There is now a huge literature on Bayesian methods for variable selection that use spike-and-slab priors. Such methods, in particular, have been quite successful for applications in a variety of different fields. High-throughput genomics and neuroimaging are two of such examples. There, novel methodological questions are being generated, requiring the integration of different concepts, methods, tools and data types. These have in particular motivated the development of variable selection priors that go beyond the independence assumptions of a simple Bernoulli prior on the variable inclusion indicators. In this talk I will describe various prior constructions that incorporate information about structural dependencies among the variables. I will also address extensions of the models to the analysis of count data. I will motivate the development of the models using specific applications from neuroimaging and from studies that use microbiome data.
Not Enough Measurements, Too Many MeasurementsMike McCann
This document summarizes a talk on supervised image reconstruction from measurements. It discusses how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used to learn image reconstruction mappings from training data, either by augmenting direct reconstruction methods, taking inspiration from variational methods, or learning the entire mapping. Examples are given for low-dose X-ray CT reconstruction and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction using generative adversarial networks. The document also discusses learning regularizers from data for image reconstruction within a variational framework.
RuleML2015: Input-Output STIT Logic for Normative SystemsRuleML
This document presents input/output STIT logic, which is a logic of norms that uses STIT logic as its base. It defines input/output STIT logic formally and provides semantics and proof theory. It also discusses applications to normative multi-agent systems, including defining legal, moral and illegal strategies and normative Nash equilibria. The document aims to increase the expressiveness of input/output logic by building it on top of STIT logic to represent concepts like agents and abilities.
The document discusses using random forests for approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) model choice. ABC can be framed as a machine learning problem where simulated datasets are used to learn which model is most appropriate. Random forests are well-suited for this as they can handle many correlated summary statistics without information loss. The random forest predicts the most likely model but not posterior probabilities. Instead, the posterior predictive expected error rate across models is proposed to evaluate model selection performance without unstable probability approximations. An example comparing MA(1) and MA(2) time series models illustrates the approach.
Planning and Learning with Tabular MethodsDongmin Lee
1) The document discusses planning methods in reinforcement learning that use models of the environment to generate simulated experiences for training.
2) It introduces Dyna-Q, an algorithm that integrates planning, acting, model learning, and direct reinforcement learning by using a model to generate additional simulated experiences for training.
3) When the model is incorrect, planning may lead to suboptimal policies, but interaction with the real environment can sometimes discover and correct modeling errors; when changes make the environment better, planning may fail to find improved policies without encouraging exploration.
Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with Option-Critic ArchitectureNecip Oguz Serbetci
This document describes hierarchical reinforcement learning using the option-critic architecture. The option-critic architecture allows for online, end-to-end learning of options in continuous state and action spaces by learning the initiation, intra-option policy, and termination policy of options using deep reinforcement learning techniques like policy gradients. The option-critic architecture extends the options framework by allowing options to be represented by neural networks and learned online through actor-critic methods.
AUTOMATIC TRANSFER RATE ADJUSTMENT FOR TRANSFER REINFORCEMENT LEARNINGgerogepatton
This paper proposes a novel parameter for transfer reinforcement learning to avoid over-fitting when an
agent uses a transferred policy from a source task. Learning robot systems have recently been studied for
many applications, such as home robots, communication robots, and warehouse robots. However, if the
agent reuses the knowledge that has been sufficiently learned in the source task, deadlock may occur and
appropriate transfer learning may not be realized. In the previous work, a parameter called transfer rate
was proposed to adjust the ratio of transfer, and its contribution include avoiding dead lock in the target
task. However, adjusting the parameter depends on human intuition and experiences. Furthermore, the
method for deciding transfer rate has not discussed. Therefore, an automatic method for adjusting the
transfer rate is proposed in this paper using a sigmoid function. Further, computer simulations are used to
evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method to improve the environmental adaptation performance in
a target task, which refers to the situation of reusing knowledge.
