This report updates Telstra's 2007 climate risk findings, evaluating the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in enabling carbon emissions reductions in Australia. It identifies seven key ICT-based opportunities for substantial emissions and cost savings, with potential annual savings of $8.1 billion and a reduction of 27.5 million tons of CO2-e. Additionally, the report highlights the emergence of new opportunities and emphasizes the need for addressing uptake barriers to achieve these benefits.

1. connecting
with a
low-carbon
future

2. Aboutthisreport
This report is an update of the 2007 Climate Risk report
commissioned by Telstra,‘Towards a High-Bandwidth,
Low-Carbon Future’(the 2007 Report).The 2007 Report
explored the potential for Information and Communication
Technology (ICT) to contribute to a low-carbon economy.
At the time,the report attracted international attention when
it was formally released at the United Nations Climate Change
Conference in Bali (COP1
13) in December 2007.
Demonstrating the importance of the 2007 Report,the United
Nations International Telecommunication Union used its
concepts as the basis for two international conferences
named after the report (one each in London and Kyoto) to
discuss the correlation between ICT and a low-carbon economy.
Since 2007,numerous international organisations have followed
up on this research.For example,Ericsson commissioned a
documentary (which included interviews with Climate Risk) on
the 2007 Report’s implications for European telecommunications
providers.A succession of follow-on reports have applied similar
methodologies to other countries and regions,including the
landmark SMART 2020 (2008) and SMARTER2020 (2012)
reports by the Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSI).
1
Conference of the Parties
This update revisits the role of the ICT sector in enabling
cost-effective carbon emissions reductions in Australia,
and assesses the extent to which the seven low-carbon ICT
opportunities identified in 2007 have already translated into
cost and carbon emission savings.To assist in understanding
the level of savings achieved,this report reviews the impact of
technical developments on the ability of ICT to deliver financial
and environmental benefits.This analysis is critical given that
ICT has been identified as a key enabler of a low-carbon economy.
Further,as a result of commercial drivers and community
expectations,government and private organisations are
addressing climate change and rising carbon emissions as
a matter of priority.
This report aims to stimulate further dialogue about ICT’s
potential role as the‘backbone’ of a low-carbon economy.
It is intended primarily for a business and government audience.
Nevertheless,the measures identified have the potential to
provide both financial and emissions savings across Australian
society,from consumers to business and government.
Climate Risk has been commissioned by Telstra to research
and prepare this update,as it was for the original 2007 Report.
This report was improved by the input of external reviewers,
including Kellie Caught (WWF-Australia),Glenn Platt (CSIRO),
Hugh Saddler (pitt&sherry),and Greg Bourne.Telstra and
Climate Risk gratefully acknowledge their contributions.

3. Paul Geason
Group Managing Director –
Global Enterprise and Services Australia
Telstra
Government, business and consumers
have responded over many years to the
economic drivers that have led them to
reduce energy consumption and associated
costs. However, as our understanding of
climate change impacts continues to grow,
the need to limit and contain carbon emissions
has also become increasingly important,
and is now a recognised driver for action.
The ICT sector can be an integral part of
the solution to both contain costs and
carbon emissions.
The ICT sector is in an ideal position to enable
Australia’s governments, businesses and
consumers to reduce both their energy
consumption and carbon emissions. This will
not only lead to considerable cost savings
but will also make a significant and tangible
contribution to addressing climate change
in the near and long term.
While existing innovations presented by the
ICT sector have already realised reductions
in carbon emissions and reduced expenditure
in other sectors, there remains a significant
opportunity to achieve even greater financial
and environmental benefits.
wewillcontinuetoinvest
insolutionsthatprovide
themechanismforour
customerstoreducetheir
costsandtheiremissions.
The rapid evolution in technology, combined
with Telstra’s significant investment in
deploying new products and mobile networks,
puts us in a strong position to help Australians
connect with a low-carbon future.
At Telstra we take our leadership role very
seriously, and we will continue to invest in
solutions that provide the mechanism for
our customers to reduce their costs and
their emissions.
Thisreportisnotthefinalwordonthepotential,
oractual,carbonandcostsavingsassociated
withICT.Rather,itisacontributiontotheongoing
discussiononthissubject.Wewelcomerobust
publicdialoguearoundtheideaspresentedin
thisreport,inthehopeAustralianscanreach
amorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthe
opportunitiesfortheICTsectortodeliverthe
financialandenvironmentalbenefitsofalow-
carboneconomy.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 3

4. Executivesummary 06
01 Thebusinesscaseforreducingcarbonemissions 08
02 Thechallengeposedbyclimatechangeand
risingcarbonemissions 10
03 ICTtrends 13
04 ThecarbonfootprintofICT 17
05 ICTasthebackboneofthelow-carboneconomy 20
06 SevenICT-basedcarbonreductionopportunities 22
07 Additionalemergentlow-carbonopportunities 26
08 Conclusions 29
Appendices 31
4 Connecting with a low-carbon future

5. unlocking
the benefits
of a low-carbon
economy
Connecting with a low-carbon future 5

6. Since 2007 carbon emissions have
increased in many sectors of the economy.
Consequently,the carbon-reduction
potential of these seven ICT-based
opportunities has increased by 8.5%
between 2007 and 2014.This represents
a potential to abate nearly 5% of
Australia’s current total annual carbon
emissions and approximately one fifth of
the Australian Government’s 5% emission
reduction target for 2020 on 2000 levels.3
This projected reduction potential is only
for the seven opportunities identified;the
total potential ICT-sector contribution
could be substantially greater.
These ICT-based opportunities could save
Australians $8.1 billion per year through
avoided electricity,fuel and aviation travel
spending,47% more than the potential
savings from ICT in 2007.Increased
renewable energy production and value
enabled by ICT could generate a further
$762 million per year.
Technological advances in the past seven
years and the rapid uptake of smart
devices such as smartphones and tablets
have also increased ICT’s potential to
facilitate energy and carbon emission
savings.As the range and sophistication
of smart devices increases,they are able
to perform more complex tasks,and
thereby play an increasing role in low-
carbon opportunities such as video
conferencing and real-time
fleet management.
ICTisakeyenablerof
alow-carboneconomy
The 2007 Report established that ICT
can play a critical role in delivering a low-
carbon economy by enabling a reduction
in energy-related costs and carbon
emissions across the wider economy.
ICT encompasses end-user devices,
networks and data centres.End-user
devices include personal computers,
printers,tablets,smartphones and
other connected and mobile devices.
Networks comprise wireless and fixed
telecommunications networks.Data
centres refer to facilities that house
computers and associated systems.
This report reassesses the seven ICT-
based opportunities for reducing costs
and carbon emissions originally identified
in 2007.These include:
• Remote appliance power management;
• Context-aware power management;
• Decentralised working;
• Personalised public transport;
• Real-time fleet management;
• Increased renewable energy;and
• High definition video conferencing.
The findings in this report reveal that
the potential of ICT to help reduce
energy costs and carbon emissions has
grown substantially over the past seven
years and,if realised,the opportunities
identified here could help Australians
substantially cut emissions,by 27.5
MtCO2-e per year and achieve savings and
revenue of almost $8.92
billion per year.
Since the 2007 Report was released,
the pressure on governments and
business to reduce energy use and carbon
emissions has intensified.Energy prices
have increased significantly and there
is increasing scientific confidence that
human activity is a major contributor to
climate change.
Given regulatory and societal pressure
to address climate change,Australian
businesses must find ways to reduce
carbon emissions,while at the same time
containing costs and balancing their
public reputation with shareholder and
investor requirements.
Those companies that can respond most
effectively to these pressures to reduce
carbon emissions are well placed to reap
commercial and reputational benefits.
This report examines how Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
can help unlock the financial and environmental benefits of a low-carbon
economy, building on the findings of the 2007 Telstra-commissioned report,
Towards a High-Bandwidth Low-Carbon Future (the 2007 Report).
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
2
Excluding value related to carbon.
3
Note this abatement excludes additional international aviation emissions that could apply to Opportunity 7:High Definition Video Conferencing.
6 Connecting with a low-carbon future

7. Threenewopportunities
tocutcostsandemissions
Three new ICT-enabled opportunities to
reduce energy use and carbon emissions
have emerged since the 2007 Report.
They are:clean cloud;smart cities and
infrastructure;and mobile carbon guidance.
Clean cloud entails improving energy
efficiency of data centre operations
through consolidation of smaller data
centres to achieve economies of scale,
and potential use of low-cost renewable
energy alternatives to power them.
Smart cities and infrastructure use
advanced communication,sensing and
metering to more efficiently manage
electricity supply,and can also facilitate
efficiencies in water,waste and transport.
Mobile carbon guidance provides
information and other assistance to
consumers via mobile devices to enable
a step change in consumer behaviour in
favour of low-carbon choices.
BalancingICTgrowth
andcarbonabatement
Unprecedented growth in data,traffic and
devices is pushing up ICTcarbon emissions,
despite continuing improvements in
energy efficiency.While it is important to
address the ICTsector’s own emissions,
the findings of this report and a wider
body of international research suggest
that ICTfacilitates significant emission
reductions in other sectors of the
Australian economy.A recent study by the
Global e-Sustainability Initiative (GeSi)
found that ICTcould enable global emission
reductions in other sectors of more than
seven times its own emission footprint.
Despite this recognition of ICT’s role,
there is limited quantitative evidence
to confirm that ICT has already achieved
carbon emission reductions, partly due
to the difficulty in assessing ICT impacts
on other sectors. A key aim of this report
is to add to the understanding of the ICT
contribution in Australia to date.
Of the seven carbon-reducing
opportunities identified in 2007,
remote appliance management, video
conferencing, teleworking and real-time
fleet management (for freight vehicles)
have quickly expanded to deliver savings
worth an estimated $1.5 billion per year
to Australian businesses and consumers.
However, barriers to uptake of ICT-
based opportunities have constrained
progress and, as a result, some of the
ICT opportunities identified in the 2007
Report have barely started to deliver
on their emission and cost-reduction
potential.
These barriers to uptake include capital
cost,complexity,cultural resistance to
change and lack of uniform availability
of technology.Overcoming these barriers
to ICT uptake is an important factor in
realising the substantial energy saving
and emission reduction benefits of ICT.
Keyconclusionsofthis
reportinclude:
• ICT has a central role to play in a low-
carbon economy,with the potential
to enable economy-wide emission
reductions;
• The seven ICT opportunities identified in
the 2007 Report are still valid and have
even greater cost benefit and carbon
reduction potential today than in 2007,
with potential energy and travel savings
for Australians estimated to be worth
$8.1 billion per year;
• Combined,these ICT based opportunities
would be able to deliver emissions
savings of 27.5 MtCO2-e,approximately
one fifth of the Australian Government’s
5% emissions reduction target for 2020.
This level of abatement is equivalent
to taking two thirds (8.4 million) of
Australia’s passenger vehicles off the
road (ABS 2013c,Australian Government
2013b);
• Some of the identified opportunities
have already begun to provide tangible
dollar savings and emission reductions,
and the seven opportunities combined
are worth $1.6 billion per year;
• The limited uptake to date of some of
the carbon-reducing ICTopportunities
highlights that substantial cost and carbon
emission savings are yet to be realised;
• Three new carbon-reduction ICT
opportunities that emerged since the
2007 Report were identified:clean cloud;
smart cities and infrastructure;and
mobile carbon guidance;
• To fully realise all of these ICT-based
opportunities,barriers to uptake must
be addressed.
Given that Australia is under increasing
economic and social pressure to reduce
energy costs and carbon emissions,this
report’s findings indicate that ICT’s role
in cost and carbon reduction is more
important today than ever before.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 7

