The document discusses conceptual models, theoretical models, and the differences between them. Conceptual models are presentations of ideas based on one's own understanding and can be represented through diagrams or narratives. Theoretical models are highly established sets of concepts that are testable. An example conceptual model is provided showing how physical fitness leads to lowered blood pressure through exercise. Conceptual frameworks are structures of concepts pulled together as maps for study, while theoretical frameworks already exist as established maps in literature.

1. Conceptual Models
and Theoretical
Models
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2. Theoretical Models/Frameworks
• Are highly established set of concepts
that are testable.
The
Person
“The Core”
The
Body
“ The Care”
The
Disease
“The Cure”
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3. Conceptual Models/Frameworks
• Are presentations of an idea based
on the own
understanding/perception of
person, or researcher on certain
topic, phenomena or theory.
• Can be represented thru a diagram
or in narrative from which shows
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4. Example:
PERSON
PHYSICAL
FITNESS
EXCERCISE
LOWERED
BLOOD
PRESSURE
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5. Conceptual Framework vs. Theoretical
Framework
Conceptual
• It is a
structure of
concepts or
theories
which pulled
together as a
map for the
study.
Theoretical
• It is a structure
of concepts
which exist or
tested in the
literature, a
ready-made
map for study.
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6. • From the latin scientia, meaning
knowledge.
• Refers to any systematic knowledge or
practice in a discipline of study.
• Refers to system of acquiring knowledge
based on scientific method.
• An organized body of knowledge gained
through research.
What is Science?
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7. Steps in Scientific Method:
OBSERVATION Integration of
knowledge by
rational/sentient being.
GATHERING DATA Recognition and
collecting data for a
particular scientific
problem.
FORMING HYPOTHESIS An attempt to explain or
suggest a nature of a
phenomenon.
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8. Continues…
Experimental
Investigation
A set of examinations
done to solve the
particular query raised
through hypothesis
process.
Conclusions/theoretical
explanation
A statement explaining a
set of natural
phenomena or scientific
query derived from
experimental
investigation
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9. What is Knowledge?
• Information, skills, and expertise
acquired by a person .
• The abstract or workable
understanding of subject of idea.
• What is known in a particular field of
discipline or study.
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10. Continuation…
• Facts and information or
awareness or familiarity gained
by experience of a fact or
situation.
• There is however no single
agreed classification of
knowledge.
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11. COGNITIVE PROCESS
KNOWLEDGE
PERCEPTION
ASSOCIATION LEARNING REASONING COMMUNICATION
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12. Types of cognitive process:
Perception Achieving understanding of
sensory data.
association Combining two or more concepts
to form a new concept or for
comparison.
learning Acquiring experience, skills,
information and values.
reasoning Mental process of seeking
conclusions through reasons
communication Transferring data from sender to
receiver using different mediums
or tools of communication
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13. What are the sources?
•Traditional knowledge
•Authoritative knowledge
•Scientific knowledge
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14. What are the sources?
• Traditional knowledge
• Passed down from generation to
generation.
• “It’s always been practiced this
way.”
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15. Authoritative knowledge
• An idea by a person of
authority which is
perceived as true because
of her expertise.
• “authority of expert nurse”
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16. Scientific Knowledge
• Came from a scientific method
through research.
• New ideas are tested and measured
systematically using objective
criteria
• Having rationales for every
intervention.
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17. What are Models?
• Verbal Models
• worded statements, closely related to
knowledge development.
• Conceptual models of nursing are word
structures that provide a specific view of
nursing through interrelationship of
concepts in the structure.
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18. Schematic Models
• Explains an idea by using
schema, symbols, or physical
visualization.
• Maybe diagrams, drawings,
graphs, or pictures that
facilitate understanding.
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19. What is a Paradigm?
• Another term for conceptual
framework or conceptual model.
• Used to denote the prevailing
schema/approaches within a
discipline.
• Ex: Roy’s Adaptation Model
• Neuman’s Systems Model
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20. 10/25/2023 20