There is now a huge literature on Bayesian methods for variable selection that use spike-and-slab priors. Such methods, in particular, have been quite successful for applications in a variety of different fields. High-throughput genomics and neuroimaging are two of such examples. There, novel methodological questions are being generated, requiring the integration of different concepts, methods, tools and data types. These have in particular motivated the development of variable selection priors that go beyond the independence assumptions of a simple Bernoulli prior on the variable inclusion indicators. In this talk I will describe various prior constructions that incorporate information about structural dependencies among the variables. I will also address extensions of the models to the analysis of count data. I will motivate the development of the models using specific applications from neuroimaging and from studies that use microbiome data.
Not Enough Measurements, Too Many MeasurementsMike McCann
This document summarizes a talk on supervised image reconstruction from measurements. It discusses how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been used to learn image reconstruction mappings from training data, either by augmenting direct reconstruction methods, taking inspiration from variational methods, or learning the entire mapping. Examples are given for low-dose X-ray CT reconstruction and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction using generative adversarial networks. The document also discusses learning regularizers from data for image reconstruction within a variational framework.
RuleML2015: Input-Output STIT Logic for Normative SystemsRuleML
This document presents input/output STIT logic, which is a logic of norms that uses STIT logic as its base. It defines input/output STIT logic formally and provides semantics and proof theory. It also discusses applications to normative multi-agent systems, including defining legal, moral and illegal strategies and normative Nash equilibria. The document aims to increase the expressiveness of input/output logic by building it on top of STIT logic to represent concepts like agents and abilities.
The document discusses using random forests for approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) model choice. ABC can be framed as a machine learning problem where simulated datasets are used to learn which model is most appropriate. Random forests are well-suited for this as they can handle many correlated summary statistics without information loss. The random forest predicts the most likely model but not posterior probabilities. Instead, the posterior predictive expected error rate across models is proposed to evaluate model selection performance without unstable probability approximations. An example comparing MA(1) and MA(2) time series models illustrates the approach.
Planning and Learning with Tabular MethodsDongmin Lee
1) The document discusses planning methods in reinforcement learning that use models of the environment to generate simulated experiences for training.
2) It introduces Dyna-Q, an algorithm that integrates planning, acting, model learning, and direct reinforcement learning by using a model to generate additional simulated experiences for training.
3) When the model is incorrect, planning may lead to suboptimal policies, but interaction with the real environment can sometimes discover and correct modeling errors; when changes make the environment better, planning may fail to find improved policies without encouraging exploration.
Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning with Option-Critic ArchitectureNecip Oguz Serbetci
This document describes hierarchical reinforcement learning using the option-critic architecture. The option-critic architecture allows for online, end-to-end learning of options in continuous state and action spaces by learning the initiation, intra-option policy, and termination policy of options using deep reinforcement learning techniques like policy gradients. The option-critic architecture extends the options framework by allowing options to be represented by neural networks and learned online through actor-critic methods.
AUTOMATIC TRANSFER RATE ADJUSTMENT FOR TRANSFER REINFORCEMENT LEARNINGgerogepatton
This paper proposes a novel parameter for transfer reinforcement learning to avoid over-fitting when an
agent uses a transferred policy from a source task. Learning robot systems have recently been studied for
many applications, such as home robots, communication robots, and warehouse robots. However, if the
agent reuses the knowledge that has been sufficiently learned in the source task, deadlock may occur and
appropriate transfer learning may not be realized. In the previous work, a parameter called transfer rate
was proposed to adjust the ratio of transfer, and its contribution include avoiding dead lock in the target
task. However, adjusting the parameter depends on human intuition and experiences. Furthermore, the
method for deciding transfer rate has not discussed. Therefore, an automatic method for adjusting the
transfer rate is proposed in this paper using a sigmoid function. Further, computer simulations are used to
evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method to improve the environmental adaptation performance in
a target task, which refers to the situation of reusing knowledge.
Modern Recommendation for Advanced Practitioners part2Flavian Vasile
This document summarizes a section on policy learning approaches for recommendation systems. It begins by contrasting policy-based models with value-based models, noting that policy models directly learn a mapping from user states to actions rather than computing value estimates for all actions.
It then introduces concepts in contextual bandits and reinforcement learning, noting that contextual bandits are often a better fit for recommendations since recommendations typically have independent effects. It also discusses using counterfactual risk minimization to address covariate shift in policy learning models by reweighting training data based on logging and target policies.
