This document summarizes key aspects of blockchain technology. It begins by explaining what a blockchain is and how transactions work, using public/private keys to securely transfer balances. It describes how blocks of transactions are timestamped and added to the chain through a proof-of-work process. Examples of blockchain applications include supply chain management, solar energy sharing, and decentralized autonomous organizations. The document cautions that blockchain may not always be the best solution and provides tips to avoid pointless blockchain projects. It also discusses challenges like scalability that proposed solutions are aiming to address.
A blockchain is a distributed database on a peer-to-peer network. It is the underlying technology of the bitcoin cryptocurrency. Secure transactions between users are possible without the need for a central server or trusted authority. Blockchain technology can be used for other cases than money transfer, such as exchange of other assets, votes or credits and for provenance or identity management. Recently, discussions started whether this technology could be useful for (life) sciences. The blockchain technology will be explained and its potential and weaknesses. Examples of current business applications will be given and ideas for education, the research life cycle and biomedical and health care applications.
How to Create Blockchain Products by Slice.Market CTOProduct School
Main takeaways:
-Intro to blockchain concepts, public/private keys, signing transactions, wallets,
-Product challenges unique to blockchain
-Metamask and other tools that people currently use to interact with the Ethereum blockchain
-Common design and product considerations when making a blockchain product
My presentation prepared for the one-day national level workshop on "Blockchain Technologies" organised by the Department of Information Technology, Academy of Maritime Education and Training. The presentation covers the definition, classification, components, structure and working of ethereum and bitcoin blockchains.
Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
A blockchain is a distributed database on a peer-to-peer network. It is the underlying technology of the bitcoin cryptocurrency. Secure transactions between users are possible without the need for a central server or trusted authority. Blockchain technology can be used for other cases than money transfer, such as exchange of other assets, votes or credits and for provenance or identity management. Recently, discussions started whether this technology could be useful for (life) sciences. The blockchain technology will be explained and its potential and weaknesses. Examples of current business applications will be given and ideas for education, the research life cycle and biomedical and health care applications.
How to Create Blockchain Products by Slice.Market CTOProduct School
Main takeaways:
-Intro to blockchain concepts, public/private keys, signing transactions, wallets,
-Product challenges unique to blockchain
-Metamask and other tools that people currently use to interact with the Ethereum blockchain
-Common design and product considerations when making a blockchain product
My presentation prepared for the one-day national level workshop on "Blockchain Technologies" organised by the Department of Information Technology, Academy of Maritime Education and Training. The presentation covers the definition, classification, components, structure and working of ethereum and bitcoin blockchains.
Crypto tokens imply optionality and the ability to better manage risk. The thesis of this talk is that smart contracts are options, and as such, can be used to control risk (unwanted future uncertainty) in a wider range of areas than has been possible previously, in finance, and in other areas too such as medicine. Options as a financial market instrument have long been used to control the amount and timing of risk in specific ways and tailor exposure with granularity. Smart contracts are an even more flexible species of options because they are programmable contracts that can be used to confer the right to buy or sell any blockchain-based asset or liability at a future moment in time (blocktime or “fiat” (regular) time) per certain terms and consideration. Therefore, smart contracts allow a greater variety in the degree and type of risks that might be brought under management. The impact of having greater control over risk is that intangible social goods are produced such as surety, confidence, and reliability, which help to engender a more trustful society.
Blockchain , Deploying your first smart contract to azure ethereum blockchain.
Slides from my session in "Global Azure Bootcamp Chandigarh"
Presentation starts with basic terms like transactions , ledger and contracts. Talks about what is blockchain and ethereum and concludes with deployment of a smart contract to azure ethereum blockchain.
This presentation gives you the sense on what is Blockchain and how does work
Blockchain is the technology that can disrupt economies by decentralizing , democratizing trust and eliminating unnecessary intermediaries using the TRUST protocol!
(Note: All numbers / brands / currencies used in these slides are for demonstration purposes)
Codemotion Milano 2014 - MongoDB and the Internet of ThingsMassimo Brignoli
Time series are a classical example about the flexibility of the document approach. In this presentation you will see how to manipulate the documents to create a schema optimized for the time-series.
