Tenses express time: past, present, or future.

1. It ______ ( rain ) since last night, and it ______ ( look ) as if it
may rain for the rest of the day.
2. My school ______ ( hold ) a food-and-fun fair next month to
raise money for the school building-fund.
3. Look! Those bees ______ ( buzz ) round the flowers. The bees
______ not only ______ ( collect ) honey, but they __( pollinate )
the flowers as well.
4. Mudasir told him what ______ ( happen ) to his dog.
5. We ______ ( go ) shopping last weekend. There ______ ( be ) a
great crowd at the shopping center. Most of the people
____( do ) their New Year's shopping.
6. It ______ ( be ) a fine morning today. The birds ______ ( sing ) in
the trees, and there ______ ( be ) not a cloud in the sky.
7. That child ______ ( ask ) questions about his toys right now.
Sometimes he ______ ( ask ) such complicated questions that I
______ ( become ) puzzled, too.

‫ایک‬ ‫آزادی‬ ‫کی‬ ‫فرد‬ ‫اور‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫ک‬ ‫لک‬ُ
‫م‬ ‫ک‬ ‫خیال‬ ‫کا‬ ‫لوگو‬ ‫عام‬
‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ےہ‬ ‫ں‬
‫ی‬ ‫وت‬ ‫ضد‬ ‫کی‬ ‫دوسر‬
‫ں۔‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ے‬
‫ی‬ ‫ن‬ ‫معلوم‬ ‫غلط‬ ‫بات‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ر‬ ‫بظا‬
‫ں‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬ ‫ہ‬
‫وتی‬
‫۔‬ ‫ہ‬

 Men of the street/common people believe that
the laws of a country and freedom of an
individual are opposite to each others.
 Apparently, it does not seem wrong.

 A verb-based method
 Used to indicate the time of verb/action
 And state of verb/action (the continuation or
completeness, of an action or state in relation to
the time of speaking)

Types
Time of Action
Sub-types
State of Action
Present
He delivers a lecture.
1.Simple
He delivers a lecture.
2.Continuous
He is delivering a lecture.
3.Perfect
He has delivered a lecture.
4.Perfect Continuous
He has been delivering a lecture since
Past
He delivered a lecture.
Future
He will deliver a
lecture.

 When you are referring to habitual actions--
actions that you always or never do
 When you are referring to unchanging truths
 When you are making general statements of
fact

 (habit) He always comes late to class.
 (unchanging truth) The sun rises in the east.
 (general statement of fact) They are friendly.
simple present tense

Always Whenever Everyday
Usually Often Frequently
Sometimes Rarely Occasionally
never

I study I wait
You study You wait
S/he/it studies s/he/it waits
We study we wait
They study they wait

 When an activity is in progress at the moment
of speaking
 When an activity began before now and
continues into the future without stopping
 When an activity is developing and changing

 I am explaining something to the class right
now
 He is taking 16 credits this semester
 She is understanding English more and more
Present Progressive Tense

Right now, at this
moment
Still
This year, week,
month, etc.
As we speak

I am studying I'm studying
You are studying You're studying
S/he/it is studying S/he/it's studying
We are studying We're studying
They are studying They're studying

A tense very commonly used in
English to refer to the past!

 When an activity happened at an unspecified
time in the past (before the present)
 When an activity has been repeated several
times before now
 When an activity was very recently completed
before now

 (unspecified time before now) They have
already seen that movie.
 (repeated activity before now) We have visited
New York City many times.
 (an action has recently been completed before
now) I have just eaten.
Present Perfect Tense

Before Ever Never
So far Already Yet
Just Recently For
since

I have studied . . . I have seen . . .
You have studied . . . You have seen . . .
S/he/it has studied . . S/he/it has seen . . .
We have studied . . . We have seen . . .
They have studied . . . They have seen . . .

 This tense is used to describe actions that have
been continuously in progress with indicating
beginning of action. These actions are not
completed.
 Example: I have been waiting here since the last
two hours.
 Form: have or has + been + verb ing

 When an activity or situation began and ended
at a particular time in the past.
 In other words, when an activity or situation is
completed in the past
 To refer to past habits

 (Completed action in the past) He was late to
class yesterday.
 (Completed action in the past) We arrived
three weeks ago.
 (Past habit) She went to her university daily in
2016.
Simple Past Tense

Last night, week, year, month, Saturday,
semester, etc.
Yesterday
ago
Simple Past Tense

I studied I waited
You studied You waited
S/he/it studied S/he/it waited
We studied We waited
They studied They waited
Simple Past Tense

 This tense is used to refer to activities
continuously in progress around a time in the
past.
 Example: They were eating when the taxi arrived.
 Form: was or were + verbing