Finally, it proposes two formulations for contextual bandit models for recommendations - one that directly optimizes a clipped importance sampling objective, and one that optimizes
1. The document describes the Behavior Regularized Actor Critic (BRAC) framework, which evaluates different design choices for offline reinforcement learning algorithms.
2. BRAC experiments show that simple variants using a fixed regularization weight, minimum ensemble Q-targets, and value penalty regularization can achieve good performance, outperforming more complex techniques from previous work.
3. The experiments find that choices like the divergence used for regularization and number of ensemble Q-functions do not have large impacts on performance, and hyperparameter sensitivity also varies between design choices.
Lecture slides in DASI spring 2018, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan. The content is about deep reinforcement learning: policy gradient including variance reduction and importance sampling
Goal programming is a mathematical optimization method similar to linear programming. It involves minimizing the deviation from goals by using deviational variables to represent under-achievement and over-achievement of goals. The basic steps in formulating a goal programming model are to determine decision variables and deviational variables, specify goals, assign preemptive priorities and weights, and state the objective function to minimize deviations.
Unlocking Exploration: Self-Motivated Agents Thrive on Memory-Driven CuriosityHung Le
Despite remarkable successes in various domains such as robotics and games, Reinforcement Learning (RL) still struggles with exploration inefficiency. For example, in hard Atari games, state-of-the-art agents often require billions of trial actions, equivalent to years of practice, while a moderately skilled human player can achieve the same score in just a few hours of play. This contrast emerges from the difference in exploration strategies between humans, leveraging memory, intuition and experience, and current RL agents, primarily relying on random trials and errors. This tutorial reviews recent advances in enhancing RL exploration efficiency through intrinsic motivation or curiosity, allowing agents to navigate environments without external rewards. Unlike previous surveys, we analyze intrinsic motivation through a memory-centric perspective, drawing parallels between human and agent curiosity, and providing a memory-driven taxonomy of intrinsic motivation approaches.
The talk consists of three main parts. Part A provides a brief introduction to RL basics, delves into the historical context of the explore-exploit dilemma, and raises the challenge of exploration inefficiency. In Part B, we present a taxonomy of self-motivated agents leveraging deliberate, RAM-like, and replay memory models to compute surprise, novelty, and goal, respectively. Part C explores advanced topics, presenting recent methods using language models and causality for exploration. Whenever possible, case studies and hands-on coding demonstrations. will be presented.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1PPA 670 Public Policy AnalysisBasic Policy Terms an.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public policy analysis. It defines public policy as purposive actions by government institutions to address problems and create change. The eight-fold path and process model are introduced as approaches to policy analysis. Key institutions and individuals in the policy environment are discussed. Problem recognition is described as the essential first step, including defining the problem type, scale, location, intensity, extensiveness, and timeline. Cost-benefit analysis is introduced as a tool to evaluate policy alternatives.
Regression, Bayesian Learning and Support vector machineDr. Radhey Shyam
The document discusses machine learning techniques including regression, Bayesian learning, and support vector machines. It provides details on linear regression, logistic regression, Bayes' theorem, concept learning, the Bayes optimal classifier, naive Bayes classifier, and Bayesian belief networks. The document is a slide presentation given by Dr. Radhey Shyam on machine learning techniques, outlining these various topics in greater detail over multiple slides.
Reinforcement learning:policy gradient (part 1)Bean Yen
The policy gradient theorem is from "Reinforcement Learning : An Introduction". DPG and DDPG is from the original paper.