In this case study, we are providing information about the Introduction of Blockchain Technology, Bitcoin and its environment setup, Ethereum coin, other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin in education, and a case study of healthcare using blockchain.
Bitcoin Protocols 1.0 and 2.0 Explained in the Series: Blockchain: The Inform...Melanie Swan
We should think about the blockchain as another class of thing like the Internet – a comprehensive information technology with tiered technical levels and multiple classes of applications for any form of asset registry, inventory, and exchange, including every area of finance, economics, and money; hard assets (physical property); and intangible assets (votes, ideas, reputation, intention, health data, information, etc.). In fact the blockchain concept is even more, it is a new organizing paradigm.
– Melanie Swan, Founder, Institute for Blockchain Studies
Blockchain and Services – Exploring the LinksIngo Weber
In this keynote talk, given at the ASSRI Symposium 2018, I explore four different facets of the relationship between Blockchain and Services.
First, application-level service interfaces for interaction with Blockchain-based applications enable easy integration with existing infrastructure. Second, service composition can be achieved through smart contracts, and enable different approaches to orchestrations and choreographies. Third, Blockchain-aaS offerings cover infrastructure operation, but can go beyond that. And finally, microservice principles can be applied to smart contract design.
BlockChain basics for the non-technical banker covering what's happening, what the opportunities are, and the problems we all face. Covers BitCoin and Ethereum with brief mentions made of Ripple and the HyperLedger project.
Analysing Data from Blockchains - Keynote @ SOCCA 2020Ingo Weber
Keynote at the Symposium on Cryptocurrency Analysis (SOCCA 2020). Content:
In order to analyse how concrete blockchain systems as well as blockchain applications are used, data must be extracted from these systems. Due to various complexities inherent in blockchain, the question how to interpret such data is non-trivial. Such interpretation should often be shared among parties, e.g., if they collaborate via a blockchain. To this end, we devised an approach codify the interpretation of blockchain data, to extract data from blockchains accordingly, and to output it in suitable formats -- see https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.10281.
In addition, application developers and users of blockchain applications may want to estimate the cost of using or op- erating a blockchain application. In the keynote, I will also discuss our cost estimation method.
Smart Network Economics:
Debt, Risk, and Payment Channels
Smart networks are intelligent autonomous networks, a new form of global computational infrastructure in which intelligence is built directly into the software such that an increasing degree of autonomous operation is facilitated. More formally, smart networks are state machines that make probabilistic guesses about reality states of the world and act upon this basis, particularly in economic domains, hence, smart network economics.
Blockchain Investing: Economics Implications of Distributed LedgersMelanie Swan
The investment market for cryptocurrencies is becoming increasingly institutional. In July 2017 (in the wake of the “ICO dotcom bubble”), the SEC signaled its stance on ICOs. “Stock-like” ICOs are likely to be deemed securities, and as such, would need to be registered offerings, which by implication, would target institutional investors. Also in July 2017, the CFTC granted a derivatives clearing license to New York-based LedgerX for cryptocurrency derivatives, and options listings may appear on the CBOE later in 2017. Since derivatives markets are already part of the institutional ecosystem, this means that cryptocurrency derivatives might be a more accessible, liquid, and large-scale means of obtaining exposure to crypto asset classes than investing in the underlying cryptocurrencies themselves. Finally, there is greater emphasis on institutional liquidity aggregation platforms for large-size cryptocurrency trading (i.e. $20+ million positions), with Genesis Trading, Cumberland Mining, Circle, and Project Omni.
Blockchain in Digital Vienna - Technology of an innovative administrationStadt Wien
The City of Vienna sees tremendous opportunities for the future of the administrative administration in the currently much discussed Blockchain technology. Transparency, openness and participation are the leading motifs for our thoughts and actions concerning the digitization of the city. These so-called ‚Viennese principles‘ are supported by the use of blockchain technology.
The City of Vienna has therefore decided to actively use blockchain technology for the first time.