21. III. Four Ways of Knowing
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22. 10/25/2023 22

23. 10/25/2023 23

24. Four Ways of Knowing
• Empirics=the scientific discipline of
Nursing.
• Ethics=the moral directions of nursing.
• Personal=method by which nurses
approach their patients.
• Aesthetics/esthetics=deals with the
empathetic aspect of nursing.
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25. Empirical Knowing
• Principal form of relating factual and
descriptive.
• The first primary model of knowing.
• Information source or base knowing.
• Emphasizes scientific research
• Focuses on evidence-based research
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26. Evidence-Based Practice(EBP)
• It uses a form of evidence in making
clinical judgment.
• Involves accurate and thoughtful
decision making about health care
delivery system.
• Based on results of the most relevant
and supported evidences.
• Bridges the gap of nursing practice and
research .
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27. Six characteristics of Quality Health
Care….CASPID
• C=client-centered
• A=attuned with system policies and
resources
• S=scientifically-based
• P=population outcome based
• I=individualized to client’s needs
• D=developed thro quality and
improvement and bench marking
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28. Evidence Report
• Comprised of knowledge synthesis,
review, and documentation of how
evidence-based practices.(Benifield
2002).
• Includes discussion of the clinical
significance and usefulness of
practices.
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29. Steps in the application of EBP..
• 1. know the need of information.
• 2. development of question/problem
statement.
• 3. systematic review/analysis of data.
• 4. determine what the research
demonstrates /decide level of
evidence.
• 5. recommendations.
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30. Analysis of Scientific Data
• Review of published/unpublished
studies.
• Details of analysis
• Include target population
• Investigate types of clinical
interventions
• Strengths of individual/collective
results.
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31. • Evidence ranks the strenght
and the quality of the study.
• Findings should be
evaluated.
• Evidence-based practice
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32. Aesthetic Knowing
• Related to understanding what is
significance to particular clients.(Carper
,1978).
• A manifestation of creativity and
expressiveness in style.( Kenney, 1996)
• Focuses on EMPHATY.
• Includes nurse’s ability ways and manner
of rendering nursing care.
• Done by knowing the individual
distinctively.
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33. • Used in the process of
giving appropriate
nursing care through
understanding the
uniqueness of every
patient.
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34. Ethical Knowing
• Require knowledge of different
philosophical positions regarding
what is right and wrong.
• Involves knowing the judgment of
right and wrong .
• Deeply rooted in the concepts of
human dignity, service and respect for
life.
• Code of morals or code of ethics is
the main basis for EK.
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35. Personal Knowing
• Encompasses knowledge of the self in
relation to others and self.
• Involves entirely the NPR.
• Focused on realizing , meeting and
defining the real, true self.
• Involves therapeutic use of self.
• The key in comprehending health.
• The most difficult to master and to
teach.
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36. IV. The Evolution of Nursing
World History of Nursing
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37. The Evolution
of Nursing
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38. Intuitive Period
• Nursing was untaught and instinctive.
• Nursing was viewed as natural nurturing job
for women.
• No care giving training is evident.
• Nursing based on experience and
observation.
• Using power to heal, using white magic,
hypnosis, charms, dances.
• Using Trephening as a resort to drive evil
spirits.
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39. Apprentice Period
• Kaiserswerth Institute was
established.
• Care was done by crusaders,
prisoners, and religious orders.
• Nursing went down to the
lowest level.
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40. Educated Period
• Development was strongly
influenced by wars.
• The Nightingale training school
of Nurses opened.
• Nursing evolved as an Art and
Science.
• Formal education and nursing
service rendered.
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41. Contemporary Period
• Specialization of hospital and
diagnosis.
• Development of baccalaureate and
advanced degree programs.
• Licensure examination started.
• Technological advances.
• Nursing involvement in the community.
• Used of sophisticated equipment.
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42. Nursing Science and
Theory in the Early in
the 20th Century
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43. Major Developments
• The use of experimentation to
gain new knowledge.
• Positivism: use of both logical
and empiricism.
• Empirical and objective data
co-exist as the focus of interest
of study
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44. Rationalism
• Makes use of reason gained
thru expert, tested theory and
established facts to evidently
prove something.
• Deductive reasoning is used.
• Emphasize the use of reasoning
.
• Ex: Evidenced-Based Nursing
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45. Empiricism
• Use of objective and tangible
data, or those perceived by
senses.
• Use of inductive type of
reasoning.
• Highly important in the
assessment of patient.
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46. Nursing Science and
Theory in the Late 20th
Century
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47. Important events:
• Was mainly affected by
different nursing leaders and
theorists .
• Evolution of nursing science
was furtherly tested and
studied.
• Role of nurses were more
defined.
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48. PROFESSIONAL ROLES OF
NURSES
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49. Care Provider
•Providing care and
comfort for persons.
•The mothering role
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50. Communicator/Helper
• Facilitates understanding and
collaboration of nursing
actions.
• Develops rapport with the
client.
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51. Teacher
• Helping clients to learn the state of
their well being and the therapies that
will be done.
• Providing imagery of the disadvantages
and disadvantages of the actions that
will be done.