8. Australian business is expected to
reduce its carbon and environmental
impact while improving profitability.
Companies are seeking to act to reduce
carbon emissions,while at the same time
managing the emerging risks from climate
change impacts.Businesses that respond
effectively to these pressures stand to
gain both reputational and commercial
benefits.Accenture’s (2013) global survey
of 1,000 CEOs found that nearly all (93%)
regard sustainability as key to their
company’s success.
1.1Publicandinvestorexpectations
A company’s environmental credentials
can now influence job choices of
graduates (AAGE 2012),and most (81%)
CEOs believe their company’s reputation
for sustainability affects consumers’
decisions to purchase their products
(Accenture 2013).Companies are
increasingly expected to be responsible
environmental stewards (Quinio 2009),
and are under growing investor pressure
to take this role (IISD 2013).
Public measures such as the Dow Jones
Sustainability Index (DJSI) and Carbon
Disclosure Project (CDP),which rank
companies’environmental performance,
are further building expectations on
business to disclose and improve their
environmental performance.Companies
in Australia that disclose to the CDP
represent 85% of the ASX 200 market
capitalisation.
In 2011 the CDP launched an investor-
led initiative,Carbon Action,specifically
calling on the world’s largest companies
to implement cost-effective carbon
emission reduction initiatives.Investors
view these actions as a way to protect
their investments.As of 2013,CDP investor
initiatives were backed by more than 722
institutional investors representing assets
of more than USD$87 trillion (CDP 2013).
01: The business case for
reducing carbon emissions
While pressure on business to reduce its carbon and
environmental impact is increasing, taking action can
deliver commercial benefits.
As proof of the growing expectations to
improve environmental performance,
there are now 14 indices in Australia to
guide investment or assess companies’
performance based on sustainability
criteria,according to the Responsible
Investment Association Australasia (RIAA).
Funds under responsible investment
portfolio management in Australia
continue to grow,reaching $152 billion
(16% of total assets under management)
at the end of 2012 (RIAA 2013).
Shareholder pressure on companies
to improve their performance on
climate change and other aspects of
environmental and social performance
continues to build through voting,
resolutions,and other shareholder
actions (RIAA 2013).
Illustrating the gathering momentum for
initiatives specifically focused on carbon,
in October,2013 an investor alliance with
$USD3 trillion in assets called on the
world’s largest fossil fuel companies to
rethink their future operations in light of
the major emissions reductions required to
address climate change (Blackburne 2013).
1.2Policyandregulatoryactivity
Australian companies are also subject
to policy and regulatory developments
aimed at identifying and reducing carbon
emissions.
Existing reporting obligations under
the National Greenhouse and Energy
Reporting (NGER) Act (2007) require
companies to provide accounting and
data on carbon emissions and energy.
The NGER Scheme,administered by the
Clean Energy Regulator (CER),provides
a single national reporting framework
for corporations that meet or exceed the
NGER thresholds.4
Australia’s larger corporate energy
consumers must also report under
the Commonwealth Energy Efficiency
Opportunities program.Commenced in
July 2006,the program mandates that
eligible companies5
(more than 300
corporations are eligible) assess their
energy use to identify and publicly report
opportunities for cost-effective energy
savings,along with the appropriate
business response (DRET 2013).
For the financial year 2013-14,federal
policy requires 3756
of Australia’s largest
emitters to surrender eligible emissions
units (each unit representing one tonne
of carbon dioxide equivalent [tCO2-e]).
Companies are required to pay the
‘carbon price’for the right to emit.
For the financial year 2014-15,the
Australian Government has undertaken
to replace this mechanism with the
‘Direct Action’approach.This includes
an Emissions Reduction Fund from
which entities will be paid for the actual
abatement they have achieved (Australian
Government 2013a).
1.3Thepressureofrising
energyprices
In addition to these regulatory
requirements,Australian business
must also manage rising energy costs.
According to the Australian Industry
Group (AIG),average business expenditure
on energy,as a percentage of turnover,
increased by 10% from 2008 to 2011.
Electricity costs have more than doubled
in the last 10 years (ESAA 2012).Retail
petrol prices,though volatile,have also
risen (ACCC 2012).7
The factors behind rising energy costs
are numerous;for example,investment
in transmission and distribution
infrastructure is a primary driver for
increasing electricity costs while
4
‘As a guide,registration and reporting is required by controlling corporations emitting more than 25,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent,or consuming more than
25,000 megawatt-hours of electricity or 2.5 million litres of fuel in a financial year,’according to DRET (2012).
5
Using 0.5 PJ of energy per year,roughly the energy used by 10,000 households.
6
375 potentially liable entities’as of 1 November 2013 according to the Clean Energy Regulator website.
7
From 2008−09 to 2011−12 annual average retail prices rose 15.7 cents per litre.
8 Connecting with a low-carbon future

9. international supply and demand are
key to rising Australian fuel prices
(ACCC 2012). While actions to mitigate
GHG emissions place a further cost on
energy,utilities have noted climate policy
uncertainty in Australia to be a further
significant contributor to domestic
consumer price increases (Nelson 2010).
Whatever the causes,more businesses
are being pushed toward higher energy
spending,a trend that can be expected
to continue (AIG 2012;2013).
1.4Climatechangeriskstobusiness
In addition to related regulatory
requirements noted in Section 1.2,many
companies are concerned about the
direct physical risks from climate change
(for example,extreme weather events).
In 2012,81% of CDP-reporting companies
identified that physical risks from climate
change could impact their business,
with 37% considering these risks to be
material,up from 10% in 2010 (global
figures;CDP 2012b).
Australian governments have remained
committed to climate change adaptation
though initiatives such as the National
Climate Change Research Facility (Hunt
2013). With government support,some
Australian businesses have moved to
the forefront of innovations that use ICT
to quantify climate change risk to their
assets and calculate the effectiveness of
adaptation (Allen 2013).
In summary,recognition by business
that long-term climate change hazards
can only be limited by reducing global
carbon emissions increases international
pressure to constrain global greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions.At the same time,
business must adapt to the impacts of
climate change.
1.5Thebenefitofstepstoreduce
energyandemissions
As a result of these environmental,
regulatory and cost imperatives,many
Australian businesses are taking steps to
reduce what they perceive as real risks to
their profit margins,assets,staff and the
infrastructure they rely on to do business.
Businesses that act can reap direct and
indirect commercial benefits.A direct
commercial benefit includes improved
profitability through reduced energy costs.
Companies can also increase market
share via new products and services.
Indirect benefits include improved brand
and reputation (CDP 2013;DEFRA 2012)
supporting market share,and improved
talent attraction and retention.
Measuring carbon emissions is a first key
step toward setting targets,identifying
appropriate solutions and reporting
emissions reductions.
Complementary work by the Carbon
Trust since 2008 has certified 986
organisations,which have measured
their carbon footprint using the Carbon
Trust Standard.This standard recognises
an organisation’s commitment to
reduce carbon emissions,enhancing
its reputation and building trust with
customers and investors.By 2013,the
Carbon Trust had certified a total of 28,000
product footprints (Carbon Trust 2013).
Highlighting the wider benefits of socially
responsible investing,‘ethical’ funds
are outperforming their mainstream
counterparts in Australia and their
benchmarks in all but one of the 12
categories rated by the Responsible
Investment Association Australasia
(RIAA 2013).
In Australia,rising energy prices and
cost control are now strong drivers for
efficiency improvements (AIG 2012;2013).
Actions to cost-effectively address these
pressures through improved energy
efficiency are on the rise.An Australian
Industry Group survey showed that
between 2005 and 2010,two-thirds of
surveyed businesses made no or negligible
improvements in energy efficiency,but
by 2012,three-quarters of surveyed
businesses had taken,or were planning,
actions to improve efficiency,indicating
broader,deeper action on efficiency over
the three years prior (AIG 2012).
1.6Summary
The Australian business community is
presented with a substantial dilemma
– how to reduce carbon emissions and
address climate change related risks
while containing costs,and balancing
public reputation with the requirements
of shareholders and investors. Those
companies who can respond to these
increasing environmental,economic
and social pressures while maintaining
profitability may reap reputational and
commercial benefits.They may grow
revenue,for example,by delivering
ICT solutions that facilitate the shift
to a low-carbon economy and a more
environmentally sustainable society.
Opportunities to use ICT to cost-effectively
assist businesses to reduce emissions,
gain a competitive advantage,reduce
costs and improve corporate reputations
are outlined in Section 6 and detailed in
Appendix A.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 9

10. 02: The challenge posed by climate
change and rising carbon emissions
The scientific consensus is that human activity is a major contributor
to climate change through the release of GHG emissions and that the
window of opportunity is closing to limit warming to a level that would
avoid unmanageable consequences.
Figure 2.1
The scientific consensus on climate change is strong.
2.1Theclimatescience
Ninety-seven percent of climate
experts agree that humans are
causing global warming through the
release of GHG emissions (Figure 2.1;
Anderegg et al.2010;Doran et al.2009).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) global warming projections
of 20 years ago have so far proven to be
correct (Frame Stone 2012),and the
latest IPCC report tightens the case for
human influence on the climate system
(IPCC 2013a). The report states that
scientists are now 95-100% confident that
human influence has been the dominant
cause of the observed warming since the
mid-20th century.
If emissions continue along their current
path8
,global temperature could rise by
up to 3.2 - 5.4°C by 2100,relative to pre-
industrial levels (IPCC 2013b;DoE 2013;
GCP 2012).
To avoid the associated risks (Figure
2.2),most climate experts agree that
temperature increase should not surpass
2°C above pre-industrial levels.The need
for this ‘2°C guardrail’was also endorsed
by the European Union (EU 2008) and
recognised by the Copenhagen Accord,
which was endorsed by 114 nations
(UNFCCC 2009).9
Climate science therefore indicates a need
for action to reduce emissions,in order to
limit warming to 2°C.
The planet’s average surface temperature
increased by 0.85°C from 1880 to 2012
(IPCC 2013a).Sea levels are rising,and
are likely to rise by 52 to 98 cm by the end
of the century without mitigation (IPCC
2013a).Evidence also links climate change
to an increase in the incidence of extreme
weather events such as heat waves and
coastal flooding (IPCC 2012).
2.2Australia’scarbonemissions
Australia’s annual carbon emissions
are 578 megatonnes carbon dioxide
equivalent (MtCO2-e; Australian
Government 2013b).National emissions
have been increasing at an average rate
of approximately 0.5% per year since
the 2007 Report (NGG 2012).Australia is
among the top ten most carbon-intensive
nations per capita (WRI CAIT 2013),and
the highest per capita emitter among
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development nations (OECD 2013).
Australia’s per capita emissions have
declined by 22% since 1990,however,this
reduction is largely attributable to success
in stemming land clearing (Australian
Government 2013b).When these‘land use,
land use change and forestry’(LULUCF)
impacts are excluded,there is a modest
per capita emissions decline of 1.1% over
that same period.
Australia has demonstrated the ability to
grow the economy without commensurate
increases in carbon emissions (see Section
5).Emissions per dollar GDP have decreased
by 48% since 1990 and Figure 2.3 indicates
that this trend is set to continue.
Despite these positive signals,the
projections for business-as-usual
emissions suggest strong increases that
will take annual emissions to nearly 700
MtCO2-e by 2020 (see Figure 2.5).
Image adapted from: Skeptical Science 2011
8
Currently,emissions are tracking Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5,the IPCC scenario with the highest greenhouse gas emissions.
9
The 2°C guardrail encompasses the 0.8°C of warming that has already occurred over the past century.
Figure 2.2
The state of knowledge about risks under climate
warming.Risks to unique and threatened ecosystems
and from increases in extreme weather are substantial
even below warming of 2°C.
Increase in global mean temperature
above circa 1990 (o
C)
Image adapted from:Smith et al.2009
FuturePast
2o
C–Guardrail
-0.6 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Ecosystems
Extreme
weather
Distribution
of impacts
Aggregated
impacts
Large-scale
discontinuities
Increasing risk
97 OUT OF 100 climate experts think humans are causing global warming
10 Connecting with a low-carbon future

11. Since 2007 there has been a change in
the volume of carbon emissions from
most sectors,as detailed in Figure 2.4.
The greatest growth has come from fugitive
emissions,10
increasing by more than 45%.
Transport emissions grew by more than
10%,incorporating emissions from aviation
fuel use and diesel oil use in heavy-duty
trucks,buses and light commercial vehicles.
There were also more modest increases
in carbon emissions from agriculture,
industrial processes and stationary energy
(the combined use of electricity and gas
for industrial,commercial and residential
purposes).
Those sectors experiencing a decrease in
carbon emissions since 2007 include the
above-noted land-use related reduction,
and waste.
Figure 2.3
Australia’s carbon emissions.Australia is one of the
world’s most carbon-intensive nations,but emissions
per capita and per real dollar of GDP have declined
slightly since 2001–02.
26.5
26
25.5
25
24.5
24
23.5
tCO2
-eperperson
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
kgCO2
-eperdollarofrealGDP
Source:Australian Government 2013b.
Emissions per capita
Emissions per dollar of real GDP
Figure 2.4
Australian carbon dioxide emissions by sector,as
a percentage of total emissions (blue);and percent
change in sectoral emissions since the 2007 Climate
Risk report (purple).
Stationery
energy
Agriculture
Transport
Landuse,land
usechangeand
forestry
Fugitive
emissions
Industrial
processes
Waste
Source:Australian Government 2013b
Australian carbon emissions 2012/13 (percent)
Change since last report (percent)
10
The IPPC defines fugitive emissions as,‘intentional or unintentional release of greenhouse gases [that] may occur during the extraction,processing and delivery of fossil fuels to the point
of final use’(IPCC 2006,p.4.6).
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12
2012-13
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-10%
-20%
-30%
-40%
-50%
Connecting with a low-carbon future 11

12. 2.3Policytoreduceemissions
Governments around the world have
responded to growing scientific and public
pressure to address carbon emissions.
UN climate change deliberations involved
discussing,reviewing and setting carbon
emission reduction targets.To date,
the international agreements have not
articulated emissions reduction targets
commensurate with scientific goals,
which would be of the order of at least
80% by 2050 for Australia (IPCC 2013a)11
.
However,individual jurisdictions have made
major inroads into emissions abatement12
.
Both sides of Australian politics have
committed to reducing national carbon
emissions by 5% compared to 2000
levels by 2020 (Figure 2.5).Australia
has also committed to reduce national
carbon emissions by up to 15% or 25%,
depending on actions taken by other
countries.
A business-as-usual13
approach would see
Australia’s emissions grow considerably
(Figure 2.5).Despite the increase in the
carbon efficiency of Australian society
(Section 2.2),the nation’s total carbon
footprint is expected to increase,driven up
by population and GDP growth,as well as
increasing fossil fuel use and extraction.
figure 2.5
Australian emissions will grow considerably under a
BAU path.Trajectories are also given for the bi-partisan
target for 5% emissions reductions relative to the 2000
level out to 2020,as well as a target of 80% cuts by
2050,which is consistent with the ‘2o
C guardrail’.
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
MtCO2
-eperannum
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Source: DCCEE 2012a;Australian Government 2013b.
BAU
-80% trajectory (2050)
-5% trajectory
2000 level
11
Based on RCP2.6,the IPCC scenario most likely to avoid 2°C of warming,‘By 2050,annual CO2
emissions derived from Earth System Models following RCP2.6 are smaller than 1990
emissions (by 14 to 96%)’. The 14% reduction requires average per capita emission of 1.9 tCO2
-e per year for a global population of 10 billion,which would be a 92% reduction of current
Australian per capita emissions of 25 tCO2
-e per year.
12
For example,Denmark is expected to exceed (by 0.5%) its Kyoto Protocol target of 21% reductions in annual GHG emissions compared to 1990 levels;Germany is also exceeding its Kyoto
target (also a 21% reduction),and by 2010 had already reduced national greenhouse gas emissions by almost 25% on 1990 levels.
13
This projection refers to forecast emissions without a carbon price or Carbon Farming Initiative.
2.4Summary
The scale of the challenge posed by
climate change is growing as global
temperatures and emissions continue to
rise.These trends make the task of staying
within the 2°C guardrail challenging.
Along with the public,regulatory and cost
pressures to reduce carbon emissions
(see Section 1),the challenge of climate
change means cost-effective actions by
companies to reduce their emissions are
becoming more pressing.
12 Connecting with a low-carbon future