Get in-depth insights on the emergence, growth and future prospects of Blockchain in India. The historical timeline of the Blockchain technology in India. A detailed breakdown of the Blockchain technology and decoding the types of Blockchain currently in use.
Blockchain is one of the trending technology that is catching up in the tech space. It solves multiple use cases where the data integrity should be high. In this ppt, the author has worked on explaining the concepts in a simple and elegant way
Blockchain , Deploying your first smart contract to azure ethereum blockchain.
Slides from my session in "Global Azure Bootcamp Chandigarh"
Presentation starts with basic terms like transactions , ledger and contracts. Talks about what is blockchain and ethereum and concludes with deployment of a smart contract to azure ethereum blockchain.
This presentation gives you the sense on what is Blockchain and how does work
Blockchain is the technology that can disrupt economies by decentralizing , democratizing trust and eliminating unnecessary intermediaries using the TRUST protocol!
(Note: All numbers / brands / currencies used in these slides are for demonstration purposes)
Codemotion Milano 2014 - MongoDB and the Internet of ThingsMassimo Brignoli
Time series are a classical example about the flexibility of the document approach. In this presentation you will see how to manipulate the documents to create a schema optimized for the time-series.
In this case study, we are providing information about the Introduction of Blockchain Technology, Bitcoin and its environment setup, Ethereum coin, other cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin in education, and a case study of healthcare using blockchain.
Bitcoin Protocols 1.0 and 2.0 Explained in the Series: Blockchain: The Inform...Melanie Swan
We should think about the blockchain as another class of thing like the Internet – a comprehensive information technology with tiered technical levels and multiple classes of applications for any form of asset registry, inventory, and exchange, including every area of finance, economics, and money; hard assets (physical property); and intangible assets (votes, ideas, reputation, intention, health data, information, etc.). In fact the blockchain concept is even more, it is a new organizing paradigm.
– Melanie Swan, Founder, Institute for Blockchain Studies
Blockchain and Services – Exploring the LinksIngo Weber
In this keynote talk, given at the ASSRI Symposium 2018, I explore four different facets of the relationship between Blockchain and Services.
First, application-level service interfaces for interaction with Blockchain-based applications enable easy integration with existing infrastructure. Second, service composition can be achieved through smart contracts, and enable different approaches to orchestrations and choreographies. Third, Blockchain-aaS offerings cover infrastructure operation, but can go beyond that. And finally, microservice principles can be applied to smart contract design.
BlockChain basics for the non-technical banker covering what's happening, what the opportunities are, and the problems we all face. Covers BitCoin and Ethereum with brief mentions made of Ripple and the HyperLedger project.
Analysing Data from Blockchains - Keynote @ SOCCA 2020Ingo Weber
Keynote at the Symposium on Cryptocurrency Analysis (SOCCA 2020). Content:
In order to analyse how concrete blockchain systems as well as blockchain applications are used, data must be extracted from these systems. Due to various complexities inherent in blockchain, the question how to interpret such data is non-trivial. Such interpretation should often be shared among parties, e.g., if they collaborate via a blockchain. To this end, we devised an approach codify the interpretation of blockchain data, to extract data from blockchains accordingly, and to output it in suitable formats -- see https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.10281.
In addition, application developers and users of blockchain applications may want to estimate the cost of using or op- erating a blockchain application. In the keynote, I will also discuss our cost estimation method.
Smart Network Economics:
Debt, Risk, and Payment Channels
Smart networks are intelligent autonomous networks, a new form of global computational infrastructure in which intelligence is built directly into the software such that an increasing degree of autonomous operation is facilitated. More formally, smart networks are state machines that make probabilistic guesses about reality states of the world and act upon this basis, particularly in economic domains, hence, smart network economics.
