400x400 to 648x648. Text was also added to the picture. The document provided a brief before and after description of the edits made in Photoshop to increase the size and add text to a photo.
Photoshop was used to increase the size of an image from 5.56 inches width and height to 9 inches width and height by increasing the pixel dimensions from 400x400 to 648x648. In addition, text was added directly to the picture using Photoshop's text tools.
1. The document discusses following and learning from five different educational Twitter accounts:
- Mr. Stumpenhorst, an inspiring Illinois Teacher of the Year who puts students first
- WISE in WV, which advocates for comprehensive sex education in West Virginia schools
- CI350, which demonstrates how to incorporate technology and social media into teaching
- Education Week, a wide-ranging resource on topics from bullying to assessment
- Chris Wejr, who focuses on motivating learning over testing and inspiring creative teaching
The accounts provided insight into important issues and ideas around student success, education reform, and innovative teaching practices.
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching first grade students the months of the year using the ASSURE method. The lesson plan will incorporate different activities like singing songs, creating posters, writing stories, playing computer games, and making calendars. Methods will include breaking the lesson into smaller segments using different media formats to accommodate different learning styles. Materials will come from the classroom and library. The teacher will preview materials and prepare the environment. Students will be required to actively participate in hands-on activities and work in groups with individualized instruction. The teacher will review information throughout the lesson by testing prior knowledge, having students create a poster, and presenting a calendar at the end of the week to assess understanding.
Project based learning is a teaching method where students gain knowledge and skills by investigating and responding to complex, open-ended questions or challenges over an extended period of time. It focuses on developing students' critical thinking, collaboration, communication skills, and creativity. Students are given voice and choice in their projects, and are asked to present their work to authentic audiences beyond the classroom. Proponents argue that project based learning prepares students for the 21st century workplace by developing important skills like collaboration, communication, responsibility, and innovation.
This document defines project based learning as a teaching method where students work for an extended period of time to investigate and respond to a complex question or problem. It discusses how project based learning develops 21st century skills like critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, and communication. The document also explains that project based learning allows for a wider perspective through different learning methods, and helps students become better prepared for the workplace by developing skills like collaboration, responsibility, and creativity.
Students will research and understand the functions of the major human body systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, nervous, digestive, skeletal, and muscular systems. They will be assigned to groups to research the body systems using provided websites and other references. Each group will create a podcast and life-size body poster to present their findings and explain human anatomy to aliens from their home planet.
This document outlines a lesson plan to teach 5th grade students about the major systems and functions of the human body over the course of a week. The class has 24 students from diverse racial backgrounds. Over 5 days, students will learn about the skeletal, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, and respiratory systems through singing songs, making movies, posters, games, and drawings. Technology like YouTube, Movie Maker, iPads, PowerPoint, and podcasts will be used to engage the students. The objective is for students to comprehend the functions of the body's systems with 90% accuracy by the end of the week.
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching 1st grade students the months of the year using the ASSURE method. The lesson plan incorporates various activities like singing songs, creating posters, writing stories, playing computer games, and making calendars. Methods include breaking the lesson into smaller segments, using different media formats to engage various learning styles, and obtaining materials from various sources. The teacher will preview materials and the environment beforehand, require active participation from all students, and assess students' understanding at the beginning, during, and end of the lesson through games, posters, and personalized calendars.
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching 1st grade students the months of the year using the ASSURE method. The lesson plan incorporates various activities like singing songs, creating posters, writing stories, playing computer games, and making calendars. Formats like computers, music, and hands-on activities will be used to accommodate different learning styles. The teacher will preview materials, prepare the environment, and inform students of expectations before the lesson. Students will be required to actively participate in all activities and work in groups while receiving individualized instruction. The lesson will assess student knowledge by having them play a game before, create a poster during, and make their own calendar at the end of the lesson.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
This document outlines a lesson plan to teach 5th grade students about the major systems and functions of the human body over the course of a week. The class has 24 students from diverse racial backgrounds, and some have ADHD. Each day focuses on a different body system, using a variety of interactive activities like singing, video creation, games, drawings, and videos. Technology like YouTube, Movie Maker, iPads, PowerPoint, and podcasts will be used to engage the students. The objective is for students to comprehend the key functions and systems with 90% accuracy by the end of the week.