original link https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1I3QqfY6h2Pb0a-KEIbKy6v5NuZtnTMLN16Fl-IuNtUo/edit?usp=sharing
Forecasting stock price movement direction by machine learning algorithmIJECEIAES
Forecasting stock price movement direction (SPMD) is an essential issue for short-term investors and a hot topic for researchers. It is a real challenge concerning the efficient market hypothesis that historical data would not be helpful in forecasting because it is already reflected in prices. Some commonly-used classical methods are based on statistics and econometric models. However, forecasting becomes more complicated when the variables in the model are all nonstationary, and the relationships between the variables are sometimes very weak or simultaneous. The continuous development of powerful algorithms features in machine learning and artificial intelligence has opened a promising new direction. This study compares the predictive ability of three forecasting models, including support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and logistic regression. The data used is those of the stocks in the VN30 basket with a holding period of one day. With the rolling window method, this study got a highly predictive SVM with an average accuracy of 92.48%.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE GENETIC ALGORITHMS OPTIMIZATION AND PARTICLE SWARM OPT...IAEME Publication
Close range photogrammetry network design is referred to the process of placing a set of
cameras in order to achieve photogrammetric tasks. The main objective of this paper is tried to find
the best location of two/three camera stations. The genetic algorithm optimization and Particle
Swarm Optimization are developed to determine the optimal camera stations for computing the three
dimensional coordinates. In this research, a mathematical model representing the genetic algorithm
optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization for the close range photogrammetry network is
developed. This paper gives also the sequence of the field operations and computational steps for this
task. A test field is included to reinforce the theoretical aspects.
Comparison between the genetic algorithms optimization and particle swarm opt...IAEME Publication
The document compares the genetic algorithms optimization and particle swarm optimization methods for designing close range photogrammetry networks. It presents the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization as two popular meta-heuristic algorithms inspired by natural evolution and collective animal behavior, respectively. The document develops mathematical models representing the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for close range photogrammetry network design and evaluates them in a test field to reinforce the theoretical aspects.
This document describes a deep reinforcement learning method called DQN that achieved human-level performance on 49 Atari 2600 games. The DQN uses a convolutional neural network to learn successful policies for playing games directly from raw pixel inputs. It outperformed existing reinforcement learning methods on 43 of the 49 games and achieved over 75% of a human tester's score on 29 games. The DQN was able to stably train large neural networks using reinforcement learning and stochastic gradient descent to learn policies from high-dimensional visual inputs with minimal prior knowledge.
This document summarizes a paper on Cold-Start Reinforcement Learning with Softmax Policy Gradient. It introduces the limitations of existing sequence learning methods like maximum likelihood estimation and reward augmented maximum likelihood. It then describes the softmax policy gradient method which uses a softmax value function to overcome issues with warm starts and sample variance. The method achieves better performance on text summarization and image captioning tasks.
This document introduces the problem of active offline policy selection, which aims to identify the best policy from a set of candidate policies using both offline evaluation with logged data and limited online evaluation. It proposes using Bayesian optimization to build a Gaussian process model of policy values, incorporating offline policy evaluation estimates as observations to warm-start online evaluation. A novel kernel function is introduced to model similarity between policies based on their actions, making the approach data-efficient by inferring one policy's value from others. Experimental results show the method improves upon offline evaluation and scales to large numbers of policies.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Through Policy Optimization, John Schulman, OpenAIJack Clark
This document discusses deep reinforcement learning through policy optimization. It begins with an introduction to reinforcement learning and how deep neural networks can be used to approximate policies, value functions, and models. It then discusses how deep reinforcement learning can be applied to problems in robotics, business operations, and other machine learning domains. The document reviews how reinforcement learning relates to other machine learning problems like supervised learning and contextual bandits. It provides an overview of policy gradient methods and the cross-entropy method for policy optimization before discussing Markov decision processes, parameterized policies, and specific policy gradient algorithms like the vanilla policy gradient algorithm and trust region policy optimization.
This presentation is for introducing google DeepMind's DeepDPG algorithm to my colleagues.
I tried my best to make it easy to be understood...
Comment is always welcome :)
hiddenmaze91.blogspot.com
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Modern Recommendation for Advanced Practitioners part2Flavian Vasile
This document summarizes a section on policy learning approaches for recommendation systems. It begins by contrasting policy-based models with value-based models, noting that policy models directly learn a mapping from user states to actions rather than computing value estimates for all actions.
It then introduces concepts in contextual bandits and reinforcement learning, noting that contextual bandits are often a better fit for recommendations since recommendations typically have independent effects. It also discusses using counterfactual risk minimization to address covariate shift in policy learning models by reweighting training data based on logging and target policies.
Finally, it proposes two formulations for contextual bandit models for recommendations - one that directly optimizes a clipped importance sampling objective, and one that optimizes
1. The document describes the Behavior Regularized Actor Critic (BRAC) framework, which evaluates different design choices for offline reinforcement learning algorithms.