Blockchain Investing: Economics Implications of Distributed LedgersMelanie Swan
The investment market for cryptocurrencies is becoming increasingly institutional. In July 2017 (in the wake of the “ICO dotcom bubble”), the SEC signaled its stance on ICOs. “Stock-like” ICOs are likely to be deemed securities, and as such, would need to be registered offerings, which by implication, would target institutional investors. Also in July 2017, the CFTC granted a derivatives clearing license to New York-based LedgerX for cryptocurrency derivatives, and options listings may appear on the CBOE later in 2017. Since derivatives markets are already part of the institutional ecosystem, this means that cryptocurrency derivatives might be a more accessible, liquid, and large-scale means of obtaining exposure to crypto asset classes than investing in the underlying cryptocurrencies themselves. Finally, there is greater emphasis on institutional liquidity aggregation platforms for large-size cryptocurrency trading (i.e. $20+ million positions), with Genesis Trading, Cumberland Mining, Circle, and Project Omni.
Blockchain in Digital Vienna - Technology of an innovative administrationStadt Wien
The City of Vienna sees tremendous opportunities for the future of the administrative administration in the currently much discussed Blockchain technology. Transparency, openness and participation are the leading motifs for our thoughts and actions concerning the digitization of the city. These so-called ‚Viennese principles‘ are supported by the use of blockchain technology.
The City of Vienna has therefore decided to actively use blockchain technology for the first time.
Get in-depth insights on the emergence, growth and future prospects of Blockchain in India. The historical timeline of the Blockchain technology in India. A detailed breakdown of the Blockchain technology and decoding the types of Blockchain currently in use.
Blockchain is one of the trending technology that is catching up in the tech space. It solves multiple use cases where the data integrity should be high. In this ppt, the author has worked on explaining the concepts in a simple and elegant way
A broad-ranging introduction into Blockchain, the Mental Models to use to think about its implications (Blockchain as a Database, as a City and as a Continent); and a technical introduction into the key ingredients to build a blockchain as well as dApps.
Talk for CodeMash 2018. Page to end for resources. Some more links (click to expand):
Bitcoin's Insane Energy Consumption Explained: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/12/bitcoins-insane-energy-consumption-explained/
The Ethereum-blockchain size will not exceed 1TB anytime soon.
https://dev.to/5chdn/the-ethereum-blockchain-size-will-not-exceed-1tb-anytime-soon-58a
For use rights, please see license agreement below.
A research-oriented introduction to the cryptographic currencies (starting wi...vpnmentor
Presentation by Stefan Dziembowski, associate professor and leader of Cryptology and Data Security Group University of Warsaw. In BIU workshop on Bitcoin. Covered exclusively by vpnMentor.com
Blockchain: The New Technology of TrustMarco Segato
An introductory presentation of the technology that is said to change the world, the result of practical research and participation in the Permanent Observatory of the Polytechnic University of Milan.
The slides of the tutorial "Graph-based Management and Mining of Blockchain Data" by Arijit Khan (https://twitter.com/rijitk) and Cuneyt Akcora (https://twitter.com/cuneytgurcan) at the Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM2022) in Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Overview and clarification of blockchain on following respects: what blockchain is, when it appeared, how it works, who designed/develops it, what it can achieve?
Author : Dr Christian Cachin, IBM
I spent quite some time to digest how Blockchain works and how it can influence our everyday life in the upcoming decades. My slides focus on that from a non-IT expert point view.
I spent quite some time to digest how Blockchain works and how it can influence our everyday life in the upcoming decades. My slides focus on that from a non-IT expert point of view.
Upfront Ventures blockchain and crypto deckMark Suster
Mark Suster of Upfront Ventures gives a presentation primer on Cryptocurrencies & Blockchain. This is best consumed with a video that will be released and available on Upfront's YouTube page: https://www.youtube.com/user/upfrontventures/videos
[Meetup 9] Nuit de la Blockchain #2, François Le Fevre du CEALéo Lemordant
Dans le cadre de la Nuit de la Blockchain #2 organisé par Enerfip et WeToken à Montpellier.
François Le Fevre du laboratoire LIST du CEA présente un cas d'usage dans l'efficacité énergétique, pour Véolia.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
2. Blockchain
●
Technology
– How does it work?
