A lengthy program that analyzes the use of "love triangles" through the novels of Thomas Hardy. Designed to facilitate the teaching of Thomas Hardy's novels to college students, it also outlines the plots and characters prevalent in all of Hardy's novels.

1. LOVE TRIANGLES IN THE NOVELS OF THOMAS HARDY Designed by Charles Henderson: Dayspring Instructional Materials Inc. Ozark, Missouri

2. The novels of Hardy are all based on a series of triangles, principally with a female at the apex and competing males at each base. Hardy’s genius is founded in his ability to take a time-tested premise and reveal the many ways the “love triangle” can be plottedwhile retaining the reader’s interest.

3. Hardy’s view of fatalism, however, rarely allows for the happy ending that we have learned to expect from Dickens’ novels. In fact, only four novels, The Laodician, Far From The Madding Crowd, Desperate Remedies, and Under The Greenwood Tree, end with what can be deemed happy endings.

4. This study is designed to make the triangles more apparent and facilitate an easy analysis for teaching

5. DESPERATE REMEDIES

6. MAJOR CHARACTERS AMBROSE GRAYE: father of Owen and Cytherea, an architect who loved CythereaBradleigh to be known as Miss Aldclyffe. OWEN GRAYE: an architect and brother to Cytherea. EDWARD SPRINGROVE: a handsome young man who fell in love with CythereaGraye. MISS ALDCLYFFE: widow of Captain Aldclyffe who loved Ambrose Graye but couldn’t marry him. Her real name is CythereaBradleigh. EUNICE MANSTON: first wife of AneasManston

7. MAJOR CHARACTERS ANEAS MANSTON: Illegitimate son of Miss Aldclyffe by a cousin. He was abandoned on a widow’s door as a baby. ANNE SEAWAY: a woman of suspect reputation who consented to act as Manston’s wife for a time. ADELAIDE HINTON: cousin of Edward Springrove to whom he had been engaged for sometime. PARSON RAUNHAM: the bachelor rector of the church, a relative of Miss Aldclyffe by marriage who was instrumental in bringing out the details about Manston and his wife.

8. AMBROSE GRAYE EDWARD SPRINGROVE CYTHEREA BRADLEIGH FIRST WIFE CYTHEREA GRAYE EUNICE HINTON

9. CYTHEREA GRAYE MISS ADELAIDE ANEAS MUNSTON EDWARD SPRINGROVE AMBROSE GRAYE CAPTAIN ALDYCLYFFE

10. ANEAS MUNSTON ADELAIDE HINTON CYTHEREA GRAYE MRS. MUNSTON EDWARD SPRINGROVE FARMER BOLLENS

11. MISS ALDCLYFFE CYTHEREA GRAYE MANY WOMEN

21. Cytherea and Edward are married, his fiance having married a local farmer.

22. Novel’s Resolution Marries Edward Springrove CythereaGraye

23. UNDER THE GREENWOOD TREE

24. MAJOR CHARACTERS Fancy Day: a frivolous, vain schoolmistress who is easily infatuated, in fact with three men. Dick Dewey: trustworthy and dependable young businessman who doesn’t give up on Fancy. His perseverance wins her. Reuben Dewey: Dick’s father, a born leader and band organizer. Mr. Maybold: intelligent vicar who falls in love with Fancy but decides later that she is “less than an angel.” Geoffrey Day: Fancy’s father who consents to her marriage. Frederick Shiner: a rich farmer in his thirties, a proud man and somewhat of a coward. Fancy had a temporary infatuation for him.

25. FANCY DAY FANCY DAY Mr. Maybold Dick Dewey Frederic Shiner Dick Dewey

27. Novel’s Resolution Marries Dick Dewey Fancy Day

28. A PAIR OF BLUE EYES

29. MAJOR CHARACTERS Elfride Swancourt: Beautiful and naïve young woman falls in love with Stephen Smith, a poor but rising architect who comes to work on the church her father pastors. Stephen Smith: Aspiring young architect who falls in love with Elfride while working for her father on a restoration project. Henry Knight: Intellectual and idealist friend of Smith, he comes from noble heritage. Ironically he meets and wins the heart of Elfride, who rejects Smith. (continued)

30. MAJOR Characters Continued Spencer Luxellian: Wealthy widower whom Elfride marries on the rebound after being abandoned by Henry Knight. ChristopherSwancourt: Father of Elride, a small town minister who refuses to allow Stephen Smith to marry Elfride because he is not wealthy and does not have noble blood. It turns out later that he and his wife had adopted Elfride.