• Helping in the development of the
nursing profession.
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52. Counselor
• Helping clients to cope with
their stress.
• Facilitating client’s growth in all
aspects.
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53. Client Advocator
• Defending client’s rights.
• Ensuring client’s needs are
met.
• Promoting what is best for the
client.
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54. Change Agent
• Identifying problem.
• Assesses client’s motivations and
capacities for change
• Determine /explores possible outcome
of alternatives.
• Assesses resources.
• Determine appropriate helping roles.
• Recognizes the phases of the change p
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55. Leader
• Attempting to influence others
• Helping client in making
decisions to established and
achieve their goals.
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56. Manager
• Planning and giving directions,
• Developing staff ,
• Monitoring operations and
giving rewards fairly.
• Representing both staff
members and administration
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57. Researcher
• Investigating roles of
nurses.
• Substantiating practices as
they were tested and further
studied.
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58. Case Manager
• Coordinates the activities of
other members of the
healthcare team,
• such as nutritionists and
physical therapists, when
managing a group of client’s
care.
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59. Collaborator
• Working in a combined effort with
all those involved in care delivery,
for a mutually acceptable plan to
be obtained that will achieve
common goals.
• Initiating actions within the health
team
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60. EXPANDED ROLES OF
NURSES
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61. Nurse Generalist
• Mastery in certain practice
of nursing
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62. Nurse Clinician
• Perform direct nursing actions
in specially areas.
• May or may not have advanced
educational preparation.
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63. Nurse Practitioner
• Require advanced educational
or nursing practice.
• Certified by a governing body
to perform.
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64. Nurse Specialist
• Requires one to have
master’s degree in nursing.
• Must have specialization in a
particular field of nursing.
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65. Five Criteria in
Evaluating Theoretical
Frameworks
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66. 1. Clarity
• Evaluating the consistency, semantics and
structure.
• Words should be defined operationally or
how it used in the framework from which it is
derived.
• Diagram should be consistent and clear , and
follow the sequence which is
understandable.
• Assumptions should be consistent with the
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67. 2. Simplicity
Must be adequately comprehensive at a level
of abstraction to offer direction.
Must have as few concepts as possible
having simple relations to assist clarity.
Offers the greatest sense of understanding.
Parsimony=elegant simplicity although it
may be extensive in content.
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68. 3. Generality
• “ The more limited the concept and
goals is, the less general the theory
becomes”.
• Boundless applicability to situations .
• The broader the scope, the greater
significance.
• The more abstract the work is, the more
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69. 4. Empirical Precision
The degree in which the defined concepts
are observable in actual setting.
Line with testability and use of theory.
Measured by the evidences that supports the
theory.
Congruence of theoretical claims and
empirical evidence.
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70. Continued…
 Examining the correspondence
between a theory and the objective
empirical data.
Evaluated and verified by other
investigators.
Tentativeness and subject to
change.
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71. 5. Derivable Consequences
• Theory should lead itself to research testing
which should result to additional knowledge
that guides practice.
• Should give direction to research and
practice, create new ideas, and ought to
distinguish the focus of nursing to other
professions.
• Developed and guide practice.
• Reveal what knowledge should nurses
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72. Prominent Nursing Leaders in
the Philippines
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73. 10/25/2023 73
Magdalena
Valenzuela
First Filipino Industrial Nurse
Cornel Elvegia
Mendoza
Fist female Military Nurse
Loreto Tupaz Known as the Dean of the Philippine Nursing
Education
Florence Nightingale of Iloilo
Dr. Julita Sotejo Florence Nightingale of the Philippines
Founder and the First Dean of the UP College
of Nursing
Anastacia Giron
Tupaz
Founder of Filipino Nurses Association
Rosario Montemayor
Delgado
First FNA President
Dr. Erlinda Castro
Palaganas
Current Philippine Nurses Association
(PNA)National President
Dr. Mary Grace
Lacanaria
Current Association of Deans of Philippine
Colleges of Nursing (ADPCN) National
President
Prof. Marnie U. Dela Dean, NCC SCHOOL OF NURSING

74. The Significance of Theory
to Nursing as a Profession
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75. 10/25/2023 75
• Help us to settle on what we know and what we need
to know in the future.
• Analyze and explain what nurses do.
• Theories guide the evolution and development of
nursing profession .
• Provide understanding of the developmental path that
the nursing followed.
• Developing and using body of knowledge that is basic
to the practice of a certain profession-nursing.

76. Continued…
• Theory-based practice provides an
organized, educated, approach to
nursing practice.
• Provides perspective of the patient.
• Provide direction for practice.
• Formation of new knowledge.
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77. Continued…
• Expands competency and effectiveness on
nursing interventions to improve client
outcomes.
• Gives out an immense source of knowledge
to interpret, explain and clarify the essence
of what really nursing is.
• Useful tool for reasoning , critical thinking
and decision making in nursing practice.
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78. Theory assist the practicing nurse to:
MEPAPOU
• M=MAKE DECISIONS
• E=EVALUATE PT’S OUTCOME
• P=PLAN PT’S CARE
• A=ANALYZE PT’S DATA
• P=PREDICT OUTCOME OF CARE
• 0=ORGANIZE PT’S DATA
• U=UNDERSTAND PT’S DATA
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79. Thank you ….
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