13. 03: ict trends
Technological advances are contributing to the rising
use of ICT, and opening up new opportunities for ICT
to help reduce costs and carbon emissions.
This section reviews the trends in
technology that impact the ability of ICT
to play a role in delivering a low-carbon
economy. In particular,trends in end-user
devices,telecommunication networks,
and data centres are considered.Some of
these trends affect the ICT sector’s own
carbon emissions profile (see Section 4),
while others could underpin opportunities
to drive economy-wide reductions in
carbon emissions (Section 6).
In this report,the definition of ICT is
consistent with that proposed by GeSI
(2012),as follows:
• End-user devices:including PCs
(desktops and laptops),monitors,
tablets,smartphones and other
connected and mobile devices,
printers,and peripherals (IPTV boxes,
modems,routers,etc.);
• Networks:wireless and fixed
telecommunications networks;
• Data centres:facilities to house
computer systems and associated
infrastructure.
3.1Datagrowthdrivenbytrendsin
devices,networksanddatacentres
Technological advances are enabling the
consumption of increasing amounts of
data.These advances include growing
numbers of more powerful and compact
end-user devices;increasing network
speeds and capacity;and the increasing
storage and processing capacity in data
centres.Trends like these are facilitating a
rapid rise in global data traffic – a fourfold
increase in IP traffic over the past five
years (Cisco 2013a) – and caused the
amount of data centre traffic to surpass
one zettabyte14
.Data growth is projected
to increase threefold over the next five
years (Figure 3.1);by 2017,for example,
the gigabyte equivalent of all movies ever
made will cross the global Internet every
three minutes,according to Cisco (2013b).
End-userdevices:Growingnumbersofend-
user devices including tablets,smartphones
and laptops are fuelling this data growth.
Globally,networked devices grew in number
by two billion during 2012 to reach a total
of 12 billion.Australians have among the
highest levels of devices per household
(3.9 networked devices per capita in 2012,
10 million more such devices in total than
in 2011 [Cisco 2013b]).Rapid growth in
numbers of end-user devices is expected to
continue.Increasingly smart and powerful
end-user devices are also contributing to
data growth.
Networks: At the same time,the
telecommunications networks that
connect these devices are servicing more
traffic and enhancing their capacity to
support further increases in traffic.
Global mobile data traffic grew 70%
in 2012 (Cisco 2013b).Mobile traffic is
expected to increase up to 89-fold from
2010-2020 (GreenTouch 2013).A key
driving factor is an explosion in the use of
mobile phones,with the number of mobile
subscriptions forecasted to double by
2020 (from 6 billion in 2011;GeSI 2012).
At the same time,individual users of
devices like smartphones and tablets are
expected to use more streaming video,
music and other data-intensive services
and applications,further driving up
traffic volume and necessitating network
capacity upgrades (GeSI 2012).
Global Internet traffic on fixed (wired)
telecommunications networks grew 30%
in 2012 (Cisco 2013b).In the future,fixed
telecommunications networks are also
expected to face an increase in the amount
of data they carry (GeSI 2012).This will be
enabled by further increases in network
speed:globally,average broadband speeds
rose by 30% from 2011 to 201215
.Estimates
released by Cisco in May 2013 indicate
Australia’s broadband speeds could
increase more than eightfold from 2012 to
2017 (from 8.8 to 75 megabits per second
[Mbps];Cisco 2013b).
figure 3.1
Global consumer Internet traffic,2012-2017,
with a compound annual growth rate of 23%.
14
Equal to 1021
bytes or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes.
15
From 7.0 Mbps to 9.1 Mbps.
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
0 70 140
Adapted from: Cisco 2013a
Internet Video
Managed IP Video
File Sharing
Web/Data
Exabytes per Month
Connecting with a low-carbon future 13

14. Data centres: The appetite of consumers
and companies to store vast amounts of
data and have it instantly available on
request has led to a huge increase in the
number of data centres (GeSI 2008).
The significant growth in demand for data
storage and processing is expected to
continue (GeSI 2012).By 2017,data centre IP
traffic is expected to nearly triple over 2012
levels (Cisco 2013c).Global cloud IPtraffic
will increase faster still,more than four-fold
over the next five years,and will account for
nearly two-thirds of all data centre traffic by
2017 (Cisco 2013c).The cloud (see Sections
3.3.4 and 7.1) allows for still faster delivery
of services and data (Cisco 2012c),further
fuelling the data explosion.
These trends in end-user devices,
network and data centres – especially
in their ability to fuel rapid growth in
data generation and transmission – are
important because they drive fundamental
changes to ICT-related energy use and
emissions (Section 4).
3.2Energyefficiency
trendsinICT
While ICT devices are experiencing
an exponential increase in both data
storage and processing capacity,they are
consuming less power to accomplish the
same work.Incremental improvements
in ICT energy efficiencies have been
encouraged by the adoption of technology
standards or targets.For example,the
European Commission requires the‘On’
state energy use of numerous devices
to halve or better from 2007 to 2014 (EC
2008a;Appendix C).
Fundamental ICT energy-efficiency
improvements are often industry-led
through step changes in technology.For
example,replacing a physical answering
machine with a virtual solution in 31
million homes (20% of EU-15 households)
has been estimated to reduce CO2
emissions equivalent to one million
tonnes (WWF 2012).
Although the number of mobile devices
is forecast to triple by 2020,increased
energy efficiency of individual devices
is expected to help restrain their overall
growth in electricity consumption
(Ericsson 2013a).
Network and data centre equipment
(both aspects of ICT rely on some similar
equipment) is also becoming more energy
efficient.For example,over a five-year
period (2004–09) Cisco routing equipment
used by Internet Service Providers
increased data throughput up to eight-
fold for the same amount of energy use
(Appendix C).
Future energy efficiency improvements to
wireless networks are expected through
upgrades to network infrastructure and
equipment,and increased efficiency
of base station power amplifiers and
antennas (e.g.,see Ericsson 2013a).
Greener sources of energy for cell tower and
base stations could also reduce emissions.
Data centre trends expected to help
increase data centre efficiency include
the virtualisation of servers as well as
server and cooling energy efficiency
improvements (GeSI 2012;Ericsson 2013a).
Many global initiatives are underway to
drive further efficiency improvements in
the ICT sector,including‘green’ networking
initiatives by GreenTouch,the Green Grid
and GeSI.For example,GreenTouch has an
ambitious mission to deliver by 2015,‘the
architecture,specifications and roadmap
to increase network energy efficiency by a
factor of 1000 from current [2010] levels’
(GreenTouch 2012).
3.3UsefultrendsinICTapplication
This section discusses additional ICT
trends with the potential to impact carbon
emissions (see also Section 7).
ICT trends with potential to reduce costs
and emissions are numerous and diverse.
Though many are beyond the scope of this
report,some of these will be important
in the delivery of a low-carbon economy.
Such underlying trends include the
rapid growth of the ‘Internet of Things’
(connecting any device,from appliances to
vehicles,that can benefit from an Internet
connection);and the rapid increase in
machine-to-machine (M2M) connections,
which in turn enables the Internet of
Things (Ericsson 2013a;Cisco 2012f;ATT
2013). These trends may yield substantial
future emission abatement opportunities
beyond those proposed in this report.
3.3.1 Distributed intelligence
and centralised control
Distributed intelligence refers to the
existence of decision-making capacity
at any point in a network (for example,
a wireless local area network [LAN]
or the Internet).It can be applied to
diverse network applications,ranging
from home entertainment to security
networks of street cameras.Distributed
intelligence can also be combined with
centralised network control (whereby
one component can control and manage
the other component[s] of the network).
This enables users to remotely manage
aspects of the network in a highly
personalised way.For example,a user may
choose to use their smartphone ‘apps’
to remotely program their home pay-TV
choices.
Distributedintelligencehasparticular
relevancetosmartgrids(seeSections
3.3.3and7.2).Distributedintelligenceand
centralisednetworkcontrolarepowerful
toolsthatcanbeharnessedtobetter
manageenergyproductionandenergy
demand,therebypotentiallyreducingcarbon
emissions.Thesetrendsarecentraltosome
opportunitiesdiscussedinSection6.
14 Connecting with a low-carbon future

15. 3.3.2 Smart devices,mobility
and device consolidation
Mobile devices like smartphones and
tablets are able to perform increasingly
complex tasks that require greater
computing power. Today,smartphones
have the processing speeds of a laptop
computer from around the year 2001,
but use a fraction of the electricity.A
tablet uses approximately 5% of the
annual power of a desktop computer,
but performs all but a handful of its
functions.16
This step-change in power
consumption has been harnessed for
the sake of mobility,but has profound
implications for the carbon footprint of
computing.
The trend towards mobility of computing
and connection is driving the evolution of
services and experience (Ericsson 2013a).
By 2010,the number of Australians
with mobile telephones had exceeded
those with fixed lines (Roy Morgan 2011).
Globally,average smartphone usage grew
by 81% during 2012 (Cisco 2013d).
The sophistication and processing power
of smart mobile devices,harnessed by
affordable,accessible apps is already
facilitating a dramatic‘dematerialisation’
of consumer electronics.Single smart
devices are already replacing systems
such as MP3,CD and DVD players,sound
systems,calculators,games consoles,
telephones,cameras,radios,alarm clocks
and even televisions.
Increasingly,devices like smartphones are
playing a role in low-carbon opportunities
such as real-time fleet management or
even video conferencing (see Section 6).
These devices (together with relevant
apps) put sophisticated functionality at
the fingertips of individuals and small
businesses,where functionality was
formerly available only via expensive
software and specialised services.This
trend is important because it makes the
associated low-carbon opportunities
available to a wider group of users.
3.3.3 Smart cities and infrastructure
The term ‘smart cities’ commonly refers
to the knowledge infrastructure created
by cities to meet objectives for socio-
economic development and quality of
life.A city may be called‘smart’ when
‘investments in human and social capital
and traditional (transport) and modern
(ICT) communication infrastructure fuel
sustainable economic growth and a high
quality of life,with a wise management of
natural resources,through participatory
governance’ (Caragliu et al.2009).
Smart cities are inclusive of terms such
as‘digital cities’ or ‘connected cities’.In
technological terms,smart cities typically
incorporate a range of technologies
and capabilities:fibre optic cables,
smart grids,smart meters,fast Internet
speeds,and interconnected facilities and
infrastructure for water supply,power,
waste and transport.
Smart cities have direct relevance to the
low-carbon economy.
Smart grids are a key component of
smart cities.Smart grids are modernised
electricity grids that efficiently manage
electricity supply and demand.They
combine advanced communication,
sensing and metering infrastructure
with existing energy networks.According
to the CSIRO,a‘smart grid’ can identify
and resolve faults on the electricity grid,
automatically self-heal,manage voltage
and identify infrastructure that requires
maintenance.Smart grids can also help
consumers manage their individual
electricity consumption and enable the
use of energy efficient ‘smart appliances’
that can be programmed to run on off-
peak power’ (CSIRO 2012b).
Smart cities facilitate sophisticated
monitoring,usage and storage of energy,
to integrate renewable energy with greater
efficiency (see Section 7 and Appendix A).
Renewable energy can be incorporated
dynamically into the grids of smart cities,
enabling countries to meet renewable
energy targets.Residents can monitor and
manage their own electricity production
and consumption via real-time views of
actual usage.
Australia is trialling its own initiatives
to explore the possibilities of connected
cities,for example the‘Smart Grid,Smart
City’ demonstration project,a partnership
between the Australian Government,the
energy sector and the CSIRO.Customer
trials have been carried out in Newcastle,
Newington,Sydney CBD,Ku-ring-gai and
Scone (see also Case Study,Appendix A).
3.3.4 The cloud
Another important trend seen as a crucial
enabler of ICT-related carbon emission
reductions is the extensive growth of the
cloud in recent years (see Section 3.1;
GeSI 2012;Figure 3.2 and 3.3).This trend
is being driven by a plethora of consumer
services that rely on data centre storage
and computing,as well as business
needs for more flexible,efficient (and
cost-effective) tools used to improve
performance and productivity. As another
major driver of the evolution in ICT services
and experiences (Ericsson 2013a),the
cloud is now seen as‘business as usual’in
Australia (IDC 2013).
The cloud is a collection of globally-
distributed data centres that provide
both hardware and software computing
resources over the Internet (or another
network) for remote online processing,
storage and multi-device access (see
Figure 3.2).In this way,users entrust
remote services to store data and software
and provide computation.Whereas the
‘private cloud’pools and shares resources
within the same organisation,the‘public
cloud’ delivers resources to different
corporations or users on a pay-for-use
basis through specialist providers.
The cloud is growing largely because data
centres can provide flexible,scalable,
fast and efficient services,and support
the needs of an increasing number of
users with multiple devices who expect to
access applications and content anytime,
anywhere,over any network (Cisco
2012c).Thus the cloud is an enabler of
the mobility trend already discussed (see
Section 3.3.2).
16
EPRI (Electrical Power Research Institute):Desktops use 245.5 kilowatt-hours per year (kWh/yr),Laptops 72.3 kWh/yr and iPads 7.1-11.2 kWh/yr (depending on the version 1-2-3).
Connecting with a low-carbon future 15