2. BRAC experiments show that simple variants using a fixed regularization weight, minimum ensemble Q-targets, and value penalty regularization can achieve good performance, outperforming more complex techniques from previous work.
3. The experiments find that choices like the divergence used for regularization and number of ensemble Q-functions do not have large impacts on performance, and hyperparameter sensitivity also varies between design choices.
Lecture slides in DASI spring 2018, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan. The content is about deep reinforcement learning: policy gradient including variance reduction and importance sampling
Goal programming is a mathematical optimization method similar to linear programming. It involves minimizing the deviation from goals by using deviational variables to represent under-achievement and over-achievement of goals. The basic steps in formulating a goal programming model are to determine decision variables and deviational variables, specify goals, assign preemptive priorities and weights, and state the objective function to minimize deviations.
Unlocking Exploration: Self-Motivated Agents Thrive on Memory-Driven CuriosityHung Le
Despite remarkable successes in various domains such as robotics and games, Reinforcement Learning (RL) still struggles with exploration inefficiency. For example, in hard Atari games, state-of-the-art agents often require billions of trial actions, equivalent to years of practice, while a moderately skilled human player can achieve the same score in just a few hours of play. This contrast emerges from the difference in exploration strategies between humans, leveraging memory, intuition and experience, and current RL agents, primarily relying on random trials and errors. This tutorial reviews recent advances in enhancing RL exploration efficiency through intrinsic motivation or curiosity, allowing agents to navigate environments without external rewards. Unlike previous surveys, we analyze intrinsic motivation through a memory-centric perspective, drawing parallels between human and agent curiosity, and providing a memory-driven taxonomy of intrinsic motivation approaches.
The talk consists of three main parts. Part A provides a brief introduction to RL basics, delves into the historical context of the explore-exploit dilemma, and raises the challenge of exploration inefficiency. In Part B, we present a taxonomy of self-motivated agents leveraging deliberate, RAM-like, and replay memory models to compute surprise, novelty, and goal, respectively. Part C explores advanced topics, presenting recent methods using language models and causality for exploration. Whenever possible, case studies and hands-on coding demonstrations. will be presented.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1PPA 670 Public Policy AnalysisBasic Policy Terms an.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public policy analysis. It defines public policy as purposive actions by government institutions to address problems and create change. The eight-fold path and process model are introduced as approaches to policy analysis. Key institutions and individuals in the policy environment are discussed. Problem recognition is described as the essential first step, including defining the problem type, scale, location, intensity, extensiveness, and timeline. Cost-benefit analysis is introduced as a tool to evaluate policy alternatives.
Regression, Bayesian Learning and Support vector machineDr. Radhey Shyam
The document discusses machine learning techniques including regression, Bayesian learning, and support vector machines. It provides details on linear regression, logistic regression, Bayes' theorem, concept learning, the Bayes optimal classifier, naive Bayes classifier, and Bayesian belief networks. The document is a slide presentation given by Dr. Radhey Shyam on machine learning techniques, outlining these various topics in greater detail over multiple slides.
Reinforcement learning:policy gradient (part 1)Bean Yen
The policy gradient theorem is from "Reinforcement Learning : An Introduction". DPG and DDPG is from the original paper.
original link https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1I3QqfY6h2Pb0a-KEIbKy6v5NuZtnTMLN16Fl-IuNtUo/edit?usp=sharing
Forecasting stock price movement direction by machine learning algorithmIJECEIAES
Forecasting stock price movement direction (SPMD) is an essential issue for short-term investors and a hot topic for researchers. It is a real challenge concerning the efficient market hypothesis that historical data would not be helpful in forecasting because it is already reflected in prices. Some commonly-used classical methods are based on statistics and econometric models. However, forecasting becomes more complicated when the variables in the model are all nonstationary, and the relationships between the variables are sometimes very weak or simultaneous. The continuous development of powerful algorithms features in machine learning and artificial intelligence has opened a promising new direction. This study compares the predictive ability of three forecasting models, including support vector machine (SVM), artificial neural networks (ANN), and logistic regression. The data used is those of the stocks in the VN30 basket with a holding period of one day. With the rolling window method, this study got a highly predictive SVM with an average accuracy of 92.48%.