 This tense is not used a lot. It can often be
used interchangeably with the simple past
because these tenses do not differ much in
meaning.
 The past perfect tense refers to activities that
happened before a specific time in the past.
 Example, He had visited her many times before
she died.
 Form: had + past participle

 This tense is used when an activity was
continuously in progress before a specific time
in the past.
 Example: I had been thinking about this topic since
early in the morning.
 Form: had + been + verbing

 To indicate that an activity or event will take
place at a time in the future

 Next week, we will work on punctuation.
Future

Tomorrow
Next Saturday, week, month, year, etc.
Future

I will stay I'll stay
You will stay You'll stay
S/he/it will stay S/he/it'll stay
We will stay We'll stay
They will stay They'll stay
Future

Sometimes the simple present tense or the
Present progressive tense are used to express a
future meaning.
Usually these tenses are used when scheduled
events are being discussed.
Future Tense

 This tense is used to refer to activities that will
be continuously in progress around some future
time.
 Example: We will be flying over New York at noon
tomorrow.
 Form: will + be + verbing

 The future perfect expresses the idea that an
activity will occur before some future time.
 Example: She will have finished dinner before the
game starts.
 Form: will + have + past participle

 This tense is used to refer to activities that will
be continuously in progress before a future
time.
 Example: He will have been working for 3 hours
before you arrive.
 Form: will + have + been + verbing

Simple Progress-
ive
(BE +
verb+ing)
Perfect
(HAVE +
verb+en)
Perfect
Progress-
ive (HAVE
+ BEEN +
verb+ing)
Present Ist
+s or es
Is/am/are
ing
Has/have
3rd
Has/have
been
+ing
Past 2nd
Was/
were+ing
had
3rd
Had been
+ing
Future Will/
shall + 1st
Will/
shall
be+ing
Will/
shall
have+3rd
Will/
shall
have

 Can and Could
 We use can and could to talk about ability
1.He can play which he could not due to fracture
in his right arm. Ability

 Will /shall
1. Talking about the present, future or past with
certainty
2. Making a promise or a threat
1. I shall cry your bag.
2. I will stop smoking.

 May /Might
It may rain today.

 Would
1. Polite requests and offers (a 'softer' form of will)
1. Would you shut the door, please?
2. In conditionals, to indicate 'distance from
reality': imagined, unreal, impossible situations
1. He said, “would that Quaid were alive to see our
fate today!”
3.Talking about past habits (similar meaning to
used to)
1. Sometimes he would bring me some flowers.

 Should
1. Giving advice
2. Obligation: weak form of must
1. You should drive carefully in bad weather
2. You should switch off the light when you leave the
room. .obligation

 Ought to
Ought to usually has the same meaning as
should, particularly in affirmative statements in
the
 You should/ought to get your hair cut.
 Should is much more common (and easier to
say!), so if you're not sure, use should.

 Must
1. Necessity and obligation
2. Strong advice and invitations

 Used to / use to
1.The auxiliary verb construction used to is used
to express an action that took place in the past,
perhaps customarily, but now that action no
longer customarily takes place:
We used to take long vacation trips with the
whole family.
Has to, Have to and Had to

1. It ______ ( rain ) since last night, and it ______ ( look ) as if it
may rain for the rest of the day.
2. My school ______ ( hold ) a food-and-fun fair next month to
raise money for the school building fund.
3. Look! Those bees ______ ( buzz ) round the flowers. The bees
______ not only ______ ( collect ) honey, but they ___( pollinate )
the flowers as well.
4. Mudasir told him what ______ ( happen ) to his dog.
5. We ______ ( go ) shopping last weekend. There ______ ( be ) a
great crowd at the shopping center. Most of the people
____( do ) their New Year's shopping.
6. It ______ ( be ) a fine morning today. The birds ______ ( sing )
in the trees, and there ______ ( be ) not a cloud in the sky.
7. That child ______ ( ask ) questions about his toys right now.
Sometimes he ______ ( ask ) such complicated questions that I
______ ( become ) puzzled, too.

1. It has been raining since last night, and it looks as if it may rain
for the rest of the day.
2. My school is going to hold/is holding/ will hold/holds a food-
and-fun fair next month to raise money for the school building-
fund.
3. Look! Those bees are buzzing round the flowers. The
bees are not only collecting honey, but they are pollinating the
flowers as well.
4. Mudasir told him what had happened to his dog.
5. We went shopping last weekend. There was a great crowd at the
shopping center. Most of the people were doing their New
Year's shopping.
6. It is a fine morning today. The birds are singing in the trees, and
there is not a cloud in the sky.
7. That child is asking questions about his toys right now.
Sometimes he asks such complicated questions that
I become puzzled, too.

Tenses express time: past, present, or future.

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Tenses express time: past, present, or future.