31. ELFRIDE SWANCOURT Henry Knight Stephen Smith ELFRIDE SWANCOURT Secondary Triangle Henry Knight Spencer Hugo Luxellian Stephen Smith

34. NOVEL’S RESOLUTION Henry Knight Stephen Smith AND BOTH LOSE ELFRIDE SWANCOURT (WHO IS DEAD)

35. FAR FROM THE MADDING CROWD

36. MAJOR CHARACTERS Bathsheba Everdene:A confused female who inherited a farm. She desired to be her own boss, but she consistently showed her heavy reliance on men. She marries characterless Frank Troy, looses him, and eventually marries Gabriel Oak. Gabriel Oak:A sheep rancher who lost his farm due to the actions of a novice sheep dog. Early in the novel, he proposed to Bathsheba only to have her reject him for two other men in succession. Ironically, while working for Bathsheba, he saves her ranch on two occasions, yet she still marries Frank Troy. After Troy’s murder, he finally marries Bathsheba. (continued)

37. MAJOR CHARACTERS CONTINUED Frank Troy:A womanizing soldier who wins Bathsheba’s heart because of his experienced ability to deceive women. He is a man of poor character having already gotten another girl, Fanny Robin, pregnant. Later he is believed to have drowned only to show up and ruin the engagement of Bathsheba to farmer William Boldwood.

38. MAJOR CHARACTERS CONTINUED William Boldwood: A wealthy, older bachelor and owner of land adjacent to Bathsheba’s farm. Bathsheba, through a whimsical trick, causes Boldwood to fall in love with her. After Sgt. Troy “drowned,” he secures her promise of marriage, but Troy is not dead and shows up to ruin the impending marriage. Boldwood kills Troy in a jealous rage and is subsequently executed. Fanny Robin: Jilted lover of Troy whose death reveals Troy’s real nature as well as real love.

39. SERGEANT TROY BATHSHEBA EVERDENE 1 2 Sgt. Francis Troy Fanny Robin Gabriel Oak Bathsheba Everdene BATHSHEBA EVERDENE 3 Secondary Triangle Sgt. Francis Troy William Boldwood

42. Wealthy nearby bachelor farmer Boldwood fallsin love with Bathsheba. (continued)

45. Bathsheba learns Robin was pregnant by Troy

48. Fanny Robin and her baby

49. William BoldwoodMarries GABRIEL OAK BATHSHEBA EVERDENE

50. THE HAND OF ETHELBERTHA (TO BE INSERTED)

51. THE RETURN OF THE NATIVE

52. MAJOR CHARACTERS Eustacia Vye: A bright young woman who desires to escape from her mundane existence in the county. She unwisely marries Clym Yeobright; hates her life; and dies with Damon Wildeve when they fall in a swollen creek the night they run away. Clym Yeobright: An astute scholar who returns to his home town after studying and living in the big cities. He marries Eustacia who thinks he will take her to live in Paris. When this doesn’t happen, she tries to run away with a former boy friend, Damon Wildeve, and drowns. Clym spends the rest of his life as a preacher. (continued)

53. MAJOR Characters Continued Damon Wildeve: A womanizer who decieves Thomasin Yeobright. He runs away with Eustacia; and causes both their deaths during a rain storm. Thomasin Yeobright: Cousin to Clym, she is used by Wildeve who later rejects her. She eventually marries Deggory Venn an itinerate farm salesman. Deggory Vern: Itinerate farm salesman who loves Thomasin and eventually marries her. Venn is a stolid, noble person of integrity.

54. EUSTACIA VYE Damon Wildeve Clym Yeobright THOMASIN YEOBRIGHT Secondary Triangle Damon Wildeve Deggory Venn

57. But on the night they leave, there is a rain storm.

59. Diggory Venn finally marries Clym’s cousin Thomasin.

61. Clym Yeobright is an itinerant preacherMarries Deggory Venn Thomasin Yeobright

62. THE TRUMPET MAJOR

63. MAJOR CHARACTERS Anne Garland: Beautiful young woman who rejects John Loveday for his brother Robert. John Loveday: Loves Anne exclusively to his downfall. When he thinks he has won her heart, his brother shows up after a long absence only to have Anne go back to him. Robert Loveday: Two timing brother of John who jilts Anne only to show up in time to ruin John’s chances with her.