COMPARISON BETWEEN THE GENETIC ALGORITHMS OPTIMIZATION AND PARTICLE SWARM OPT...IAEME Publication
Close range photogrammetry network design is referred to the process of placing a set of
cameras in order to achieve photogrammetric tasks. The main objective of this paper is tried to find
the best location of two/three camera stations. The genetic algorithm optimization and Particle
Swarm Optimization are developed to determine the optimal camera stations for computing the three
dimensional coordinates. In this research, a mathematical model representing the genetic algorithm
optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization for the close range photogrammetry network is
developed. This paper gives also the sequence of the field operations and computational steps for this
task. A test field is included to reinforce the theoretical aspects.
Comparison between the genetic algorithms optimization and particle swarm opt...IAEME Publication
The document compares the genetic algorithms optimization and particle swarm optimization methods for designing close range photogrammetry networks. It presents the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization as two popular meta-heuristic algorithms inspired by natural evolution and collective animal behavior, respectively. The document develops mathematical models representing the genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for close range photogrammetry network design and evaluates them in a test field to reinforce the theoretical aspects.
This document describes a deep reinforcement learning method called DQN that achieved human-level performance on 49 Atari 2600 games. The DQN uses a convolutional neural network to learn successful policies for playing games directly from raw pixel inputs. It outperformed existing reinforcement learning methods on 43 of the 49 games and achieved over 75% of a human tester's score on 29 games. The DQN was able to stably train large neural networks using reinforcement learning and stochastic gradient descent to learn policies from high-dimensional visual inputs with minimal prior knowledge.
This document summarizes a paper on Cold-Start Reinforcement Learning with Softmax Policy Gradient. It introduces the limitations of existing sequence learning methods like maximum likelihood estimation and reward augmented maximum likelihood. It then describes the softmax policy gradient method which uses a softmax value function to overcome issues with warm starts and sample variance. The method achieves better performance on text summarization and image captioning tasks.
This document introduces the problem of active offline policy selection, which aims to identify the best policy from a set of candidate policies using both offline evaluation with logged data and limited online evaluation. It proposes using Bayesian optimization to build a Gaussian process model of policy values, incorporating offline policy evaluation estimates as observations to warm-start online evaluation. A novel kernel function is introduced to model similarity between policies based on their actions, making the approach data-efficient by inferring one policy's value from others. Experimental results show the method improves upon offline evaluation and scales to large numbers of policies.
Deep Reinforcement Learning Through Policy Optimization, John Schulman, OpenAIJack Clark
This document discusses deep reinforcement learning through policy optimization. It begins with an introduction to reinforcement learning and how deep neural networks can be used to approximate policies, value functions, and models. It then discusses how deep reinforcement learning can be applied to problems in robotics, business operations, and other machine learning domains. The document reviews how reinforcement learning relates to other machine learning problems like supervised learning and contextual bandits. It provides an overview of policy gradient methods and the cross-entropy method for policy optimization before discussing Markov decision processes, parameterized policies, and specific policy gradient algorithms like the vanilla policy gradient algorithm and trust region policy optimization.
This presentation is for introducing google DeepMind's DeepDPG algorithm to my colleagues.
I tried my best to make it easy to be understood...
Comment is always welcome :)
hiddenmaze91.blogspot.com
Similar to Tensorflow KR PR12(Season 3) : 251th Paper Review (20)
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Tensorflow KR PR12(Season 3) : 251th Paper Review
1. Reward-Conditioned Policies
Aviral Kumar, Xue Bin Peng, Sergey Levine, 2019
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong
Seoul National University
chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr
June 7, 2020
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 1 / 24 June 7, 2020 1 / 24
2. Contents
I. Motivation
II. Preliminaries
III. Reward-Conditioned Policies
IV. Experimental Evaluation
V. Discussion and Future Work
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 2 / 24 June 7, 2020 2 / 24
3. I. Motivation
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 3 / 24 June 7, 2020 3 / 24
4. Motivation
Supervised Learning
– Works on existing or given sample data or examples
– Predict feedback is given
– Commonly used and well-understood
Reinforcement Learning
– Works on interacting with the environment
– Is about sequential decision making(e.g. Game, Robot, etc.)
