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The 3rd Generation
Blockchain
Roger
Blockchain History
1st Generation Blockchain
Distributed ledger
CryptoCurrency
2nd Generation Blockchain
Distributed ledger
CryptoCurrency
Smart Contract
3rd Generation Blockchain
DAG?
The problems of current blockchain
Centralization of control
Obsolete cryptography
Inability to conduct micropayments
Discrimination of participants
Scalability limits
High requirements for hardware
What's DAG?
A directed acyclic graph is
a directed graph that has
no cycles.
Every directed acyclic
graph has a topological
ordering
A picture is worth a thousand words
Iota is a brand new and novel
micro-transaction
cryptotoken optimized for the
IoT. Unlike the complex and
heavy blockchains of Bitcoin
and the like, Iota is created to
be as lightweight as possible
The Tangle Ledger
A Tangle is a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG).
DAG architecture assumes the user and
validator as the same.
A new transaction arrives, it must approve two
previous transactions.
Genesis
Tangle Weights
height, as the length of the longest oriented
path to the genesis.
depth, as the length of the longest reverse-
oriented path to some tips.
Height: 1
Length: 3
Calculation of Weights
Calculation of Scores
1+1+3+3+1
1+1+1+3+1
Low Load
High Load
Stability of the system
Possible attack scenarios
The “large weight” attack.
Possible attack scenarios
A parasite chain attack and a new tip selection
algorithm.
Possible attack scenarios
Splitting attack
Possible attack scenarios
Quantum computing
Bitcoin: 268 nonces to find suitable hash, that a
quantum computer would need Θ(√N),
√268 = 234 ≈ 17 billion times more efficient.
In iota, find a suitable hash for issuing a
transaction is only around 38, √38 = 34 = 81 times.
A picture is worth a thousand words
Byteball is a decentralized
system that allows tamper
proof storage of arbitrary
data, including data that
represents transferrable value
such as currencies, property
titles, debt, shares, etc.
The DAG Ledger
There are no blocks in Byteball, and no block
size issue.
Every new transaction references one or more
by including and signing their hashes
A B C
A
B
C
Main Chain
Witnesses
Byteball Applications
Assets
Bonds
Funds
Texts
Vote
Private messaging
...
How to get free Byteball?
Free distribution to BTC and Byte holders.
For every 16 BTC you receive 1 GB ( = 1 billion bytes)
For every 5 GB you receive additional 1 GB.
Thanks!
Any questions?

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The 3rd generation blockchain