16. Adapted from: Cisco 2013c
Installed workloads in millions
63%
39%
37%
61%
51%49%
Separate from these enabling functions,
the cloud also holds promise for carbon
abatement because it has the potential
to rationalise large numbers of physical
servers from multiple sites into fewer,
larger cloud data centres designed to be
as efficient as possible.This consolidation
would minimise the number of sites and
physical servers,and decrease the volume
of cooling systems required.Using each
server to its maximum potential could
consolidate energy consumption.For
example,Google identifies a potential
saving of 68–87% in total required energy
for its app users who migrate to cloud
computing (Google 2012);and GeSI (2013)
finds cloud computing to be 95% more
efficient,with customers abating 20
tonnes of greenhouse gas for every tonne
emitted by a vendor.
In this way,centrally managed pools of
data storage and computing offer greater
financial savings by rationalising energy
use,equipment and physical space,to
achieve potentially huge economies of
scale that provide more efficient use of
resources.Businesses that use the cloud
can also spend less time managing their
own IT systems and more time focussed on
their own business objectives (CDP 2011).
Other benefits for business include remote
access,reduced capital costs,rapid
scalability of applications and services,
less need for users to travel to specific
locations to access software or data,and
improved resilience during disaster relief
(provided the external servers are not also
located in a disaster-stricken zone,such
as New York during Hurricane Sandy).
Especially where big business is concerned,
potentially high savings in terms of cost
and carbon emissions are possible
through energy use reduction.A CDP study
found that‘annual net financial benefits
associated with the energy saving from
cloud computing are forecast to reach
$12.3 billion by 2020 for the 2,653 global
firms with annual revenues in the US
above $1 billion’(CDP 2011).Cloud services
are also critical internal drivers for small
business efficiency and innovation in
Australia (DBCDE 2013).
However,when it comes to carbon
abatement,the level of utilisation per
server is critical,since lower utilisation
levels translate into lower energy savings.
Consolidation of servers will be a key
determinant of cloud energy efficiency
gains (Baliga et al.2010;Ericsson 2013a).
Furthermore,given the expected growth
in the cloud (see Section 3.1;Figure 3.3),
there appears to be a limit to the extent
that these and other energy efficiency
gains could constrain carbon emissions
stemming from increasing cloud power
use.The growing energy consumption
by wireless network technologies
used to access the cloud has also
been highlighted recently (CEET 2013).
Nevertheless,increased use of the cloud
– and therefore its energy consumption
– is required to provide many of the ICT-
enabled low-carbon solutions detailed in
this report.
Ultimately,if the cloud’s carbon footprint
is to be reduced,data centre power use
will need to be shifted from fossil fuel-
based electricity sources to lower carbon
sources.On a positive note,the cloud’s
potential to consolidate computing
resources into large data centres provides
data centre operators with the opportunity
to locate near to,and purchase energy
from,renewable resources (see Section
7).Australia is one of only a handful of
locations in the world with an abundant
renewable energy resource that may be
well suited for ‘Clean Cloud’.
Thus the cloud has potential to both
enable other ICT measures to reduce
emissions,while providing emissions
reductions of its own,relative to non-
cloud data centre use.Section 7 further
examines the cloud’s potential for carbon
abatement,in particular through synergies
with renewable energy sources.
3.4Summary
Growth of data,network traffic and end-
user devices are putting upward pressure
on energy use and emissions (Section 4).
At the same time,trends that increase
the efficiency of end-user devices,
networks and data centres are helping
to keep power consumption (and carbon
emissions) in check.Other key trends with
the potential to facilitate carbon emission
reductions are:distributed intelligence
and centralised control;smart devices,
mobility and device consolidation;smart
cities and infrastructure;and the cloud.
The latter two trends are discussed
further in Section 7 in the context of new
opportunities for ICT-enabled emissions
abatement.
17
‘[The] amount of processing a server undertakes to run an application and support a number of users interacting with the application’ (Cisco 2012c).
figure 3.2
Schematic overview of cloud computing.
figure 3.3
Past and projected workload17
distribution comparing cloud
and traditional data centres,compound annual growth rate
of 18%.
Image source: iStock
The cloud is seen as a key enabler of
ICT solutions for carbon abatement.
A number of ICT applications considered
in this report use cloud-based storage
and computing:fleet management,
smart housing,teleconferencing,and
technologies that incorporate real-time
feeds such as smart handheld devices.
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
0 10020 40 60 80 120 140 160 180 200
Traditional Data Centre
Cloud Data Centre
16 Connecting with a low-carbon future

17. 04: The carbon footprint of ICT
Globally the energy and
carbon footprint of ICT
is expected to increase.
As noted in Section 3,there has been
substantial growth in ICT end-user
devices,network traffic and data centres.
At the same time,there have been
significant improvements in ICT energy
efficiency.This section provides a more
detailed understanding of the ICT sector’s
own emissions profile.These insights are
critical in order to quantify the sector’s
capacity to contribute to economy-wide
reductions in carbon emissions.
4.1Theglobalandnational
ICTfootprint
Globally,ICT already consumes about
7% of the world’s electricity (Vereecken et
al.2010).It is estimated that the energy
demands of the global Internet alone
could increase to 10% of total energy use
by 2020 (O’Halloran 2012).According to
GeSI (2012),the ICT sector was responsible
for 1.9% of global carbon emissions in
2011,and this footprint is expected to rise
to 2.3% by 2020 (Ericsson [2013a] provide
a lower range of estimates,finding that
ICT’s carbon footprint rises from 1.3% of
global carbon emissions in 2007,to 1.9%
in 2020.)
The rate of growth in global ICT emissions
is expected to slow somewhat over the
2011–2020 period to 3.8% p.a.(from 6.1%
over the 2002–2011 period;Figure 4.1).
The main shift underlying this slower
growth rate is an expected decrease
in the growth rate of emissions from
end-user devices (Figure 4.1;GeSI 2012;
Ericsson 2013a), discussed in more detail
in Section 4.2.
Australia’s ICT sector directly consumed
more than 7% of total electricity in 2009
(13.2 million kWh),and was responsible
for 2.7% of national carbon emissions
(14.4 MtCO2-e;ACS 2010). ICT emissions
will constitute 4% of national emissions
by 2020 (ACS 2010).Thus the ICT sector
produces a significant and growing share
of Australia’s emissions (ACS 2010)18
.
For example,the electricity used by Telstra’s
operations contributed 0.28%19
(1.6
MtCO2-e) of Australia’s carbon emissions in
the year endingJune 2013,up from 0.21%
in 2005/06 (Telstra 2013a;2006).
figure 4.1
Global carbon emissions for data centres,voice and data networks and end-user devices for 2002 and 2011,
as well as projections for 2020.
18
For comparison purposes,in the United Kingdom and United States,ICT emissions made up 4% and 3%,respectively,of the national totals in 2011.By 2020,ICT will generate 5% of national
emissions in the UK,and 3.4% in the USA (GeSI 2012).
19
This percentage is computed using the Australian GHG emissions total reported under Kyoto Protocol accounting,which incorporates LULUCF-related emissions.
Adapted from: GeSI 2012
% global
GHG
emissions
2.3%
1.9%
1.3%
+6.1%
2020
2011
2002 0.53 Gt
0.91 Gt
1.27 Gt
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
+3.8%
Compound annual
growth rate
2002-2011
Compound annual
growth rate
2011-2020
8.6%
4.7%
6.1%
7.1%
4.6%
2.3%
Data centres
Voice and
data networks
End-user devices
Connecting with a low-carbon future 17

18. 4.2RisingICTpowerconsumption
andcarbonemissions
Energy use is the primary source of carbon
emissions generated by the ICT sector.
Increasing demand and consumption
of data is driving up the energy use of
the devices,networks and data centres
that process and deliver the data to the
end user,despite the energy efficiency
improvements described in Section 3,
which serve to restrain ICT energy use
somewhat (see Figure 4.1).
End-user devices account for about 59%
of global ICT carbon emissions (GeSI 2012).
The bulk of emissions from devices are
due to the carbon footprint of personal
computers (60%).However,growth in
the share of relatively low-emission
smartphones and tablets is rapid,and
these devices will make up an increasing
proportion of the end-user device footprint
(Ericsson 2013a).
figure 4.2
The growth of power consumption of the Internet
out to 2020.
Totalpowerconsumption(W)
Adapted from:Hinton 2012
2010 2015
2020 2025
Global electricity supply
Projected Internet power consumption
Projected Internet power consumption at the current
improvement rate
Note:Internet power consumption excludes data centres
3% pa growth
0% pa efficiency gains
15% pa efficiency gains
1013
1012
1011
1010
109
18 Connecting with a low-carbon future

19. The growth in carbon emissions of end-
user devices is expected to slow from
6.1% (2002–2011) to 2.3% (2011–2020),
due largely to the complete phased
replacement of cathode ray tube monitors
with liquid crystal display monitors,and
laptops capturing a larger share of the PC
market (GeSI 2012). Tablets and mobile
phones may become capable enough in
future to replace the role of the home PC
(Ericsson 2013a).
These trends will contribute to a decrease
in the overall share of emissions
contributed by end-user devices,from 59%
to 50% by 2020 (GeSI 2012).Thus,their
somewhat slowed emissions growth rate
notwithstanding,end-user devices are
projected to remain a significant component
of the ICTcarbon emissions footprint.
In contrast to end-user devices,the higher
growth rate of carbon emissions for
networks and data centres will increase
the carbon footprint of these sectors in
both absolute terms and as a percentage
of the global ICT carbon footprint.
These trends emphasise that it will be
increasingly important for integrated
telecommunications companies,as
designers and operators of networks and
data centres,to manage and minimise
their energy and emissions footprint.
Telecommunications networks are
responsible for about one fifth of the
global ICT footprint. Despite energy
efficiency improvements within networks
(see Section 3),massive increases in
the volume of data traffic are expected
to outweigh these efficiency increases
and drive up network emissions.Thus
emissions growth for networks will
continue at about 5% from 2011–2020,
the same rate as the prior decade (2002–
2011;GeSI 2012).
Compared to end-user devices and
networks,data centres produce less
total emissions (about 17% of total ICT
emissions),but their emissions growth
rate is higher (8.6% from 2002–2011).
This growth is expected to slow only
slightly (to 7.1%) to 2020 (Figure 4.1;GeSI
2012).Data centres are major electricity
consumers,and in 2010 used about
1.3% of global electricity.Data centre
electricity consumption grew 100% from
2000 to 2005.However,this growth has
significantly slowed since 2005,with data
centre electricity use increasing by 56% in
the subsequent five years (Koomey 2011).
This rise in data centre energy use and
carbon emissions is expected to continue
despite the anticipated increases
in efficiency mentioned in Section 3
(virtualisation of servers,efficiency
improvements for server technology;
also improved cooling technology).
Looking specifically at the Internet,
its global electricity consumption could
grow from 2% to well over 10% by 2025
(Figure 4.2;Hinton 2012).Most energy
consumption related to Internet use
stems from the access network,the part
of a telecommunications network that
connects subscribers to their Internet
service providers.Network equipment and
routers are the devices related to Internet
use that are the major contributors to
Internet power consumption (Hinton
2012).Access technologies are expected
to continue to consume a major share of
Internet-related energy use in the short
to medium term (Baliga et al.2011).
4.3Thechallengeahead
These statistics highlight the importance
of continued efforts to do more with less
energy to minimise ICT carbon emissions.
In order for the ICT sector to reduce its
own emissions,energy efficiency must be
a central consideration in the design and
operation of end-user devices,networks
and data centres.For example,a recent
theoretical study found that optical access
networks are the most energy efficient of
available network technologies and are
forecast to remain so out to 2020 (Baliga
et al.2011).
Australian research and government
initiatives are now addressing the need
to reduce ICT emissions.For example,a
new ICT energy rating system is proposed
to assess,report and benchmark the
sustainability of telecommunications
products and services in Australia (Chan et
al.2012),and there are global efforts with
similar goals (see ICT Footprint,www.ict-
footprint.com).Demonstrating leadership
in this space,the Australian Government
has made commitments to improve
the energy and carbon performance of
its own ICT operations through the ICT
Sustainability Plan 2010–2015,which
includes energy consumption and
efficiency targets for its operations and
agencies (DSEWPC 2012).
4.4Summary
The significant and growing energy use of
the ICT sector underscores the importance
of ICT efficiency gains to help address
the 1.9% of global emissions currently
produced by this sector.However,as the
next section shows,considerable research
also highlights the potential for ICT to
assist in reducing the remaining 98% of
global emissions.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 19