– RL algorithms can be brittle, difficult to use and tune
Can we learn effective policies via supervised learning?
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 4 / 24 June 7, 2020 4 / 24
5. Motivation
One of possible method: Imitation learning
– Behavioural cloning, Direct policy learning, Inverse RL, etc.
– Imitation learning utilizes standard and well-understood supervised
learning methods
– But they require near-optimal expert data in advance
So, Can we learn effective policies via supervised learning without
demonstrations?
– non-expert trajectories collected from sub-optimal policies can be
viewed as optimal supervision
– not for maximizing the reward, but for matching the reward of the
given trajectory
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 5 / 24 June 7, 2020 5 / 24
6. II. Preliminaries
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 6 / 24 June 7, 2020 6 / 24
7. Preliminaries
Reinforcement Learning
Objective
J(θ) = Es0∼p(s0),a0:∞∼π,st+1∼p(·|at ,st ) [ ∞
t=1 γtr (st, at)]
– Policy-based: compute the derivative of J(π) w.r.t the policy
parameter θ
– Value-based: estimate value(or Q) function by means of temporal
difference learning
– How to avoid high-variance policy gradient estimators, as well as the
complexity of temporal difference learning?
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 7 / 24 June 7, 2020 7 / 24
8. Preliminaries
Monte-Carlo update
V (St) ← V (St) + α (Gt − V (St))
where Gt =
∞
t=1 γt
r (st, at)
– Pros: unbiased, good convergence properties
– Cons: high variance
Temporal-Difference update
V (St) ← V (St) + α (Rt+1 + γV (St+1) − V (St))
– Pros: learn online every step, low variance
– Cons: bootstrapping - update involves an estimate; biased
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 8 / 24 June 7, 2020 8 / 24
9. Preliminaries
Function Approximation: Policy Gradient
Policy Gradient Theorem
For any differentiable policy πθ(s, a), for any of the policy objective
functions, the policy gradient is
θJ(θ) = Eπθ
[ θ log πθ(s, a)Qπθ (s, a)]
Monte-Carlo Policy Gradient(REINFORCE)
– using return Gt as an unbiased sample of Qπθ
(st, at)
∆θt = α θ log πθ (st, at) Gt
Reducing variance using a baseline
– A good baseline is the state value function V πθ
(s)
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 9 / 24 June 7, 2020 9 / 24
10. Preliminaries
Actor-critic algorithm
– Critic: updates Q-function parameters w
error = Eπθ
(Qπθ
(s, a) − Qw (s, a))
2
– Actor: updates policy parameters θ, in direction suggested by critic
θJ(θ) = Eπθ
[ θ log πθ(s, a)Qw (s, a)]
Reducing variance using a baseline: Advantage function
– One of good baseline is the state value function V πθ
(s)
– Advantage function;
Aπθ
(s, a) = Qπθ
(s, a) − V πθ
(s)
– Rewriting the policy gradient using advantage function
θJ(θ) = Eπθ
[ θ log πθ(s, a)Aπθ
(s, a)]
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 10 / 24 June 7, 2020 10 / 24
12. Reward-Conditioned Policies
RCPs Algorithm(left) and Architecture(right)
– Z can be return(RCP-R) or advantage(RCP-A)
– Z can be incorporated in form of multiplicative interactions(πθ(a|s, Z))
– ˆpk (Z) is represented as Gaussian distribution, and µZ and σZ are
updated based on the soft − maximum, i.e. log exp, of target value
Z observed so far in the dataset D
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 12 / 24 June 7, 2020 12 / 24
13. Theoretical Motivation for RCPs
Derivation of two variants of RCPs;
– RCP-R: use Z as an return
– RCP-A: use Z as an advantage
RCP-R
Constrained Optimization
arg max
π
Eτ,Z∼pπ(τ,Z)[Z]
s.t. DKL (pπ(τ, Z) pµ(τ, Z)) ≤ ε
By forming the Lagrangian of constrained optimization with Lagrange
multiplier β,
L(π, β) = Eτ,Z∼pπ(τ,Z)[Z] + β ε − Eτ,Z∼∼pπ(τ,Z) log
pπ(τ, Z)
pµ(τ, Z)
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 13 / 24 June 7, 2020 13 / 24
14. Theoretical Motivation for RCPs
Constrained Optimization
Differentiating L(π, β) with respect to π and β and applying optimality
conditions, we obtain a non-parametric form for the joint trajectory-return
distribution of the optimal policy, pπ∗ (τ, Z); (See AWR Appendix A.)