Editor's Notes

  1. Ref: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1216479.0 Ref(chinese): https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1217107.0 http://www.bitett.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2699&extra=page%3D1 http://www.bitett.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2905&extra=page%3D1
  2. IOTA 核心技術: Tangle (DAG有向無環圖的延伸)
  3. 高度,定義為自創世交易至當前這個交易的所有路徑中最長的長度; 深度,定義為自這個交易到某個 tip 的最長路徑;
  4. 累計交易權重 累積權重:它被定義為這個交易的自身權重與其他直接以及間接驗證這個交易的所有交易的自身權重之和累積
  5. 累計交易分數 一筆交易的積分定義為它的自身權重與所有它驗證的那些交易的自身權重之和
  6. 維持系統的穩定 會依照當前的負載狀況來決定tips的數量,低負載時會保持在只有少數tips,反之高負載則會保持較多數量的tips
  7. 如果攻擊者想要追上主Tangle的話,他僅僅需要發送具有最大許可權重的交易。假設給定的一筆交易在發送後經過 0t 時間單位後,獲得累積權重為w0 ,並假設這筆交易的調整階段已經結束,因此其累積權重以w的速度線性增長。現在,攻擊者試圖對這筆交易進行雙花攻擊;因為在第一筆交易發送的時候,他私下秘密準備了雙花交易,並且開始生成其他具有權重為m 的交易來驗證這筆雙花交易。如果在一定的時候(在商家決定接受第一筆合法的交易之後),攻擊者的 Subtangle 的權重要大於合法交易 Subtangle 的權重的話,雙花攻擊就會成功。如果上述條件不成立的話,那麼雙花交易就不會被其他交易驗證(因為合法的交易將獲得更多的累積權重並且所有新的tips 都會間接驗證這筆交易),因此雙花交易也就成為了孤立交易了。 系統中誠實交易的輸入相對於攻擊者的計算能力要足夠的大。這也意味著在 IOTA 的早期,需要額外的安全措施(比如檢查點的方式)。
  8. 攻擊者秘密創建一個鏈/Subtangle,並偶爾指向驗證主網絡,從而獲得更多的積分(注意好的tips 的積分大概是主網絡中所有自身權重之和,而攻擊者的tips 還包含寄生鏈中所有的自身權重)。同時,對於單獨創建這個鏈的攻擊者來說,他有足夠強大的計算機,網絡延遲不是問題,因此攻擊者能夠獲得到寄生 tips 具有更高高度的寄生鏈。最後,只要誠實節點所使用的選擇策略是在已有的 tips 中進行一些簡單選擇的話,攻擊者的 tips 數量在攻擊的時候可以任意增加。 為防禦這種攻擊,我們基於主 tangle 中具有更多活躍的哈希算力的事實,因此相對於攻擊者來說,可以使得更多的交易獲得更多的累積權重。算法的核心思想是使用 MCMC(馬爾科夫蒙特卡洛)算法來選擇兩個 tips。 攻擊者的想法和目標是要使得其他交易來驗證和指向寄生鏈,從而使得“好的”tangle 被孤立掉
  9. 解法跟寄生鏈解法一樣,利用MCMC馬可夫鏈蒙地卡羅演算法來當作挑選tips的算法
  10. bitcoin目前的算法無法抵禦量子算法,IOTA挑選隨機數的難度大概是3**8,就算用量子電腦也只能提升到3**4,約略81倍,不足以構成威脅
  11. Byteball(字節雪球)是一個去中心化的系統,允許任意數據的防篡改存儲,包括可轉移價值的數據,例如貨幣,產權,債務,股份等。這些存儲單元彼此鏈接,每個存儲單元包括一個或多個早期存儲單元的散列值,既用於證實早期的單元又用於確立它們的偏序關係。鏈接單元之間形成DAG(定向非循環圖) 跟IOTA都是以DAG為架構的類區塊鏈技術,最大的差異在於Byteball有主鏈及見證人審核機制,見證人是具有現實世界身份的信譽良好的用戶 Byteball explorer: https://explorer.byteball.org/ Byteball wiki: https://wiki.byteball.org/
  12. 協議規則,不能向 DAG 中添加任何新的有效連通性但不必要的鏈結。
  13. 主鏈(MC)確立轉賬的關係順序:先進入MC的佔據優先順序。當有雙花現象的時候,先進入主鏈順序的版本為有效,其他無效。 如何決定MC? 從子節點透過最佳父節點演算法,一路連結到創世節點,從另一個子節點開始建構另一條MC,若兩條MC中途有交會,則交會後會延同一條路線直到創世節點,最差的情況是兩條MC直到創世節點才交會。 一旦我們有MC後,就可以在兩個沒有順序的交易中建立總序,從創世節點索引值為0,下一個為1,因此,沿著 MC 向前行進,為位於 MC 上的單元分配索引。對於不在 MC 上的單元,可以找到其中首先包括(直接或間接)該單元的 MC 索引。以這樣的方式,可以給每一個單元指定一個 MC 指數(MCI)。 在兩個非序列中,具有較低 MCI 的那一個被認為是較早並且有效的序列,另一個則無效。如果兩個非序列恰巧具有相同的 MCI,根據 tiebreaker 規則,具有較低散列值的單元是有效的。因此可避免Double-spending問題發生。
  14. 見證人是在現實社會中擁有良好信譽的個人或團體,並且期望他們能夠頻繁的發佈交易來維持DAG的健康 為了驗證MC的真實性,會從子節點一路往創世節點,途中經過的最佳父節點如果是同一個見證人,不會被重複計算次數,直到遇到大量見證人時才停止 見證人列表一共12人,需要使用者”手動”設定,見證人也有他們自己建議的見證人列表,讓一般使用者可以參考,也可以設定自己的錢包地址為見證人,來獲得50%的fee 12這個數字有3個特點: 足夠大:防止証人偶爾出錯,例如長時間離線、私鑰遺失等等 足夠小:使用者可以追蹤所有見證人的蹤跡,並在必要時刻更換名單 與其他11人想比,允許突變的那一個得足夠小 但是完全相信見證人,這件事情本身是不合理的,所以一旦發現見證人的行為不太ok,隨時可以更換
  15. 也可把有價值的資產或是政府公債.基金之類的商品放到交易payload中,可以達成資產轉移及驗證
  16. Tutorial: https://freedomnode.com/blog/76/how-to-get-free-bitcoins-with-byteball-and-stellar-lumens-giveaways https://byteball.org/
  17. Comparison: https://wiki.byteball.org/comparison-iota Comparison: http://www.tangleblog.com/2017/01/03/byteball-vs-iota-token/