Tema 1 v
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This document introduces basic syntactic concepts and categories in clauses. It defines a clause as the key unit of syntax that is capable of occurring independently and describes a complete event or state. Clauses are categorized as independent or dependent, finite or non-finite, and minor clauses are defined as well. The main syntactic elements of a clause are identified as the subject, predicator, direct object, indirect object, and others. Finally, the document discusses verb complementation patterns, identifying intransitive, copular, monotransitive, ditransitive, and complex transitive verbs.
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1) The past simple tense is used for actions that started and finished in the past or happened one after another. Regular verbs are formed by adding "-ed" and irregular verbs have varying past forms.
2) Negative sentences are formed using "did not" or "was/were not" depending on the verb. Yes/no questions use "did" or "was/were".
3) Examples are given for common regular and irregular verbs in the past simple as well as exercises for learners to practice forming sentences.
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The document discusses the simple past tense in English. It defines the simple past as a verb tense that indicates an action that occurred at a specific time in the past. It then provides examples of common time expressions used with the simple past like "yesterday" and "last week." The summary provides the key characteristics of the simple past tense including its grammatical structure and how it is used to form affirmative, negative, regular and irregular verb sentences in the past tense.
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Tema 1 iii
- Words can be made up of a single unit of meaning (morpheme) or can have a more complex structure through inflection, derivation, and compounding. Inflection involves adding suffixes to change word class or meaning. Derivation adds affixes to change word identity or class. Compounding combines word stems.
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- Words can be made up of a single unit of meaning (morpheme) or can have a more complex structure through inflection, derivation, and compounding. Inflection involves adding suffixes to change word class or meaning. Derivation adds affixes to change word identity or class. Compounding combines word stems.
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This document discusses the simple past tense in English. It defines the simple past tense as an action that occurred and was completed in the past. There are two types of past tense verbs: regular verbs that follow a consistent pattern of adding "-ed" and irregular verbs that have unpredictable spelling changes. Regular verbs typically add "-ed" to the base verb, with some following special rules. Irregular verbs have varying spelling changes that must be memorized. The document provides examples of forming sentences in the positive, negative, and interrogative using both regular and irregular past tense verbs. It also discusses using "was/were" with nominal sentences and includes common time signals used with the past tense. An example story using past tense verbs is included
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This document discusses comparative and superlative adjectives. It explains that comparative adjectives are used to compare two people, places or things, often using "than". Superlative adjectives usually describe the extreme or highest degree, often using "the". The document provides rules for forming comparative and superlative adjectives from basic adjectives of different syllable patterns, such as adding "-er" or "-est". It also gives examples of commonly used comparative and superlative adjectives and exceptions to the rules.
kelompok_1_present_simple[1].pptx
The document discusses the present simple tense in English. It begins by defining the present simple tense as a tense used to discuss habitual or repeated actions, general truths, and events happening now. It then provides examples of sentences using the present simple tense and discusses its grammatical functions such as describing habits, facts, and feelings. Finally, it outlines the formula for constructing present simple sentences, distinguishing between verbal sentences that use auxiliary verbs like "do/does" and nominal sentences that use forms of "to be".
Reported speech
This document discusses direct and reported speech. It explains that reported speech involves changing the tense, pronouns, adverbs and punctuation when repeating what someone else said. The document outlines the general changes that are made, including tense backshifting and changes to pronouns, adverbs of time and place. It then provides more details on how to report statements, questions, commands, requests and suggestions. Finally, it discusses different reporting verbs that can be used to introduce reported speech.
Pasttense
The document discusses the simple past tense and how to form sentences in the simple past. It covers regular and irregular verbs in the past tense. It also explains how to form negative sentences and questions in the simple past tense, including using "did not" for negatives and placing "Did" before the subject for questions. Additionally, it provides examples of using the verb "to be" in the simple past tense for statements, questions, and negative sentences.
word order in questions
1. The document discusses word order in questions and provides examples of common word order patterns in English statements and questions.
2. Questions typically use inversion, where the verb is placed before the subject compared to statements which follow SVO (subject-verb-object) order.
3. Examples are given of rewriting statements as yes/no questions by inverting the subject and verb according to common patterns like auxiliary-subject-verb.
Review of verbal tenses
The document provides an overview of English verb tenses including:
- The structure of positive, negative, and interrogative sentences for each tense.
- Common time expressions used with each tense.
- Distinctions between stative and dynamic verbs and their usage.
- Differences between simple and continuous forms of the present, past, and perfect tenses.
- Usage of adverbs like ever, never, just, already, yet, and still with the perfect tenses.
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Tema 1 v
- 1. Unit 1 Introductory concepts and categories (V: clauses)
- 2. BASIC CONCEPTS • Clause: key unit of syntax capable of occurring independently • Clause: complete description of an event/state of affairs Ex.: Have you got an exam on Monday?/She smiled sweetly • All clauses may be utterances but not all utterances are clauses – ex. (1): More sauce? vs. Would you like more sauce? – ex. (2): Thirty pence please vs. It’s thirty pence please
- 3. Types of clauses Independent & dependent Finite (tensed VP) & non-finite (tenseless VP) Minor clauses (= moodless→ NO subject + finite) : - Wh-qs without a finite verb (Why not sell your car? How about a nice glass of wine?) - Adjuncts with the force of commands (Into the shelter!) - Proverbs (Out of sight, out of mind) Abreviated clauses (just mood element; rest of the clause ellipted) Has she?
- 4. Syntactic elements (Downing and Locke, 2006: 17) Subject (S) Predicator (P) Direct object (Od) Indirect object (Oi) Prepositional object (Op) Subject complement (Cs) Object complement (Co) Locative / Goal complement (CLoc) Adjunct (A) (circumstantial; stance [= Greenbaum & Quirk, 1990 disjunct] ; and connective [= Greenbaum & Quirk, 1990 conjunct])
- 5. Verb complementation • The verb is the key element of a clause . There are 3 major valency patterns (one-place, two-place & three-place verbs): → Intransitive: S+V: Sarah and Michael disappeared → Copular: S+V+Cs : The Swiss cheese has gone bad S+V+A: Marc was in the bathroom → Monotransitive (S+V+Od): She’s changed her dress → Ditransitive (S+V+Oi+Od): You gave her the wrong answer → Complex transitive : S+V+Od+Co: That makes me so mad S+V+Od+C Loc: They’re sending us to Disneyland
- 6. Verb complementation • The verb is the key element of a clause . There are 3 major valency patterns (one-place, two-place & three-place verbs): → Intransitive: S+V: Sarah and Michael disappeared → Copular: S+V+Cs : The Swiss cheese has gone bad S+V+A: Marc was in the bathroom → Monotransitive (S+V+Od): She’s changed her dress → Ditransitive (S+V+Oi+Od): You gave her the wrong answer → Complex transitive : S+V+Od+Co: That makes me so mad S+V+Od+C Loc: They’re sending us to Disneyland