– Strong points and weaknesses
●
Applications
– Current applications
– Ideas for applications
– Avoiding the pointless blockchain project
4. What is a blockchain?
●
Technology behind Bitcoin
●
Distributed ledger (peer-to-peer)
●
No central authority (trustless system)
●
Transactions are transparent and traceable
6. Transactions
Public key
Private key
Balance_R = 10
Transaction:
Send 2 to blue public key
Sign with red private key
Balance_R = Balance_R - 2
Balance_B = Balance_B + 2
Public key
Private key
Balance_B = 2
Public key
Private key
Balance_G = 0
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography
7. Transactions
Public key
Private key
Balance_R = 8
Transaction:
Send 2 to blue public key
Sign with red private key
Balance_R = Balance_R - 2
Balance_B = Balance_B + 2
Public key
Private key
Balance_B = 4
Public key
Private key
Balance_G = 0
8. Transactions
Public key
Private key
Balance_R = 8
Transaction:
Send 2 to blue public key
Sign with red private key
Balance_R = Balance_R - 2
Balance_B = Balance_B + 2
Public key
Private key
Balance_B = 4
Public key
Private key
Balance_G = 0
Transaction:
Send 3 to green public key
Sign with blue private key
Balance_B = Balance_B – 3
Balance_G = Balance_G + 3
9. Transactions
Public key
Private key
Balance_R = 8
Transaction:
Send 2 to blue public key
Sign with red private key
Balance_R = Balance_R - 2
Balance_B = Balance_B + 2
Public key
Private key
Balance_B = 1
Public key
Private key
Balance_G = 3
Transaction:
Send 3 to green public key
Sign with blue private key
Balance_B = Balance_B – 3
Balance_G = Balance_G + 3
10. Transactions
Public key
Private key
Balance_R = 8
Transaction:
Send 2 to blue public key
Sign with red private key
Balance_R = Balance_R - 2
Balance_B = Balance_B + 2
21 November 2017
Public key
Private key
Balance_B = 1
Public key
Private key
Balance_G = 3
Transaction:
Send 3 to green public key
Sign with blue private key
Balance_B = Balance_B – 3
Balance_G = Balance_G + 3
24 November 2017
Check if balance is enough
Verify if sender is allowed to send
Transactions are timestamped
Everyone gets a copy of all transactions
If keys are not linked to persons it is
anonymous
11. Transaction
Satoshi Nakamoto (2008) Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system
Owner digitally signs hash of previous transaction and public key of next owner
12. Timestamp server
Block
Previous hash
Hash
21 Nov 2017
Tx1
Tx2
Tx3
.
.
Txn
Block
Previous hash
Hash
22 Nov 2017
Tx1
Tx2
Tx3
.
.
Txn
Block
$Previous_hash
Hash
$Date
$Transactions
Publicly announce hash of block to be timestamped
Publicly announce new transactions
13. Proof-of-work (mining)
Scan for a value (nonce), when hashed (e.g. SHA-256) it begins with a number
of zero bits
A.k.a. Keep computers busy for a while. More CPUs = more chance to win the
competition
Computationally hard to repeat, but easy to verify
Add new block to the chain (link to previous hash) and announce
Others verify if block is correct and add block too (majority vote)
Incentive: winner gets a reward (e.g. a bitcoin + transaction fees)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2
14. Network
1. Broadcast new transactions to all nodes
2. Each node collects transactions in a block
3. Each node works on proof-of-work for this block
4. Proof-of-work found → broadcast block to all nodes
5. Nodes accept block when transactions are valid and not already
spent
6. Acceptance by working on creating a new block based to the
previous block
7. Longest chain is the correct one
8. 51% rule: majority decides what is correct
15. Other points in bitcoin paper
●
Reclaim disk space
– Data compression with Merkle tree
●
Simplified payment verification
– You don't need the entire blockchain for verification
●
Splitting values
– Return the change and add transaction fees
●
Privacy
– No link between person and keys
●
Probability of building in malicious blocks
– Unlikely that a malicious node keeps up with longest chain
Satoshi Nakamoto (2008) Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system
19. Blockchain variants
●
Several variants similar to bitcoin
●
Some focus on anonymity, others on efficiency
●
Other data structures: block-graph i.s.o. block-chain
●
