The document discusses the literary movements and key figures of the 19th century, highlighting romanticism's emphasis on emotion and individualism through poets like William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It examines the contributions of Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Matthew Arnold, focusing on their philosophies of poetry and its social impact. The text emphasizes how these literary developments influenced modern literature and reflect the social and economic conditions of their time.

1. The 19th Century
Prepared by
MS. CRISTINE JESSA L. VALITE
MAT-English Student

2. The 19th century in Western literature—one of
the most vital and interesting periods of all—has
special interest as the formative era from which
many modern literary conditions and tendencies
derived. Influences that had their origins or were in
development in this period—Romanticism,
Symbolism, Realism—are reflected in the current of
modern literature, and many social and economic
characteristics of the 20th century were determined
in the 19th.

3. Romanticism
• It was the predominant literary movement of the early
part of the 19th century.
• The movement emphasized intense emotion as an
authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new
emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and
terror, and awe—especially that which is experienced in
confronting the new aesthetic categories of
the sublimity and beauty of nature.

4. •It promoted the individual imagination as a
critical authority allowed of freedom from
classical notions of form in art.
•It assigned a high value to the achievements
of 'heroic' individualists and artists, whose
examples, it maintained, would raise the
quality of society.

5. WILLIAM WORDSWORTH
1770-1850

6. -Born on April 7, 1770 in Cockermouth
-Died on April 23, 1850
-A major English poet
-His magnum opus was The Prelude
Wordsworth was Britain's Poet Laureate from
1843 until his death in 1850.

7. • Wordsworth was a defining member of the
English Romantic Movement. Like other
Romantics, Wordsworth’s personality and poetry
were deeply influenced by his love of nature,
especially by the sights and scenes of the Lake
Country, in which he spent most of his mature
life. A profoundly earnest and sincere thinker, he
displayed a high seriousness tempered with
tenderness and a love of simplicity.

8. View of Poetry
Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions that recollected in tranquillity.
• spontaneous means natural, not restricted with education or past experiences.
• overflow means the emotion has to be very strong.
• powerful emotions meaning that my subject has to deal with feelings over
everything.
• recollected in tranquillity meaning that if your emotions remain powerful after a
while then you will write about it. Because only then the poem will be as powerful as
you felt at the beginning.

9. The Principal Object of His Poetry
• 1. to choose incidents and situations from common life.
• 2. to relate or describe them.
• 3.throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of language really used by
men.
• 4.and, at the same time, (A) to throw over them a certain coloring of
imagination, (B) whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in
an unusual aspect.
• 5.the primary laws of our nature: chiefly, as far as regards the manner in
which we associate ideas in a state of excitement. (spontaneous overflow of
emotion)

10. His Subject of Poetry
• He chooses humble life because it’s simple, easy to
remember in tranquillity, easier to express, they’re
essential through the passions, they’re easily
understood, they’re durable, and it’s not only about
man or Nature it’s between both.

11. Language Used in Poetry
• Speaks out against figurative language, but still uses
it occasionally.
• He chose everyday language that’s suitable because
such men hourly communicate with the best
objects from which the best part of language is
originally derive.

12. •He saw a relationship between nature
and human life.
•He believes that nature can have an
impact on emotional and spiritual life.

13. Samuel taylor
coleridge

14. • Born on October 21, 1772 in Ottery, St. Mary, Unted
Kingdom
• Died on July 25, 1834
• He was an English poet, literary critic and
philosopher.
• He was the leader of Romantic poetry.
• He used opium for inspiration.

15. • During the 18th century the catchphrase of
literature and art was reason.
• But, the 19th century was heralded by major
shift in the conception and emphasis of literary
art and specifically poetry.

16. Subject Matter
• The most important characteristic of his literary text, he used supernatural
elements, visionary elements in his poems.
• Supernatural elements, extraordinary and mysterious that can be found in
human nature.
• Nature is not the only subject matter, he also talk about psychology of
character.

17. Language
• Sophisticated, elaborated and ornamented.
• The best part of human language is derived from reflection on the
acts of the mind itself. It is formed by a voluntary appropriate on of
fixed symbols to internal acts, to processes and results of
imagination, the greater part of which no place in the consciousness
of un-aducated man.
• The language of poetry undoubtly comes from imagination. The
way, Poet perceives the world and translates it for everyone.

18. Purpose of Poetry
• The purpose of poetry is to give pleasure and this
pleasure is from whole part and from each companent
part.
• If you read a novel, you take pleasure from the whole
part.
• If you read a poem, you take pleasure from the each part.

19. Poetry
•Coleridge sees the poetry as a source of
knowledge
•The Poem must be cohesive unit with every part
working together to build into a whole.
•Philosophy was so important, because it was the
sum of all knowledge.

20. Poet
• ‘No man was ever yet a great poet, without at the
sometimes being a profound philosopher.’
• He valued scientific thinking as a branch of philosophy.
According to him; if a person is a poet, he should also be
a philosopher otherwise he is not poet.
• The poet must be educated person who possess poetic
genious.