64. ANNE GARLAND John Loveday Robert Loveday

68. Anne promptly takes him back.

69. John leaves for a remote military outpost and is subsequently killed.

70. NOVEL’S RESOLUTION Marries ROBERT LOVEDAY ANNE GARLAND JOHN LOVEDAY IS DEAD

71. A LAODICEAN

72. Major Characters Paula Power:Current owner of the de Stancey estate, her father was a self-made industrialist, a “new money” person without nobility. She wants to be from nobility and befriends Charlotte de Stancy, daughter of the disenfranchised Sir William de Stancy. She hires George Somerset to restore the de Stancy castle.She also grows to love George. George Somerset:Aspiring architect who is hired by Paula Power to rebuild the de Stancy property. He is very trustworthy and a man of high values. He falls in love with Paula only to have Captain de Stancy, with the help of William Dare, attempt to defraud him. (continued)

73. Major Characters Continued Captain de Stancy:Son of Sir William de Stancy and lacking character, he is pushed into trying to win Paula’s hand through deceitful plans originated by his bastard son, William Dare. He loses face at the end of the novel. Charlotte de Stancy:Daughter of Sir William de Stancy, she is a person of high character and friend of Paula. Her selfless confession revealing the trickery of her brother and nephew restores Somerset’s reputation and his relationship with Paula. (continued)

74. Major Characters Continued William Dare:Bastard son of Captain de Stancy. He poses as a photographer but lives off money he gets from his father. He is a person of low character and works to have his father marry Paula in order to secure his future.

75. PAULA POWER Captain de Stancy George Somerset GEORGE SOMERSET Secondary Triangle Charlotte de Stancy Paula Power

77. Paula solicits George to restore the castle.

83. NOVEL’S RESOLUTION Marries GEORGE SOMERSET PAULA POWER

84. TWO ON A TOWER

85. MAJOR CHARACTERS Viviette Constantine: Abandonded wife of a globe trotting nobleman and left almost penniless, she falls in love with St. Cleeve who is ten years younger. Sir. Blount Constantine: Husband of viviette, he squanders his inheritance on world wide anthropological ventures. Native Princess: Sir Blount marries her rather than come home to his wife. Swithin St. Cleeve: Aspiring astronomer, he rents a nearby tower from Viviette. He falls in love with her, and they marry in secret. Bishop of Melchester: A local vicar who had fallen in love with Viviette. Eventually he marries her.

86. VIVIETTE CONSTANTINE SIR BLONT CONSTANTINE Sir Blount Constantine Swithin St. Cleeve Native Princess Vivette Constantine VIVIETTE CONSTANTINE Secondary Triangle Bishop C. Melchester Swithin St. Cleeve

90. BlountConstantine

92. MAJOR CHARACTERS Michael Henchard: In a drunken stupor, he “sells” his wife to a sailor. Susan Henchard: Wife of Michael who spitefully leaves with a sailor after he “sells” her in a mock auction. Newson: Sailor who buys Henchard’s wife and takes her away. Donald Farfrae: Scotsman who goes to work for the now successful Michael Henchard. Lucetta Templeman: Beautiful woman who lives in Casterbridge. Henchard falls in love with her, but she rejects him for Farfrae.

93. LUCETTA TEMPLEMAN SecondaryTriangle Michael Henchard Donald Farfrae SUSAN HENCHARD Michael Henchard Newson

98. Susan Henchard-Newson

100. MAJOR CHARACTERS Grace Melbury: a beautiful young woman who was sent off for formal education by her father. She was more or less promised to Giles Winterbourne. She causes Giles’ death in the winter when she runs away from Fitzpiers on a cold night. Giles Winterbourne: a local merchant who lost his property due to negligence. He loves Grace but she and her dad consider him lower than Grace because he is a commoner and not as well education as her. During bad weather, though sick, he sacrifices his life to save her reputation when she is staying in his hut. (continued)

101. MAJOR Characters Continued Eldred Fitzpiers: a doctor who falls for Grace and marries her; however, he falls for the older but beautiful Felice Charmond. He leaves Grace for her and returns to Grace when she leaves him for another man and dies. Marty South: a local common girl who loves Giles but is never able to compete with Grace for Giles, who fails to notice her love for him. Felice Charmond: an older, more experienced woman who steals Fitzpiers from Grace. They carry on a public and sordid affair. Fitzpiers leaves with her only to have her run off with another man. She eventually destroys her health and dies.

102. GRACE MELBURY ELDRED FITZPIERS Felice Charmond Giles Winterbourne Eldred Fitzpiers Grace Melbury GILES WINTERBOURNE Secondary Triangle Grace Melbury Marty South

106. Grace accepts him back.

109. Giles WinterbourneGrace and Eldred Fitzpiers are reconciled Alone, Marty South lovingly attends the grave of Giles Winterbourne

110. TESS D’URBEYFIELD

111. MAJOR CHARACTERS Tess D’urbeyfield: Beautiful daughter of a lazy man who sends her to beg work from a family he has been led to believe he is related to. Alec D’urberville: Nobleman who rapes Tess but later recants and marries her. Angel Clare: First husband of Tess, he elicits a confession from her that she is not a virgin, even though he also is not. He rejects her on their wedding day when he learns of her past.