Generalization of transactions
20. Ethereum: programming platform
on blockchain a.k.a. smart contracts
Transaction:
Send 2 to blue public key
Sign with red private key
Balance_R = Balance_R - 2
Balance_B = Balance_B + 2
A transaction can be about anything
Function can be more complex than “add” and “subtract”
Multi-signature possibilities
Examples:
● Two (or more) people need to sign before transfer
takes place
● Transfer of money, a house, energy, karma points,
votes, supplies, etc
● Temporary transfer of a room, a car, a bike, etc
https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper (2015)
22. Forks●
Softforks are forward
compatible
– Old nodes accept new
blocks created with later
version of software
– Miners need to upgrade
●
Hardforks are not forward-
compatible
– Everyone needs to
upgrade (miners, users,
merchants)
Examples of hardforks
Ethereum: bug in smart contract
Funds were stolen and community
decided to fix that and return funds
Some did not agree: new coin
Ethereum classic went on separately
with original rules
Bitcoin: upgrades suggested to
improve transaction speed
Some wanted to increase blocksize
faster: new coin Bitcoin cash
https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/30817/what-is-a-soft-fork
Software A
Software B
23. Hacks, scams and bugs
Private keys were
stolen and/or
server was hacked
PCs were hackedRansom via bitcoin
Software bug insmart contract
Pyramid scheme
List of weaknesses and how likely they are:
https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Weaknesses
24. Strong points and weaknesses
●
Traceability
●
Transparency
●
Data redundancy
●
Strong crypto
●
Can be anonymous (not
always the case)
●
Data storage not efficient
●
Mining expensive (lots of
energy wasted)
●
No single authority
(refunds)
●
Miners have more power
than users
●
Don't loose or give away
your private keys
26. Blockchain research
Yli-Huumo et al. (2016) Where is current research on blockchain technology? - A systematic review. PloS one
41 papers included in study
80.5% about bitcoin challenges
and limitations
19.5% about other topics
27. Education
●
Digital record of achievements
– Certificates issued by university to students
●
Proof of intellectual work
– Public records of ideas
– Can not be modified, new revision can be submitted
●
Intellectual currency
– Micro-payment for contribution
– Reputation points (e.g. nr of citations, reviews)
Sharples and Domingue (2016) The blockchain and kudos: a distributed system for educational record, reputation and reward.
European conference on technology enhanced learning
Image:Ibrandify-Freepik.com
28. Supply chain @ port of Rotterdam
https://www.ad.nl/rotterdam/rotterdamse-haven-experimenteert-met-blockchain-technologie~a2bda56a/(2017)
Image: IBM
29. Solar energy @ Amsterdam
https://spectral.energy/about/news/jouliette-at-deceuvel/ (2017)
35. Avoiding the pointless blockchain project
https://www.multichain.com/blog/2015/11/avoiding-pointless-blockchain-project/
Checklist:
✔ Blockchain is for shared databases
✔ There are multiple writers
✔ Absence of trust: writers need to be verified
✔ Desire to cut out trusted third party (reduce costs, remove single point of failure)
✔ Transactions depend on each other
Also important:
✔ Set the rules: put constraints on transactions
✔ Pick your validators: public, private and consortium blockchains
✔ Back your assets: what does the digital unit represent in the real world?
Alternatives that might be better suited
• Regular file storage
• A centralized database
• Master-slave databases
• Multiple databases to which users can subscribe
36. Ideas for Oosterwold?
Local coin
Community
insurance
Energy sharing
Decentralized
Autonomous
Organization
Other?
Track origin
of stuff
Car sharing
38. Challenges and proposed solutions
●
Blockchain provides pseudo-anonymity
– Encrypt the information
– Store sensitive data off-chain and a link on-chain
●
Speed and scalability
– Blockchain as index of health data, not data itself
– Alternative blockchain solutions
●
Threat of a 51% attack
– Implement as private or consortium blockchain
Kuo et al. (2017) Blockchain distributed ledger technologies for biomedical and health care applications. JAMIA