pπ∗ (τ, Z) ∝ pµ(τ, Z) exp Z
β
By decompose the joint distribution pπ(τ, Z) into conditionals pπ(Z) and
pπ(τ|Z)
pπ∗ (τ|Z)pπ∗ (Z) ∝ [pµ(τ|Z)pµ(Z)] exp Z
β
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 14 / 24 June 7, 2020 14 / 24
15. Theoretical Motivation for RCPs
Constrained Optimization
pπ∗ (τ|Z) ∝ pµ(τ|Z) → corresponds to Line 9
pπ∗ (Z) ∝ pµ(Z) exp Z
β → corresponds to Line 10
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 15 / 24 June 7, 2020 15 / 24
16. Theoretical Motivation for RCPs
Maximum likelihood estimation
By factorizing pπ(τ|Z) as pπ(τ|Z) = Πtπ (at|st, Z) p (st+1|st, at) and,
to train a parametric policy πθ(a|s, ˆZ), projecting the optimal
non-parametric policy p∗
π computed above onto the manifold of parametric
policies, according to
πθ(a|s, Z) = arg min
θ
EZ∼D [DKL (pπ∗ (τ|Z) pπθ
(τ|Z))]
= arg maxθ EZ∼D Ea∼µ(a|s, ˆZ) [log πθ(a|s, Z)]
Theoretical motivation of RCP-A(See the Section 4.3.2)
For RCP-A, a new sample for Z is drawn at each time step, while for
RCP-R, a sample for the return Z is drawn once for the whole
trajectory(Line 5)
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 16 / 24 June 7, 2020 16 / 24
17. IV. Experimental Evaluation
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 17 / 24 June 7, 2020 17 / 24
18. Experimental Evaluation
– Results are averaged across 5 random seeds
– Comparison to RL benchmark: on-policy(TRPO, PPO)
off-policy(SAC, DDPG)
– AWR: off-policy RL method that also utilizes supervised learning as a
subroutine, but does not condition on rewards and requires an
exponential weighting scheme during training
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 18 / 24 June 7, 2020 18 / 24
19. Experimental Evaluation
– Heatmap: relationship between target value ˆZ and observed target
values of Z after 2,000 training iterations for both RCP variants
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 19 / 24 June 7, 2020 19 / 24
20. V. Discussion and Future Work
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 20 / 24 June 7, 2020 20 / 24
21. Discussion and Future work
Propose a general class of algorithms that enable learning of control
policies with standard supervised learning approaches
Sub-optimal trajectories can be regarded as optimal supervision for a
policy that does not aim to attain the largest possible reward, but
rather to match the reward of that trajectory
By then conditioning the policy on the reward, we can train a single
model to simultaneously represent policies for all possible reward
values, and generalize to larger reward values
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 21 / 24 June 7, 2020 21 / 24
22. Discussion and Future work
Limitations
– Its sample efficiency and final performance still lags behind the best
and most efficient approximate dynamic programming methods(SAC,
DDPG, etc.)
– Sometimes the reward-conditioned policies might generalize
successfully, and sometimes they might not
– Main challenge of these variants: exploration?
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 22 / 24 June 7, 2020 22 / 24
23. References
– Xue Bin Peng, et al., Advantage-Weighted Regression: Simple and
Scalable Off-Policy Reinforcement Learning, 2019
– Jan Peters, et al., Reinforcement learning by reward-weighted
regression for operational space control, ICML 2007
– RL course by David Silver, DeepMind
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 23 / 24 June 7, 2020 23 / 24
24. Thank you for your attention!
Changhoon, Kevin Jeong (Seoul National University*chjeong@bi.snu.ac.kr)Reward-Conditioned Policies 24 / 24 June 7, 2020 24 / 24