20. 05: ICT as the backbone
of the low-carbon economy
A number of recent studies identify the
potential for ICT to enable energy and
carbon savings across the wider economy.
The importance of addressing the ICT
sector’s own emissions notwithstanding,
ICT could facilitate significant emission
reductions in other sectors of the
Australian economy.This section reviews
the mounting evidence to suggest ICT
could be the backbone of a national and
global low-carbon economy.
5.1ICTpotentialtoleveragefuture
economy-widecarbonabatement
Since the 2007 Report indicated potential
national reductions equivalent to almost
5% of Australia’s total emissions,a raft of
more recent studies continue to emphasise
ICT’s potential to enable carbon emission
reductions in the wider economy.A key
finding of the SMART2020 study was
that ICThas the potential to enable a
15% reduction in total global BAU carbon
emissions (GeSI 2008).A recent update of
this report,the SMARTer2020 study found
this opportunity to be even larger than
previously thought:a 16.5% global carbon
emission reduction by 2020,and $USD1.9
trillion in gross energy and fuel savings
(GeSI 2012).This study also identified that
ICT could leverage a seven-fold reduction in
emissions,compared to its own projected
carbon footprint (at 2020).
The International Data Corporation (IDC)
found that ICT could reduce emissions
by more than 25% annually by 2020
compared with 2006 levels (IDC 2009).
A study by WWF identified the potential
for one billion tonnes (equivalent to more
than one quarter of the EU’s total CO2-e
emissions) of strategic CO2-e reductions
using ten ICT applications of smart
buildings and smart energy systems and
components (WWF 2008).According to
research by the European Commission,
the ICT sector could deliver savings of
more than seven times its energy and
three times its own emissions footprint
(EC 2008c).More recently,Ericsson
(2013a) found a multiplier of between 20
and about 200 (ICT emissions produced
versus emissions avoided) for applications
ranging from health care informatics
delivered over the Internet (Sweden) to
virtual presence (Sweden global).
Although the methods,scope and results of
these studies vary,they are unanimous in
their view that ICT could enable emissions
reductions that far outstrip the footprint of
its own production,use and disposal.
In recognition of the role that ICT can play
in enabling emissions reductions,the
United Nations has established the ICTs
for Sustainable Energy Partnership that
‘will focus on realising the information
and communication technology industry’s
role in achieving the goals’ of the UN’s
Sustainable Energy For All initiative.The
program’s targets include the ‘15% by
2020’ emissions savings noted by the
SMART 2020 report (GeSI 2008).
5.2EvidenceforpastICT-enabled
emissionsreductions
The studies discussed in Section 5.1
suggest ICT could leverage future
emissions reductions that far outstrip
its own carbon footprint.This section
attempts to answer the question:‘What
evidence demonstrates that ICT has
already enabled emissions reductions in
other sectors?’
A quantitative study by the European
Commission found that applications of
communication devices in the chemicals,
metals,and transport industry sectors
facilitate increased electricity efficiency.
However,the same study also noted
that computers and software tended
to increase the energy intensity20
of
production in these industries (EC 2008b).
Another strand of work has focused
on the potential for ICT to‘decarbonise’
the economy (see Section 2).In the pre-
Internet era in the USA (1992–1996),GDP
growth of 3.2% closely matched growth
in energy use of 2.4%.However,in the
Internet era (1996–2000),GDP growth of
4% had partially uncoupled from growth
in energy use of 1% over the same time
period (Romm 2002).This apparent
anomaly in the USA’s energy statistics was
attributed,in part at least,to the growth
of the Internet and ICT.First,the ICT sector
is less energy intensive than traditional
manufacturing industries;it follows that
as ICT constitutes an increasing share of
the global economy,energy use is reduced
relative to non-ICT sectors.Second (see
also Section 3.3.2),the Internet appears
to drive energy efficiency increases across
the wider economy,efficiencies that
exceed its own increase in energy demand
over time (EC 2008b).
20
Limited (and more costly) energy resources and limits on carbon emissions increase pressure on business to reduce the energy intensity of goods and services.
20 Connecting with a low-carbon future

21. The decoupling trend for energy and GDP
growth appears to have continued.Since
2000,the global (and Australian) economy
has,on average,used less energy and
produced fewer carbon emissions per
dollar of GDP (see Figure 5.1;PWC 2012).
As some ICT trends (see Section 3)
suggest,a driver of this decoupling
could be due to‘dematerialisation’,or
substitution of high-carbon physical
products and activities with low-carbon
virtual ones enabled by ICT (GeSI 2008;
Ericsson 2013a).Travel is replaced by
teleworking;DVDs by online movies;paper
magazines by digital ones.The trend of
multiple devices (telephone,music player,
camera) replaced by a single device
(smartphone) is another facet of this
dematerialisation.
A recent study demonstrated this ICT-
enabled dematerialisation by showing
that when two large organisations used
virtual meetings to substitute for physical
ones,they avoided transport emissions
several times greater than the emissions
generated by using virtual meeting
technology (Houston Reay 2011).
More proof of ICT-enabled dematerialisation
comes from comparisons of digital and
traditional delivery of music to customers.
Moving from buying and using a physical CD
to downloading a digital version of the same
songs from the Internet can reduce carbon
dioxide emissions by up to 40–60% (Weber
et al.2010).
Semiconductors,a fundamental
underpinning technology of ICT,have
achieved major energy reductions over
time.Compared to technologies available
in 1976,in 2006 alone semiconductor
technologies generated U.S.electricity
savings equivalent to about one-fifth
of national annual power consumption
(Laitner 2009)21
.By 2030,semiconductors
could reduce U.S.electricity use by more
than a quarter of total projected national
electricity consumption (Laitner 2010).
Notwithstanding the studies noted,
there is still limited data to quantitatively
demonstrate what ICT has leveraged in
emissions reductions across the wider
economy.In Green IT benchmark reports,
Fujitsu (2012) gave low ratings to progress
on‘enablement’,defined as ‘the use of IT
to improve performance and reduce the
carbon footprint outside of the IT function,
an indication of the inward focus of many
Green IT initiatives.’ Developing monitoring
and verification systems will be important
to capture the scale,and therefore the
carbon value,of ICT-led abatement.
Nevertheless,evidence suggests
that integrating more ICT in industrial
economies could sustain current patterns
of economic growth but without increasing
environmental impact from carbon
emissions.This appears to be because (1)
compared to most other sectors,ICTs are
less intensive in energy and materials use;
and (2) ICT can increase energy efficiency
in other sectors.
5.2.1 Barriers to understanding ICT’s
contribution to the low-carbon economy
The limited availability of quantitative
data discussed in Section 5.2 has been
attributed to inconsistent methodologies
across studies,limited collection of
relevant official statistics and a lack
of shared research across nations and
institutions.It remains a significant
challenge to attribute the structural,
behavioural and macroeconomic effects
of any single ICT application (DESC 2010),
and capture the myriad influences of
ICT applications on carbon emissions,
especially over the longer term (Erdmann
Hilty 2010).
However,efforts are being made to fill
this major gap in quantitative information
on ICT’s contribution to the low-carbon
economy.As a first step,the ICTsector
is developing globally recognised,best-
practice methodology and guidance on how
toquantifytheemissionsfootprintofICTand
the emissions reductions enabled by ICT.
Telstra,along with organisations including
the World Resources Institute,CarbonTrust
and GeSI,is a member of the working group
developing the Greenhouse Gas Protocol ICT
Sector Guidance (GHGP2012).
Another Australian initiative is the Centre
for Energy-Efficient Telecommunications
study on how the National Broadband
Network will impact the national
economy’s energy consumption and
carbon footprint (Hinton 2012).
5.3Summary
In summary,a number of recent studies
suggest that ICT could,in future,leverage
significant savings in energy and carbon
emissions across the wider economy,
reductions that far outstrip ICT’s own
carbon footprint.However,limited
evidence is available to quantitatively
demonstrate that ICT has already achieved
carbon emission reductions,partly due
to the difficulty in assessing ICT impacts
on other sectors.Section 6 provides
another contribution to the available
global research in quantifying the
carbon emission savings since 2007,and
estimates potential future savings as a
direct consequence of adopting the seven
low-carbon ICT opportunities identified by
Climate Risk in 2007.
figure 5.1
Past decoupling and the future projected rate required to stay within two degrees of global temperature increase.
Carbonintensity(tCO2
-e/$m2011GDP)
Adapted from: PwC 2012
2000 2010 2020
1 2
21
This refers to savings not only within the ICT sector,but also the residential,commercial and industrial settings.Outside the ICT sector,semiconductors achieve carbon abatement through
improved operation of motors and the motor systems that heat and cool buildings,and provide pumping and mechanical power to industrial facilities.
Pathway to a low carbon economy (actual for 2000-2011)
Progress 2000-2011:the global rate of decarbonisation averaged 0.8%.1
Challenge to 2050:Global carbon intensity now needs to fall by 5.1% on average from now to 2050.2
500
400
300
200
100
0
Connecting with a low-carbon future 21

22. 06: Seven ICT-based
carbon reduction opportunities
The seven opportunities
identified in 2007 have the
potential to save even more
money and carbon in 2014.
6.1Rationaleforselection
ofopportunities
The seven opportunities analysed in this
report are the same as those identified
in the 2007 Report.The opportunities
selected were considered to be the
ICT solutions that could provide major
contributions toward minimising the energy
and emissions footprint associated with
meeting basic human needs:light,heat,
cooling,transport and communication.
These needs overlap with emissions
sources and applications of ICTin three
areas:the home,the workplace,and the
transport of people,goods and services.
Homes and workplaces are significant
users of stationary energy.Stationary
energy carbon emissions have continued
to grow,and transport emissions are
growing even more rapidly (see Section 2).
Consequently,solutions to address these
emissions are even more relevant today
than in 2007.
In addition to these criteria,three further
selection criteria were used to identify
opportunities for analysis and adoption
in 2007:
1.The opportunity must be economically
viable and practical to implement;
2.Each opportunity must reduce
Australia’s total net emissions by at
least 1.0 MtCO2-e;and
3.ICT must facilitate the deployment and
adoption of the opportunity.
The uptake of some opportunities since
2007 is a testament to the importance and
relevance of the above selection criteria.
The identification of the viability of low-
carbon opportunities in this report does not
extend to a detailed business strategy or
roadmap for their commercial realisation by
businesses or government.However,current
industry opinion (Telstra 2013b) is that all
of the current technologies that underpin
the seven opportunities presented in this
report are possible under the range of extant
broadband policies being implemented or
proposed in Australia.
The high-level findings are summarised
in Section 6.2.Appendix A provides a
more comprehensive analysis of each
opportunity’s potential and current
(estimated) level of carbon abatement.
It also lists the assumptions and data
sources for these calculations.
6.2Overviewofopportunities
This report recontextualises and
recalculates the potential emissions and
energy savings of the seven ICTopportunities
identified in the 2007 Report22
.Summary
findings are presented below.
22
A‘rebound effect’,known as the Jevons Paradox,can mean that savings created through improved efficiency are spent on more consumption – with no net benefit.However,this concept
has limited relevance to the opportunities proposed here,because in the context of a low-carbon economy,there is the tendency to increase the cost of high-emission consumption and
promote spending on lower-emissions commodities than would otherwise be the case.
23
This opportunity was termed‘presence-based power management’in 2007.The new term used here reflects technological advances since 2007.
24
Telework typically entails full-time or part-time workers who are remote from a central business location,connecting with employers or clients (ATAC 2006).
25
An additional 1.4 MtCO2
-e of international aviation emissions would also be avoided.However,this amount is excluded from this report’s totals because international aviation emissions
are currently outside the scope of Australia’s National Greenhouse Gas Inventory.
Remote appliance power management:
Remote power management of appliances specifically to reduce stand-by power
use.Avoids 2.1 MtCO2-e p.a.,delivering energy savings of $565 million p.a.
Context-aware power management23
:
Minimising the energy use of devices,such as computers or air-conditioners,
that are on but not in use.Avoids 3.0 MtCO2-e p.a.,delivering energy savings of
$819 million p.a.
Decentralised working:
Increasing the frequency of teleworking24
and use of decentralised offices by
enabling an equivalent quality of productivity using ICT.Avoids 2.8 MtCO2-e p.a.,
delivering fuel savings of $1.7 billion p.a.
Personalised public transport:
Use of an integrated,on-demand network of public transport modes and/
or real-time user access to information on transit vehicle movements.Avoids
2.5 MtCO2-e p.a.,delivering savings of $1.6 billion p.a.
Real-time fleet management:
Monitoring vehicles,cargo and driving habits to improve the efficiency of road
freight transportation.Avoids 4.8 MtCO2-e p.a.,delivering savings of $2.2 billion p.a.
Increased renewable energy:
Ensuring more renewable energy can be produced by matching demand with
well-forecasted generation of intermittent renewables.Avoids 11.3 MtCO2-e p.a.,
delivering revenue of $762 million p.a.
High definition video conferencing:
Avoiding travel yet still achieving high quality face-to-face communication
through video conferencing.Avoids 0.96 MtCO2-e p.a.of domestic aviation
emissions25
delivering savings of $1.2 billion p.a.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
22 Connecting with a low-carbon future