112. TESS D’URBEYFIELD Angel Clare Alec d’Urberville

116. THE WELL-BELOVED

117. MAJOR CHARACTERS Jocelyn Pierston – sculptor who loved many women Avice Caro- country girl and childhood friend of Jocelyn who he jilted for Marcia Bencomb. Jim Caro- cousin of Avice who married her after Jocelyn jilted; also father of Ann Avice Caro Marcia Bencomb – she agreed to marry Jocelyn; then rejected him before the wedding day. She married a Mr. Leverre; then Jocelyn in her old age. Nichola Pine-Avon – lady who loved Jocelyn but for whom he had no affection. She married Somers. Mr. Somers – artist and long time friend of Jocelyn who later married Nichola Pine-Avon

118. MAJOR CHARACTERS CONTINUED Ann Avice Caro – daughter of Avice Caro. She was also fickle. She would have accepted Jocelyn’s proposal, but she had recently been secretly married to Isaac Isaac Pierston – distant relative of Jocelyn who married Ann Avice secretly. Jocelyn put him in business, but he later ‘ill-used’ Ann Avice Pierston – daughter of Ann Avice. She agreed to marry Jocelyn, forth years her senior, to please her mother; but jilted him was had Ann and Marcia Henri Leverre – son of Marcia Bencomb Leverre, he helped Avice III jilt Jocelyn by running off an marrying her

119. JOCELYN PIERSTON NO MARRIAGE 1 MARCIA BENCOMB Marcia Bencomb AVICE CARO 2 JOCELYN PIERSTON MR. LEVERRE

120. ANN AVICE CARO 3 AVICE PIERSTON JOCELYN PIERSTON ISAAC PIERSTON 4 JOCELYN PIERSTON HENRI LEVERRE

121. SecondaryTriangle NICHOLA PINE-AVON 5 MR. SOMERS JOCELYN PIERSTON

122. PLOT SUMMARY Jocelyn Pierston, a sculptor, believed in a perfect phantom spirit-woman, who inhabited the bodies of many women he saw, calling her “The Well-Beloved. He came home and impetuously asked childhood friend Avice Caro to marry him. Because she didn’t meet him at a remote location as he had requested, he rejected her and asked Marcia Bencomb to marry him although he had known her for only a few hours. She agreed to marry him because she was running away from home but changed her mind and left him. Avice marries her cousin, Jim Caro. Twenty years pass and finds Pierston once again in the land of his childhood.

123. PLOT SUMMARY CONTINUED Avice has died, but she has a beautiful daughter,Ann who does menial housework for a living. Pierston sets out to win her hand in marriage, but he finds that she also loves a perfect man/spirit that inhabits many men. After hiring Ann Avice to housekeep for him in London, he learns that Ann is already married. He sets up the man, Isaac Pierston, in a business and leaves the country for another twenty years. At the age of sixty, Pierston is asked by Ann to come to see her and informs him that Isaac is dead and had not been a good husband to Ann.

124. PLOT SUMMARY CONTINUED Ann asked to see him because she wants him to marry her daughter, Avice, so that she will have a good, reliable, and wealthy husband. Pierston agrees and sets out to win Avice’s hand in marriage who agrees to marry him even though his age is a negative issue. But the night before the wedding, her real love, Henri Leverre, shows up, and he and Avice elope. They are missing for some time and Ann dies suddenly because of the strain on her weak heart. It turns out that Henri is the son of Marcia, the girl who had jilted him forty years prior. Pierston eventually marries Marcia, completing a cycle that began forty years prior.

126. Jim Caro is dead

127. Ann Avice Caro Pierston is dead

128. Isaac Pierston is dead

129. Mr. Leverre is dead

130. Somers is married to Nichola Pine-Avon

132. Novel’s Resolution Marries JOCELYN PIERSTON MARCIA BENCOMB-LEVERRE

133. JUDE THE OBSCURE

134. MAJOR CHARACTERS Susanna Bridehead:Cousin of Jude, she marries the much older teacher, Richard Phillotson but later falls in love with Jude and runs off with him. Jude Frawley:Poor stonemason who wants to be a scholarly minister. Richard Phillostson:School teacher, much older than Susanna, he marries her only to have her run away with Jude. Arabella Donn:First wife of Jude, a sexually experienced farm maid who tricks Jude into marrying her; then leaves him because he is too boring.

135. SUSANNA BRIDEHEAD Richard Phillotson Jude Frawley JUDE FRAWLEY Secondary Triangle Susanna Bridehead Arabella Donn

139. Novel’s Resolution RETURNS TO SUSANNA BRIDEHEAD Richard Phillotson

140. END OF PRESENTATION