1. HandBook of English
Part : one
Simple Present tense
S + DO/DOES
- To denote a habitual action in present.
- To denote something which is true all the time or sometimes
eg:
The earth is round.
He comes from England.
The present contiNIous
S + AM/IS/ARE + DOING
- To denote an action which is going on at the moment of speaking.
eg:
I am doing the final examination.
- To denote an action which is going on at present in general.
eg:
My father is working in a bicycle factory.
- To denote a changing situation.
eg:
The world’s population is increasing very fast.
- To denote future arrangement.
eg:
He is coming this afternoon.
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
S + DID
The simple past is used for a completed action that happened at
one specific time in the past.
- To denote a habitual past action.
eg:
We used to go swimming a lot.
- To denote an action which happened in the past.
eg:
I bought a new bicycle yesterday.
- To be used in conditional sentence type II.
eg:

2. If I had a lot of money. I would by a new bicycle.
THE PAST CONTINUOUS
S + WAS/WERE + DOING
- An action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by
another action. In the case, the general rule is:
When + S1 + did + S2 + was/were + Ving
eg:
When Huong came in my huose. I was watching televition.
Or
S1 + was/were + Ving + when + S2 + did
eg:
I was watching Televition when Huong came in my house.
- Two action occorring at the same time in the past. In the case, the
following rules usualy apply:
S1 + was/were + Ving + while + S2 + was/were + did
eg:
Huong was watching Televition while I was reading a book.
Or
While + S1 + was/were + Ving + S2 + was/were + Ving
eg:
While Huong was watching Televition I was reading a book.
+ Node : The following construction is also possible, but it is not as common
as the preceding two
While S1 + was/were + Ving + S2 + did
eg:
While Huong was watching Televition I read a book.
- An action which was occurring at some specific time in the past.
eg:
Huong was watching televition at seven o’clook last night
THE PRESENT PERFECT
S + HAVE/HAS + DONE
The present perfect is used to indicate :
- An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.
eg:
John has traveled around the world.
- An action that happened more than once in the past.
eg:
Huong was lived in the same house sice 1978.
Or Huong was lived in the same house fore twenty years.
SINCE/FORE

3. - Used fore + duration of time
- Used since + beginning time
YET/ALREADY
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has
happened (or hasn’t happened) at an unspecified time in the past. These
asverbs are often used with the present perfect
Already - affirmative sentences
Yet - negative sentence and questions
+ Node : Already usually between the auxiliary and main verb. However, it
can appear at the beginning or end of the sentences. Yet appear at the end
of the sentence:
S + have/has + already + done.
eg:
We have already writen our reports
S + have/has + not + done + yet
eg:
We haven’t writen our report yet.
+ Node : Another option eith the use yet is sometimes possible. In this case,
the verb is possitive and the adverb yet dose not appear at the end of the
sentence.
S + have/has + yet + to do
eg:
We have yet to decide what to do with the money
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
For the action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present. It
also to used the present perfect continuous. Use the following rule to form
this aspect
S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + DOING
- To denote action which began in the past, continued up to present and
is still going on at the present.
eg:
Huong was been living in the same house for twenty year
- To denote an action happenning several in the past without definite
time.
eg:
I have been telephoning Huong all the morning
simple future tense
S + WILL/SHALL + DO
- To denote a future action with future time
eg:
I will spend my next summer holiday in Tam dao mountain.
The future continuouos
S + Will/Shall + be + doing

4. - To denote an action going on at a definite (time) moment in the future.
eg:
At this time tomorrow, I will be playing tennis.
- To denote a certainly in the future.
eg:
I will be going home next week.
- To denote an action on for something continuouosly in the future.
eg:
Next year I will be staying in Sydney for 2 month..
The future perfect continuous
S + will/shall + have been + doing
- To denote an action happenning before a definite moment in the future
continuou up to that moment and will be going on at that moment.
eg:
At this time next year, I will have been learning English for 4 years.
The future in the past
s+ would/could + do
- To denote an action which is future from the point of view of the past.
eg:
I thought, I would become a pop singer.
Part : two
Direct in to indirect
1. S + am/is/are  S + was/were
eg:
I am a teacher  She said she was a teacher.
2. S + do  S + did
eg:
I often get up early  She said she often got up early.
3. S + will do  S + would do
eg:
I will get up early  She said she would got up early.
4. S + will be  S + would be
eg:
I will be champion forever  She said she would be champion forever.
5. S + have done  S + had done.
eg:
I have done all my exercise  I had done my exercise.
6. S + did  S + had done

5. eg:
I met her boyfriend in the street yesterday  She saisd she had met
my boyfriend in the street the day before
7. S + can do  S + could do
eg:
I can beat anybody in the world  He said He could beat anybody in
the world
8. S + is/am/are + going to do  S + was/were + going to do
eg:
I am going to meet her  He said he was going to meet her.
9. S + was/were + doing  S + had been doing
eg:
I was doing exercise  She said she had been doing exercise.
10. S + have/has + been doing  S + had been doing
+. Node :
- here  there.
- now  then.
- yesterday  The day before.
- Tomorrow  the next day.
- Nextweek the next week.
- Last month  the last month.
- This  that.
- These  those
eg:
What’s your name  She ask me what my name was.
Where do you come from  She ask me where I came from
Do you live with your parent ?  She ask me if I lived with my parent.
Do you speak English ?  She ask me if I spoke English.
Reported speech (Nãi gi¸n tiÕp)
1. Statement.
Said (That) + clause. Told (That) + clause
2. Ask + question word (WH)/If/Whether + clause
Wondered + question word (WH)/If/Whether + clause.
Wanted to know + question word (WH)/If/Whether + clause
3. Command
- Ask Sb to do St
- Told Sb to do St
eg:
“Sit down” She said.  She asked me to sit down.

6. Don’t stay up late  Sheaskedmenot to stay up late.
- AdvisedSb (not) to do St
- Invited Sb (not) to do St
- ThreatenedSb (not) to do St
- BeggedSb (not) to do St
- ForcedSb (not) to do St
eg:
Would you like a cup of tea ?  Sheadvised/invited meto have
a cup of tea.