23. 6.2.1 Potential financial and
emissions benefits
Since 2007,carbon emissions have
increased in the sectors relevant to most
of the seven opportunities.Consequently,
the carbon reduction potential of these
seven ICT-enabled opportunities has
increased by 8.5% from 2007 to 2014,
specifically 25.3 MtCO2-e p.a.in the first
report versus 27.5 MtCO2-e p.a.in this
report (see Figure 6.1).Overall,these
opportunities provide the potential to
abate 4.7% of Australia’s current total
annual carbon emissions26
.
Figure 6.2 illustrates that the
opportunities identified in this report
could provide approximately one fifth
of the bipartisan 5% carbon emission
reduction target for 2020.
Separate calculations on the total avoided
electricity,fuel and aviation travel costs
indicate that the associated low-carbon
opportunities have a potential dollar value
of $8.1 billion p.a.in 2014,47% higher than
2007 after adjusting for inflation.27
In addition to cost savings,ICT systems
have the ability to increase both the
amount of renewable energy that can
be used on the grid as well as its value.
The former is achieved through real-time
load balancing to avoid excess renewable
energy destabilising the grid;the latter
through maximising renewable energy’s
contribution to periods of peak demand
(Opportunity 6;Increased Renewable
Energy).Additional ICT-enabled revenue
from renewable energy generation is
estimated to be worth $762 million per year.
Regarding the value of carbon savings,
the carbon price given in this report is
$9 per tCO2-e.This is based on the current
international market trading price of
carbon (Washington Post 2013),and on
the Australian Government’s ‘Direct
Action’policy.28
The total dollar value of potential carbon
savings for the seven opportunities is
slightly higher in 2014,$247 million versus
$226 million in 2007 (based on the
$9/tonne carbon price).
This brings the total potential value of
the seven opportunities – from cost and
carbon price savings,as well as increased
renewable energy revenue – to $9.1 billion.
This estimate is about 42% higher than
2007 levels of $6.5 billion p.a.
The higher potential cost savings are
primarily due to a combination of two
factors:increased energy consumption
in the sectors of the economy relevant to
each opportunity,and rising energy prices.
The value of just the seven ICT-enabled
opportunities identified in this report –
a fraction of ICT’s wider potential – could
provide approximately one fifth of the
Australian Government’s 5% emissions
reduction target (on 2000 levels) for 2020.
Figure 6.4 shows the relative contribution
from each and the assumed relative share
of the Emissions Reduction Fund spending
on abatement.
6.2.2 Cost and emissions benefits
realised to date
Typically,the rate of technology adoption
follows an S-curve,initially growing slowly
from a low base,followed by a period of
rapid uptake,and then reduced growth
rates as markets become saturated.
figure 6.1
Aggregated potential reduction of carbon emissions,
showing a comparison of opportunities in 2007 and 2014.
2007 2014
MtCO2
-eperyear
Carbon Reduction Opportunity
Remote Appliance Power Management
Context-aware Power Management
Decentralised Working
Personalised Public Transport
Real-time Fleet Management
Increased Renewable Energy
High Definition Video Conferencing
figure 6.2
The carbon abatement trajectories for Australian
Government 5% by 2020 emission targets relative to
the level of Australia’s emissions in 2000 as well as the
trajectory for 80% emission cuts by 2050.Dotted dark grey
line shows the total level of abatement provided by the
opportunities in this report.
750
700
650
600
550
500
450
400
MtCO2
-eperannum
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
figure 6.3
Aggregated values of cost savings and clean energy
production for comparison of carbon abatement
opportunities in 2007 and 2014.
EnergyValue($MAUD)peryear
Carbon Reduction Opportunity
Remote Appliance Power Management
Context-aware Power Management
Decentralised Working
Personalised Public Transport
Real-time Fleet Management
Increased Renewable Energy
High Definition Video Conferencing
2007 2014
26
Note this abatement excludes international aviation emissions that could apply to Opportunity 7:High Definition Video Conferencing.
27
Inflation based on nominal 2.5% per year on Consumer Price Index (CPI) from financial years ending 2006 to 2012.
28
This policy aims to achieve the 5% emissions reduction target by abating 140 MtCO2
-e per year using an Emissions Reduction Fund,
with an average annual spend of $1.2bn per year to 2020 - capped at 3.2bn over the first four years (Hunt,undated).
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
Baseline
Carbon emissions with Opportunities
-5% trajectory
-80% trajectory (2050)
2000 level
Connecting with a low-carbon future 23

24. Figure 6.5 illustrates the location on the
S-curve of the opportunities discussed
in this report from a carbon abatement
point of view.It shows that while four of
the seven low-carbon opportunities have
made significant progress,three remain in
their very early stages of development.
The seven opportunities combined are
estimated to be currently saving around
$1.6 billion29
and 2.5 MtCO2-e every year.
Evidently tangible benefits of these
opportunities are already being realised.
However,Figure 6.5 shows the proportion
of this achieved abatement relative to
their untapped potential,which remains
considerable.
Rapid uptake of telework is driving the
success of the Decentralised Working
opportunity.Despite increasing the
original 2007 Report’s target by 200% for
this reanalysis,an estimated 35% of this
opportunity has already been achieved.
Significant video conferencing uptake
means that this low-carbon opportunity
has achieved 44% of its potential.
Remote Appliance Power Management
has achieved somewhat less,23% of its
potential,driven mainly by off-the-shelf
products (e.g.smart power boards) ahead
of in-built home building automation.
Although Real-Time Fleet Management
has yielded significant emission reductions
for some of Australia’s larger freight
companies, uptake across the wider sector
has been weak,or is not yet quantifiable;
thus far an estimated 9.9% of this
opportunity’s potential is being harnessed.
The other three opportunities have not yet
achieved 5% of their potential.
Despite early success in many areas,
these findings indicate significant
opportunity remains for ICT to deliver
financial and emissions benefits to
business,government and consumers.
figure 6.4
Contribution of the seven opportunities to 5% emissions
reduction target for 2020 and commensurate value under
an Emissions Reduction Fund.
figure 6.5
S-curve showing the extent to which each opportunity has
harnessed its emission abatement potential in Australia.
29
Excluding the value of carbon according to the carbon price.
Carbon Reduction Opportunity
Remote Appliance Power Management 1.5%
Context-aware Power Management 2%
Decentralised Working 2%
Personalised Public Transport 2%
Real-time Fleet Management 3%
High Definition Video Conferencing 1%
Increased Renewable Energy 8%
Other 80%
0% 20% 40% 80%60% 100%
Percentagecaptured
Ideal capturing path
Remote Appliance Power Management
Context-aware Power Management
Decentralised Working
Personalised Public Transport
Real-time Fleet Management
Increased Renewable Energy
High Definition Video Conferencing
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
24 Connecting with a low-carbon future

25. 6.3Howtorealisetheseven
low-carbonopportunities
This section reviews the barriers and
practical issues influencing uptake of
the seven low-carbon opportunities.
The discussion of each opportunity in
Appendix A provides a more detailed
review of these issues.
6.3.1 General barriers to ICT uptake
Telstra’s Productivity Indicator (TPI)
Research30
(Telstra 2012a) identifies a
number of barriers to the adoption of ICT
by private and government organisations.
The findings provide insight as to why
the uptake of ICT-based low-carbon
opportunities has not progressed further
(Figure 6.6).
6.3.2 Practical issues affecting uptake
of low-carbon ICT opportunities
Technological developments are making
it more practical and therefore feasible
to implement the low-carbon ICT
opportunities identified in this report.
Video conferencing (estimated at 44% of
uptake) and teleworking (35% of uptake)
are the most advanced in realising their
potential for cost savings and carbon
abatement (Figure 6.5).
As the ability of ICTto move large volumes of
data,voice and video increases,the quality
and effectiveness of video conferencing and
teleworking is improving.This trend would
be expected to promote increased uptake
of these two low-carbon opportunities.For
example,the rollout of improved broadband
helps overcome network-related barriers
to teleworking uptake because the ability
to telework hinges on network access,
reliability and speed.
At the same time,increasingly popular
tablet devices,combined with real-time,
multi-point video for virtualised desktops
are also driving a major push for video
conferencing to become truly multi-modal.
This‘unchains’ the video conference
experience from dedicated conference
rooms,enabling an acceleration of this
technology’s uptake as a way to increase
user productivity and collaboration,while
at the same time replacing various modes
of business-related travel at lower cost.
Uptake of remote appliance and context-
aware power management to reduce
cost and carbon emissions has,in part,
been limited by the extent of equipment
incorporating the required capability or
connectivity.However,this is changing.
Since 2007,the application,number
and type of devices enabled for remote
management of appliances have
increased,and their sophistication
has improved.Computers,tablets and
smartphones can now perform these
monitoring and control functions,reducing
hardware and software costs and
widening deployment.
More efficient control over the power
use of devices is now possible due to
increasingly sophisticated software.
These applications now permit devices to
distinguish between individual people,and
even whether they are awake or asleep.
Although ICTsolutions for real-time fleet
management are commercially available,
implementation of these solutions is
focused on meeting OHS requirements.
The use of these solutions to reduce
energy and carbon is mainly limited to
larger companies in the transport sector.
Significant potential exists for smaller fleets
to increase uptake and obtain the benefits.
Affordable apps for smartphones now
put fleet management applications into
the hands of small fleet companies and
individual drivers who can use them to
increase driver safety,fuel efficiency and
reduce transport emissions.
The practicality of matching renewable
energy generation with demand has
been demonstrated technically,while the
required demand management has been
demonstrated commercially.
CSIRO pilot trials have demonstrated
the technical feasibility of controlling
ICT based demand and linking this to
renewable energy production (see CSIRO
Case Study,Appendix A).The commercial
feasibility of demand management has
also been demonstrated (see EnerNOC
Case Study,Appendix A),although it has
not yet been linked to renewable energy
production.
Developing personalised public transport
requires on-demand access and
utilisation of a transport network including
taxis,minibuses,buses and trains.
However,this has not been the main
direction of ICT implementation in this
sector thus far;most progress has come
in the form of real-time public transport
information.Examples in Australia
include Melbourne’s tramTRACKER®
and the Sydney Bus real-time customer
information service,which delivered
almost 10 million messages in 2011-2012.
Though this type of communication is still
one-way,its uptake has been substantial
and it provides key confidence to the
public transport user,increasing their
satisfaction with services,reducing the
frustration of waiting,enhancing their
capacity to plan,and saving them time.
Non-technical but equally practical issues
must also be addressed to ensure the
low-carbon opportunities in this report
achieve maximum uptake.For example,
teleworking hinges on establishing trust-
based employee–employer relationships
and issues related to monitoring and
supervision of employees.Provision of
adequate insurance coverage for people
working at home,and concerns about
cultural resistance may also present
barriers to teleworking.
figure 6.6
List of barriers in order of importance and percentage
of surveyed government and private organisations that
indicate these to be ‘large’barriers to introduction of
new ICT.
the provision of operational expense
budgets in addition to IT budgets
the cost of capital investment in new
information communication technology
the complexity of managing change
the cultural change required to implement
new technology
the time to roll out new ways of doing things
lack of uniform availability of products
services
a lack of broad executive-level support for
investment in new ICT solutions
32%
31%
29%
27%
24%
24%
13%
30
The fourth in a series of Telstra reports on,‘productivity improvement in Australia’s large enterprises and across a range of government organisations’ (Telstra
2012a).Since 2013,Telstra’s research into productivity has been renamed ‘Clever Growth’ Research.
Adapted from: Telstra 2012a
Connecting with a low-carbon future 25

26. 07: Additional emergent
low-carbon opportunities
In the process of re-examining the seven opportunities
explored in the 2007 Report, three new opportunities have been
identified as having commensurate carbon reduction potential.
The three new opportunities are: clean cloud, smart cities and
infrastructure, and mobile carbon guidance.
7.1Cleancloud
As discussed in Sections 3 and 4,the
ongoing explosion in data consumption
is both facilitated by,and fuelling growth
in,data centres and their energy use.As
a result,emissions from data centres
are growing rapidly,a trend projected to
continue almost unabated until 2020
(GeSI 2012).Data centres are a critical
component of the cloud.The data storage
and processing power they provide is
essential to deliver many of the emissions
reduction opportunities identified in this
report.
Three major strategies could be
investigated in further detail to help
confirm and achieve the full emissions
reduction potential of the cloud:
1.Quantify and measure the energy and
emissions reduction potential and
delivery of the cloud;
2.Reduce the energy consumption of
cloud data centres;and
3.Power the cloud using low-carbon
energy sources.
The cloud has potential to reduce overall
data centre energy intensity (and thereby
emissions) by consolidating small and
medium-size data centres into more
efficient,large data centres – achieving
potentially huge economies of scale
(Section 3).More efficient energy use is
possible,as physical space and numbers
of servers and cooling system volumes are
rationalised.Maximising utilisation per
server will be essential to achieving the
cloud’s full emissions reduction potential
through data centre consolidation.
As noted earlier in this report,many
studies identify ICT’s potential to
provide carbon abatement;however,the
measurement and quantification of actual
benefits and outcomes achieved is lacking.
This lack of quantified evidence based on
real-life measures also applies to cloud
computing.Yet what is not measured is not
managed.Therefore efforts to realise the
associated low-carbon opportunity must
include steps to quantify and measure the
cloud’s impact on emissions.
This process must cover the impact of
consolidation of servers and routers in
centralised,built data centres (as opposed
to distributed equipment operated at
customer premises).It must also quantify
the net emissions reduction of the cloud
attributable to its services.
The second point relates to identifying
and implementing energy efficiency
opportunities in data centre design and
operation,from equipment selection
and configuration to improving heating,
ventilation and air conditioning efficiency.
Stanford University finds that most big
U.S.data centres31
(as differentiated from
those that have made major steps in
efficiency and use of low-carbon sources)
could slash their GHG emissions by up to
88% by switching to more efficient,yet
off-the-shelf equipment,and improving
energy management;thereafter most of
the remaining emission could be avoided
by switching to renewable energy sources
(Masanet et al.2013).
Interestingly,this process also opens up
the opportunities afforded by‘industrial
ecology’ approaches (see Section 7.2).
These approaches entail interconnecting
data centre cooling loads with other
heating loads needed elsewhere.
For example,water that has become
heated as a result of using it to cool a data
centre may be used for processes that
require hot water in an adjacent factory.
The third strategy is a result of growing
pressure to consider the energy sources
that power the cloud,for example,the
Greenpeace International‘How Clean
is Your cloud?’ report and campaign
(Greenpeace 2012).Major players in ICT,
including Apple,Google,Yahoo,Microsoft,
Facebook and Verne Global,are already
responding to this pressure by seeking to
power their data centres with renewable
energy.This highlights the opportunity
to provide zero emission cloud services
powered by renewables,which can be
referred to as ‘clean cloud’.
Some data centres draw power from solar
panels incorporated into their building
design.However,to cost-effectively power
data centres with renewable energy,it
is advantageous for them to be located
in proximity to large grid-connected
power sources.Whereas some data-
centres must be in close proximity to
their users to minimise latency,many that
are more geographically flexible can be
located where electricity is cheap.Low-
emissions data centres,however,can be
located where energy is both cheap and
renewable.The following jurisdictions tap
plentiful local sources of low-cost clean
energy (Greenpeace 2012):
• Iceland: selected by Verne Global for
data centres powered by hydroelectricity
and geothermal power (as well as lower
cooling demand);
• USA:some data centres are now
powered by hydroelectricity (Yahoo),
wind energy (Google),and bioenergy
(Microsoft);and
• Sweden:Facebook’s data centre is
powered by hydroelectricity and wind.
31
Based on a representative US enterprise-class facility,with 20,000 volume servers,40,000 external hard disk drives,
2,060 network switches and a US average power utilization effectiveness of 1.8’,and average U.S.electricity mix.
26 Connecting with a low-carbon future