Photoshop was used to increase the size of an image from 5.56 inches width and height to 9 inches width and height by increasing the pixel dimensions from 400x400 to 648x648. Text was also added to the picture. The document provided a brief before and after description of the edits made in Photoshop to increase the size and add text to a photo.
Photoshop was used to increase the size of an image from 5.56 inches width and height to 9 inches width and height by increasing the pixel dimensions from 400x400 to 648x648. In addition, text was added directly to the picture using Photoshop's text tools.
1. The document discusses following and learning from five different educational Twitter accounts:
- Mr. Stumpenhorst, an inspiring Illinois Teacher of the Year who puts students first
- WISE in WV, which advocates for comprehensive sex education in West Virginia schools
- CI350, which demonstrates how to incorporate technology and social media into teaching
- Education Week, a wide-ranging resource on topics from bullying to assessment
- Chris Wejr, who focuses on motivating learning over testing and inspiring creative teaching
The accounts provided insight into important issues and ideas around student success, education reform, and innovative teaching practices.
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching first grade students the months of the year using the ASSURE method. The lesson plan will incorporate different activities like singing songs, creating posters, writing stories, playing computer games, and making calendars. Methods will include breaking the lesson into smaller segments using different media formats to accommodate different learning styles. Materials will come from the classroom and library. The teacher will preview materials and prepare the environment. Students will be required to actively participate in hands-on activities and work in groups with individualized instruction. The teacher will review information throughout the lesson by testing prior knowledge, having students create a poster, and presenting a calendar at the end of the week to assess understanding.
Project based learning is a teaching method where students gain knowledge and skills by investigating and responding to complex, open-ended questions or challenges over an extended period of time. It focuses on developing students' critical thinking, collaboration, communication skills, and creativity. Students are given voice and choice in their projects, and are asked to present their work to authentic audiences beyond the classroom. Proponents argue that project based learning prepares students for the 21st century workplace by developing important skills like collaboration, communication, responsibility, and innovation.
This document defines project based learning as a teaching method where students work for an extended period of time to investigate and respond to a complex question or problem. It discusses how project based learning develops 21st century skills like critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration, and communication. The document also explains that project based learning allows for a wider perspective through different learning methods, and helps students become better prepared for the workplace by developing skills like collaboration, responsibility, and creativity.
Students will research and understand the functions of the major human body systems, including the circulatory, respiratory, nervous, digestive, skeletal, and muscular systems. They will be assigned to groups to research the body systems using provided websites and other references. Each group will create a podcast and life-size body poster to present their findings and explain human anatomy to aliens from their home planet.
This document outlines a lesson plan to teach 5th grade students about the major systems and functions of the human body over the course of a week. The class has 24 students from diverse racial backgrounds. Over 5 days, students will learn about the skeletal, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive, and respiratory systems through singing songs, making movies, posters, games, and drawings. Technology like YouTube, Movie Maker, iPads, PowerPoint, and podcasts will be used to engage the students. The objective is for students to comprehend the functions of the body's systems with 90% accuracy by the end of the week.
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching 1st grade students the months of the year using the ASSURE method. The lesson plan incorporates various activities like singing songs, creating posters, writing stories, playing computer games, and making calendars. Methods include breaking the lesson into smaller segments, using different media formats to engage various learning styles, and obtaining materials from various sources. The teacher will preview materials and the environment beforehand, require active participation from all students, and assess students' understanding at the beginning, during, and end of the lesson through games, posters, and personalized calendars.
This document outlines a lesson plan for teaching 1st grade students the months of the year using the ASSURE method. The lesson plan incorporates various activities like singing songs, creating posters, writing stories, playing computer games, and making calendars. Formats like computers, music, and hands-on activities will be used to accommodate different learning styles. The teacher will preview materials, prepare the environment, and inform students of expectations before the lesson. Students will be required to actively participate in all activities and work in groups while receiving individualized instruction. The lesson will assess student knowledge by having them play a game before, create a poster during, and make their own calendar at the end of the lesson.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coastsSérgio Sacani
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...Sérgio Sacani
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)eitps1506
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDSSérgio Sacani
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.