21. Lyrical Ballad
• is a collection of poems by William Wordsworth and Samuel
Taylor Coleridge, first published in 1798 and generally considered
to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic
movement in literature.[1] The immediate effect on critics was
modest, but it became and remains a landmark, changing the
course of English literature and poetry.

22. • Subject Matter Wordsworth
• Childhood manners.
• Rustic, humble and common life .
• Beautiful forms of nature.
( Anti-neoclassical )
Coleridge
• Supernatural, extraordiinary and mysterious
elements that can be found in human
nature.
• Nature is not only subject matter, he also
talks about psychology of character (
NEW )
• Language • Language really used common man.
• He used language and subjects of the common man
to convey his ideas.
• He was against to Augustan Age decorum and over-
flow style.
( Anti-neoclassical)
• Metrical arrangement
• Sophisticated
• Ornamented
• Elevated
( Neo-classical )
• Purpose of poetry • Duty of poetry is to spread humanitanal
values and attitudes.
• It is to give pleasure and this pleasure
is from whole parts and from each
part
( NEW )
• Defination of poetry • Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of
powerful feelings recollected in tranquillity.
• A poem is a composition which is
opposed to works of science by its
object.

23. Percy Bysshe shelley
1792-1822

24. • Born August 4, 1792 in Sussex, England.
• regarded by some critics as amongst the finest lyric
poets in the English language.
• A radical in his poetry as well as his political and
social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during
his lifetime, but recognition for his poetry grew
steadily following his death.

25. •The central thematic concerns of Shelley’s
poetry are largely the same themes that
defined Romanticism, especially among the
younger English poets of Shelley’s era: beauty,
the passions, nature, political liberty, creativity,
and the sanctity of the imagination.

26. •Shelley fervently believed in the possibility of
realizing an ideal of human happiness as
based on beauty, and his moments of
darkness and despair almost always stem from
his disappointment at seeing that ideal
sacrificed to human weakness.

27. •The center of his aesthetic philosophy
can be found in his important essay A
Defence of Poetry, in which he argues
that poetry brings about moral good.

28. •No other English poet of the early
nineteenth century so emphasized the
connection between beauty and
goodness, or believed so avidly in the
power of art’s sensual pleasures to
improve society

29. Ralph waldo emerson
1803-1882

30. •Born on May 25, 1803 in Boston
Massachussets
•Died on April 27, 1882
•He was an American essayist, lecturer, and
poet, who led theTranscendentalist movement
of the mid-19th century.

31. The Poet
•It was written between 1841 and 1843 and
published in his Essays: Second Series in 1844. It
is not about "men of poetical talents, or of
industry and skill in meter, but of the true
poet."

32. •In the essay, Emerson expresses the
need for the United States to have its
own new and unique poet to write
about the new country's virtues and
vices.

33. • Emerson considers the nature and the functions of the poet,
"the man of Beauty," to whom he ascribes a superior calling.
Unlike the intellectual, who sees no dependence between the
material world and the world of thoughts and ideas, or the
theologian, who relies exclusively on historical evidence for
truth, the poet acknowledges an interdependence between the
spiritual and the material worlds. This relationship between the
ideal — that which we aspire to be — and the real — that
which is — is a central issue in the discussion. Continuing the
image of the child from the epigraph, Emerson states that we
are "children of the fire," and the energy and brilliance of this
fire is similar to the spirit in each of us.

34. Matthew arnold
1822-1888

35. • Born on December 22, 1822 in Laleham, Middlesex,
England.
• Died on April 18, 1888
• He was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as
an inspector of schools.
• He has been characterised as a sage writer, a type of
writer who chastises and instructs the reader on
contemporary social issues.

36. •He was 'the first modern critic' [1], and could
be called 'the critic's critic', being a champion
not only of great poetry, but of literary
criticism itself.
•The purpose of literary criticism, in his view,
was 'to know the best that is known and
thought in the world, and by in its turn
making this known, to create a current of true
and fresh ideas

37. •He was the founder of the sociological
school of criticism, and through his
touchstone method introduced scientific
objectivity to critical evaluation by
providing comparison and analysis as the
two primary tools of criticism.

38. •To Arnold a critic is a social benefactor.
In his view the creative artist, no matter
how much of a genius, would cut a sorry
figure without the critic to come to his
aid. Before Arnold a literary critic cared
only for the beauties and defects of
works of art, but Arnold the critic chose
to be the educator and guardian of public
opinion and propagator of the best ideas.

39. •To Arnold poetry itself was the criticism of
life: 'The criticism of life under the conditions
fixed for such criticism by the laws of poetic
truth and poetic beauty', and in his seminal
essay The Study of Poetry' 1888) he says that
poetry alone can be our sustenance and stay in
an era where religious beliefs are fast losing
their hold.

40. Thank you for listening!!!