27. Australia has a major opportunity to join
Iceland and Sweden,and eclipse the USA
as a provider of international clean cloud
hosting.Especially for an economically-
developed country,Australia has a large
volume of renewable energy resources.
Of these resources,many locations have
very high energy density by international
standards (implying lower generation
costs;3Tier 2010).
Clean cloud has the potential to share
the benefits of ICT-driven economic
growth around the nation by supporting
new or existing renewable generation
facilities across the country.These include
solar resources throughout the country;
wind resources in Western Australia,
Tasmania and Victoria;and geothermal
resources (‘hot rocks’) in Queensland,
South Australia,Western Australia and
the Northern Territory.
Hosting cloud computing in Australia in
this manner would also add value to the
Australian renewable energy sector.If clean
cloud resources powered by Australian
renewable energy were made available for
global data management companies,this
would effectively allow Australia to‘export’
renewable energy – but in the form of data
rather than electrons.
7.2Smartcitiesandinfrastructure
Several of the seven opportunities
mentioned in Section 6 focus on measures
that fit under the banner of smart grids.
However,ICTuse in smart cities could
encompass more than just the energy
consumption and production for smart grids.
ICTcould also enable smart infrastructure
that facilitates efficiencies for other utilities,
including those responsible for water supply
and wastewater.
ICT is a critical component of a smart
city because it permits a broad range
of data to be collected,analysed and
communicated.This permits better-
informed and improved decision-making.
Sensors can remotely collect a variety of
data,such as the status of lighting,air
quality,traffic flow,or electricity demand.
The prototype smart city of Santander,
Spain has been blanketed with 12,000
such sensors in a European trial (Spiegel
2013).The data collected is carried via
wireless and fixed networks to a command
and control data centre,and onward to
the apps of citizens’ smartphones.This
provides real-time information on road
closures,bus delays,pollution,and even
whether garbage bins are full,which in
turn can feed into decisions and actions.
Although Santander is an excellent
example of the extent to which ICT can
be deployed in a smart city,as previously
stated,measurements that would quantify
the impact of such deployment on
emissions are still lacking.
As monitoring and network costs
decrease,ICT could play an increased role
in utility efficiency and performance.For
example,localised feedback on water
demand,supply and pressure could
provide utilities with much more choice
around the timing of when to undertake
energy-intensive activities like water
pumping.As another example,smart
infrastructure could enable early detection
of water leaks or losses from pipelines
carrying fuels.
Similarly,ICT can be – and is – used in the
transport sector,to interactively manage
traffic light sequencing,improving traffic
flow and coincidentally vehicle efficiency.
Equally,many of the options for energy
efficiency considered for business and
homes could be applied at the city scale.
For example,ICT in smart cities could
enable street lighting that detects the
presence of people and becomes brighter
when they need light,but dims or shuts
off when people are absent,saving energy
(and emissions).
The growth in electric vehicle fleets also
creates new opportunities for ICT to
manage and enhance energy supply and
demand.Electric car batteries can be
controlled to draw power from the grid
during periods of low demand or high
renewable energy production,storing it,
and returning it to the grid during periods
of high demand.Electric cars can also
reduce transport emissions,further
maximising the environmental outcome.
Another growing area of interest,also
related to efficient use of resources,seeks
to apply industrial ecology techniques
to match non-traditional supply and
demand.In these situations the waste
products of one process become the
inputs or resources for another.Relevant
applications include heating and cooling,
and commodities such as wastewater or
industrial waste materials.ICT has the
potential to play an enabling role in the
dispatch and allocation of these waste/
resource streams.This could take place
across both the public and private sectors
and bring together residential,commercial
and industrial supply and demand.
7.3Mobilecarbonguidance
Key ICT trends (see Section 3) include
the consolidation and convergence of
mobile devices such as smartphones and
tablets,combined with low barriers to
entry for a plethora of application software
providers.These two trends are creating
fertile ground for user-centric,low-carbon
decision support.Furthermore,the ability
of smart devices to execute decisions on
behalf of the user in remote locations,or
to use information from remote locations
to inform the user,creates a very powerful
tool for behavioural change.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 27

28. This new opportunity has three main types
of application:(1) existing decisions that
can inform ICT and carbon considerations;
(2) decisions that are now made possible
by ICT;and (3) M2M-type automated
decision making.
Today,most applications for decision
support aim to help users answer
questions such as,‘What’s the best route
to my destination?’or‘Where is the nearest
Italian restaurant?’However,the new
mobile carbon guidance opportunity would
shift the focus to emissions reductions.
An example of the first above-noted
application would be,‘How can I get to my
destination,but with the least possible
fuel use?’An example of the second might
be a smartphone alert:‘You have just
arrived in a new city,your hot water and
air conditioning system is still on at home.
Would you like to turn it off?’ An example
of the third might be a smartphone app
which,recognising that its owner is in
a foreign city and that their home is
likely to be unoccupied,automatically
communicates with their home energy
management system to turn off hot water
systems and air-conditioners.
These types of decision support can be
greatly assisted by existing practices in
the logistics sector that are available
to everyday workers.New initiatives
may include reorganising meetings to
consolidate travel,or providing instant
access to consumers on the carbon
footprint of commodities or utilities.
Another scenario would be the ability
to cross-reference a shopping list
on a mobile phone or tablet with the
carbon footprint of the listed products,
empowering consumers to avoid products
with an excessive pollution footprint.
This could in turn affect the behaviour of
product providers,to ensure their goods
or services are not on the ‘shame file’
generated by the carbon transparency
such applications afford.
Today’s apps provide static consumer
information,including bar-code scanning
for specific products (e.g.,the U.S.
GoodGuide™ app for food).However,
Pathways to Market by the University of
Technology,Sydney,aim to deliver digital
information that,‘could one day have
consumers swiping their smartphones
over packaging to discover where a food
came from,who processed it and the
conditions under which it was transported
and stored’ (UTS 2013).
Carbon transparency tools for even a
fraction of the world’s 10 billion networked
devices could provide quick and easy
information for decision-making every
day in the work and private lives of
millions (or even billions) of people.
Cumulatively,their decisions to minimise
their carbon footprints could have far-
reaching consequences for carbon
abatement.These tools,along with other
associated support applications,could
help ordinary citizens contribute to carbon
abatement.This type of decision support
is therefore worthy of detailed and prompt
consideration.
28 Connecting with a low-carbon future

29. 08: Conclusions
ICT can play a critical role in delivering a low-carbon economy
by enabling a reduction in energy-related costs and carbon
emissions in other sectors of the economy.
By facilitating the reduction of energy
costs and emissions,ICT can play a part
in tackling climate change,while at the
same time assisting business to respond
to the need to reduce environmental
impacts and maintain profitability.
Increasing energy costs and the levels of
warming projected by climate scientists
indicate that ICT’s potential role in carbon
abatement is more important today than
ever before.
Significantly,it appears possible for the
ICT sector to deliver emission savings that
far outstrip its own emissions footprint.
Recent studies have found that ICT could
enable emission reductions in other
sectors ranging from about seven to 200
times its own emissions footprint (GeSI
2012;Ericsson 2013a).
In this report we revisited the carbon-
reducing opportunities identified in the
2007 Report,to assess the continued
relevance and value of these opportunities
in Australia.
The 2007 Report identified the following
seven telecommunications-based carbon
reduction opportunities:
• Remote appliance power management;
• Context-aware power management;
• Decentralised working;
• Personalised public transport;
• Real-time fleet management;
• Increased renewable energy;and
• High definition video conferencing.
There is some very good news in this
reanalysis.The seven opportunities have
more relevance and significance in 2014
because they could deliver even greater
cost savings and emissions reductions
than seven years ago.Today these
opportunities are already estimated
to provide approximately $1.6bn in
cost savings to Australian businesses
and individuals.Four of the seven
opportunities already appear to be making
serious inroads into emissions abatement.
Going forward these opportunities
could create around $8.9bn p.a.in value
through avoided energy and aviation travel
spending,and increased renewable energy
production,approximately 43% more than
in 2007.These opportunities could also
deliver carbon emission reductions of
27.5 MtCO2-e p.a.,an increase of around
8.5% since 2007,and representing a
4.7% reduction in Australia’s total annual
carbon emissions.32
This increased potential for cost and
emission reductions is mainly due to the
increased energy consumption seen in the
sectors of the economy relevant to each
opportunity,and to rising energy prices.A
number of factors have influenced energy
prices,such as international supply and
demand,and investment in electricity
infrastructure.
However,three of the seven ICT
opportunities identified in this report are
currently estimated to be achieving 5%
or less of their total emission reduction
potential,indicating that the majority of
the overall opportunity to save energy and
emissions is yet to be harnessed.Telstra’s
Productivity Indicator Research (Telstra
2012a) identified potential barriers to ICT
adoption including:
• Cost;
• Complexity of managing change;
• Cultural change required to implement
new technology;
• Time to roll out new technology;
• Lack of uniform availability of products
and services;and
• Lack of management support for change.
Responding to such barriers will be an
important factor in realising the full energy
and emission reduction benefits of ICT.
Significantly,advances in technology are
improving the practicality and feasibility
of implementing the low-carbon ICT
opportunities identified in this report.
These advances include access to higher
Internet speeds,device mobility,and
associated access to fast and reliable
mobile networks.This in turn will promote
further adoption.
While ICT provides opportunities to reduce
emissions in other sectors of the economy,
continued focus on understanding and
minimising the emissions of the ICT
industry is critical.The global carbon
emissions footprint left by the international
ICT industry is projected to increase from
1.9% in 2011 to 2.3% in 2020 (GeSI 2012).
Consumer demand for more and more
data is a major driving force increasing
the energy consumption and therefore the
emissions footprint of the ICT sector.This
demand is being facilitated and supported
by advances in technology such as faster
network speeds,increasingly powerful
and mobile end-user devices such as
smartphones and tablets,and the storage
capacity and computing power provided by
data centres and cloud services.
In the light of the changes to both the ICT
sector and Australia’s national climate
change priorities,three important new
carbon-reducing opportunities have been
identified:
• Clean cloud;
• Smart cities and infrastructure;and
• Mobile carbon guidance.
In the context of rising energy prices
and Australia’s commitment to reduce
carbon emissions,the financial and
environmental benefits of the ICT-based
opportunities identified in this report will
only continue to increase in significance
into the future.
32
Note this abatement excludes international aviation emissions that could apply to Opportunity 7:High Definition Video Conferencing.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 29

30. AppendixA 33
AppendixB 51
AppendixC 53
Glossary 54
ReferencesandSources 55
Theprojectteam 62
30 Connecting with a low-carbon future

31. appendices
a
Connecting with a low-carbon future 31

32. 32 Connecting with a low-carbon future

33. Appendix A:
Detailed analysis of the seven
ICT-enabled low carbon opportunities
CarbonOpportunity1:
remoteappliancepower
management
What is remote appliance power
management (RAPM)?
In homes and offices most devices
and appliances consume significant
power when in‘stand-by’ mode.Unless
physically switched off at the power
point,televisions,radios,photocopiers,
microwave ovens and most other
appliances and devices continue to
consume power when not in use.
Wasted stand-by energy in Australia
is worth about AUD$175 per annum
per household1
.
Remote appliance power management
(RAPM) reduces the power consumption
of electronic devices and appliances
by remotely monitoring,controlling
and reducing the amount of time
unnecessarily spent in stand-by mode
by turning off the device directly or
indirectly via the power supply.
This opportunity considers the simplest
means of power management – turning
off devices.The next opportunity considers
more sophisticated power-management
techniques.
Since 2007 there has been a proliferation
in the number,type,application and
sophistication of devices capable of remote
appliance power management.Many
computers,tablets and smartphones can
perform monitoring and control functions,
reducing hardware and software costs
and widening deployment.As of December
2012,these devices were found in
approximately eight percent of Australian
homes (Connection Research 2013).
This includes dedicated standby power
controllers.
What’s changed in RAPM since 2007?2
Since the 2007 Report,electricity sector
emissions peaked,declining after 2009
(reflecting the progressive decarbonisation
of Australia’s generation mix over the period
(Australian Government 2013b).However,
over the same period,residential and
commercial electricity demand expanded
by 11% and 25%,respectively.
The proportion of residential stand-by
power has increased slightly to about
10% (EEE 2013).At the same time,
because total electricity consumption by
residential premises has also continued
to grow,the quantity of electricity wasted
by devices on stand-by has increased by
approximately 31%.One key driver of this
increase is a rise in the average number of
appliances per home (EEE 2011a).
This trend of increasing wastage comes
despite significant progress to reduce
stand-by power consumption,with stand-
by power consumption for the average
appliance falling from 5.7 Watts to 1.1
Watts over the period 2001 to 2011,
according to a major Australian store
survey of 700 products (EEE 2011b).
These efficiency measures have yielded
decreases in the overall stand-by power
consumption of some applications
(e.g.in the major appliance and home
entertainment categories).However,
overall stand-by power use by computers
and peripherals has increased
substantially.Increasingly,householders
are leaving computers continuously in‘On’
mode – for reasons that are unclear.
Another key stand-by power trend pertains
to network connected or network capable
products (designed for fast,effective
network function).These are becoming
increasingly prevalent and are typically
left on (i.e.active;EEE 2011a).Most policy
initiatives do not yet cover network stand-
by,but given expected continued growth in
the number of these devices,standards to
improve their efficiency will be increasingly
important (Maia Consulting 2012;see also
Figure C.1).
Why is RAPM important?
Implementing this opportunity would
translate into energy savings of
$565 million per year for business
and consumers by reducing electricity
consumption (by 2,306 GWh p.a.).
1
Based on stand-by wastage of 715 kWh per year per household.
2
Note that in 2007,approaches to calculations for emission abatement potential were undertaken based on available information.In 2014,more information and/or more relevant
information is now available in some cases,making more direct and/or more accurate calculations of emission abatement possible.Therefore,improved methodology is used in this report,
with recalculation of the 2007 abatement potential using the new method to ensure readers see a comparison based on the same,not different,methods.However,in some cases this
means that the abatement calculations for 2007 presented in this report are different from those in the 2007 Report.In these cases the numbers for 2007 presented in this report are
considered to be more accurate.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 33

34. Higher electricity prices today are a major
contributor to a more than doubling of the
value of these electricity savings since
20073,4
(Figure A.1).
Because total stand-by power consumption
has increased,this opportunity to avoid
emissions has also increased (by 32%)
since 2007,to 0.35% of national emissions
(2.1 MtCO2-e per annum).The increase
in total stand-by power usage is also a
factor behind the greater value of potential
electricity savings.
Because the emissions reductions are
larger,the potential carbon value5
of the
RAPM measure ($18 million per annum)
is also higher.
Note that for this opportunity and context-
aware power management (Opportunity
2),the gains made on reducing carbon
emissions will be most significant in the
short term,the period for which the grid
is still dominated by fossil fuel electricity
sources.Though the carbon abatement
would expectedly diminish over the
longer term assuming that the renewable
energy share of the grid increases,these
gains nevertheless make the low-carbon
economy more achievable by reducing
overall energy demand.
How could RAPM contribute to
Direct Action?
Implementing this opportunity could
reduce emissions by 2.1 MtCO2-e,1.5%
of the Australian Government’s 5% (140
MtCO2-e per year) reduction target for
2020.The associated fraction from the
proposed Emissions Reduction Fund
would be $18 million per year.
How far has RAPM come?
In Australia,the opportunity to reduce
carbon emissions through RAPM has
moved rapidly,driven by devices that can
be used in existing homes,with a smaller
contribution from fully-automated homes.
As a result an estimated 23% of RAPM’s
potential has already been realised;it is
currently reducing carbon emissions by an
estimated 0.5 MtCO2-e per year.
How to realise the RAPM opportunity
RAPM can be realised by incorporating
‘intelligence’ into communications
networks.RAPM can also be deployed on
a large scale by installing default software
that enables remote monitoring and
control in devices connected to appliances
in residential and commercial dwellings.
RAPM take-up is facilitated through
the introduction of subscription-based
business models,which help overcome
cost barriers (Fierce Telecom 2013).
RAPM can also be facilitated through
response to new energy efficiency
standards and schemes,like those under
the Victorian Energy Efficiency Target
and South Australia’s Residential Energy
Efficiency Scheme.
These schemes help illuminate some
barriers related to these products’
functioning,and to their successful
implementation on a wider basis.For
example,energy efficiency stand-by
power controllers (power boards intended
to switch off appliances not in use) may
switch off a television as often as every
hour if a user does not adjust their set,
inconveniencing users.And initiatives
that provide companies with incentives
to distribute these products at no cost to
householders can lead to the distribution of
inferior products (Climate Spectator 2013).
These issues suggest that aggregating
solutions like these by trusted providers,
such as power and telecommunications
utilities,could help to ensure product
quality standards are upheld in order
to better realise these opportunities.
Assumptionsandadditionaldata
1. Current total annual net greenhouse
gas emissions for Australia are
578.4 MtCO2-e according to the
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
(Australian Government 2013b,table
3.) Historical figures for the 2007
report are taken from the same source
document and are given for the 05/06
financial year,data table 1A.
figure A.1
Carbon opportunity 1:Quantifying the remote
appliance power management opportunity.
The dollar value of this opportunity has more than doubled
since 2007,and its potential to reduce emissions has also
increased by 32%;the value of this carbon abatement has
also therefore increased in proportion.
3
We note that there are many different price plans for electricity and the value used in our calculations is an average price drawn from a representative sample.
4
We also note that the commercial stand-by percentage is a conservative/’lower-bound’ number based on the residential sector estimate,as no exact number is available.
5
All carbon values are based on a carbon price of $9/tCO2
-e or pro rata portion of an Emissions Reduction Fund.
2007 2014 2007 2014
Savings due to carbon price @ $9 AUD/t CO2
-e
Value/saving
Emissions avoided
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
$MAUDperannum
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
MtCO2
-e
34 Connecting with a low-carbon future

35. 2. Estimated losses from stand-by power
in residential and commercial sectors
are 10.35%,(AIFS 2013;EEE 2011a;
ABS 2013b) of 127,361 GWh used
per year (BREE 2013).Due to lack of
data for the commercial sector,we
assume the same loss rates as for the
residential sector.This is likely to be
an underestimation.
3. The assumed emissions intensity of
electricity production is 0.9 tCO2-e per
megawatt-hour (MWh;DCCEE 2012e).
Note that this emissions intensity
is likely to decline over time due to
an expected increase in the share of
electricity production from renewable
energy and gas,a decrease in the use
of black coal,and due to the ongoing
impacts of climate mitigation policies.
However,for clarity and simplicity’s
sake,no projected change in emission
intensity is given in the calculations for
the impacts of ICToptions going forward.
Rather,emissions intensity is held at
a constant level (0.9 tCO2-e per MWh).
This may result in emission abatement
estimates reported here that are slightly
higher than may actually be achieved.
Equally,however,since such emissions
reductions are likely to be accompanied
by a rise in electricity prices,the
estimated cost savings are likely to be
understated here.
4. The national average price of electricity
for residential and non-residential
customers is estimated to be 24.5 cents
per kilowatt-hour (CME 2012).
5. Assumes broadband-based remote
appliance power management
solutions are used to reduce stand-
by emissions by 50% in one-third of
Australian homes and commercial
buildings.
Uptake assumptions
1. Market penetration of building
automation is 8.2% (Connection
Research 2013;assumed to be
equivalent to home automation and
applied equally to business premises).
2. Assumes RAPM reduces stand-by
emissions by 50% (as in item 5 above).
3. Stand-by power losses,electricity
consumption and emission intensity as
in items 2 and 3 above.
CASE STUDY: Z-WAVE
The radio frequency remote intelligence market has grown exponentially over the
last few years,enabled by the market saturation of hand held wireless devices.
Home area networks (HANs) such as Z-Wave technology,used in conjunction with
compatible apps,are readily available.As of August 2013 more than 14 million
Z-Wave products had been sold worldwide.The related apps are easily downloaded
onto personal iPhones,iPads,Android devices or PCs.Users can access multiple
appliances to turn on/off,put a timer on for activation/deactivation or make sure
the house is running as it should.Users can monitor the display of real-time energy
consumption information with the app software.In this way,consumer awareness
of power use alone can lead to behavioural change that results in energy use
reductions of up to 30%;this is because the devices enable users to consume
responsibly and manage effectively (Kailas et al.2011).
RAPM’s potential Direct Action contribution:
2.1 MtCO2-e 1.5% of ERF $18 million / year value
Connecting with a low-carbon future 35

36. CarbonOpportunity2:
context-awarepowermanagement
What is context-aware power
management (CAPM)?
Once a home or office device is turned
on,it draws its required energy even if
nobody is present to take advantage of the
lighting,air-conditioning,heating or other
service it provides.This wastage can be
thought of as‘orphaned’energy.
Smart homes and buildings are often
broadband-enabled.This provides
the opportunity for internal networks
to connect to devices,thus enabling
remote monitoring and control of energy
consuming devices.These features provide
the potential to deploy context-aware
power management (CAPM),to reduce
orphaned energy by ensuring that only
devices within user proximity,or with
which the user is engaged,are activated.
A large fraction of orphaned power can be
eliminated without the need for any change
in behaviour on the part of users,or loss of
amenity from lighting,heating,computers
and other end uses,thereby saving energy
and reducing carbon emissions.
What’s changed in CAPM since 2007?
The increasing sophistication of CAPM6
during the past two years means that
personal devices can not only detect
a person’s presence,but also identify
individual users (via their mobile phone
or other personal devices,or via personal
characteristics through the use of facial
recognition software) and even distinguish a
person’s state of engagement (e.g.whether
they are asleep or awake).The significance is
that it is possible to have even more efficient
control over when devices are required,
using electricity only when needed.
CAPM is part of a wider class of power
management solutions that are relatively
cheap to implement,but present some of
the highest cost-saving benefits a company
can find,according to research and analyst
group Ovum (Thomasnet 2012).
Figure A.2 shows that in the home,CAPM
can be applied to about 50% of residential
energy consumption (including heating,
cooling,and lighting).Figure A.3 shows
an even higher level of application –
about 60% – for commercial energy
consumption (heating and ventilation,
air-conditioning,and lighting).
There is very little research to indicate how
much energy is orphaned or whether its
share of energy consumption has changed
since 2007.In this report orphaned energy
is conservatively estimated at 15% in
residential and commercial premises,
extrapolated from analysis by service
providers in the field (Siemens 2013;
Energex 2013).Because the total amount
of power use in Australia has increased,
the total amount of orphaned power was
deemed to have undergone absolute
growth as well.
Why is CAPM important?
Implementing this opportunity would
translate into energy savings of $819 million
p.a.by reducing electricity consumption (by
3,343 GWh p.a.).Higher electricity prices
today are a major contributor to the almost
doubling in value of these electricity savings
since 2007 (Figure A.5).
Because the total amount of orphaned
power usage (and associated emissions)
is estimated to have increased in proportion
with overall energy consumption,this
opportunity to avoid emissions has likewise
increased (by 13%) since 2007,and could
reduce Australia’s total carbon emissions
by 0.51% per annum (3.0 MtCO2-e;Figure
A.5).This rise in power use is a factor behind
not only the greater value of the electricity
savings,but also the small increase in
emissions reduction potential of this
opportunity.
Because the emissions reductions are
larger,the carbon price value ($27 million)
of the CAPM measure is also higher.
The cost and emission reductions that
can be delivered by context-aware power
management may become even more
significant in the future.This is because
energy use in the commercial sector is
projected to almost treble from 2005
levels by 2050 (Figure A.4).
6
Reflecting this diversification and more specific tailoring of the relevant ICT applications,
the term‘context aware power management’has replaced the term‘Presence based power’ used in the 2007 Report.
Without intervention,the total amount
of orphaned energy may also increase
in future.
How could CAPM contribute
to Direct Action?
Implementing this opportunity could
reduce emissions by 3.0 MtCO2-e,2.1%
of the Australian Government’s 5%
(140 MtCO2-e per year) reduction target
for 2020.The associated fraction from
the proposed Emissions Reduction Fund
would be $26 million per year.
How far has CAPM come?
In Australia,the opportunity to reduce
carbon emissions through CAPM has
realised only 4.5% of its potential;it is
currently estimated to reduce carbon
emissions by the equivalent of 0.1 MtCO2
per year,worth $37 million per year in
energy savings.
How to realise the CAPM opportunity
Similar to remote appliance power
management,CAPM is realised by
inserting intelligence into buildings and
devices,which are then actively‘aware’
as a person moves between spaces:
switching on devices,lights,heating,TVs
or computers when users are present,and
putting them to sleep in low or zero power
modes once the person leaves.
Today’s energy intelligent buildings mainly
use sensors to assess occupancy.In future
occupants’ real-time location could be
tracked,and their personal preferences
for lighting,cooling,and heating retrieved.
Whereas real-time occupancy information
is well suited to lighting control,the longer
response time needed for temperature
control has led that research area to
focus on predictors.The related systems
use profiles of inhabitants’ behaviour,
but may switch to incorporating real time
information when users’ habits change
(Nguyen et al.2013).
36 Connecting with a low-carbon future

37. figure A.2
Composition of residential energy use,showing the
share of energy consumed by different applications.
Adapted from: CIE 2007
figure A.3
Composition of commercial energy use,showing the
share of energy consumed by different applications.
Adapted from:CIE 2007
figure A.4
The energy used to light,heat,cool and power appliances
in the commercial sector is expected to increase under
business as usual,illustrating the importance of measures
to reduce wastage due to stand-by and orphaned energy.
Adapted from:CIE 2007
2005 2030 2050
7
For energy services,this is equivalent to approximately one hour out of every seven,
on average,being unnecessary or‘orphaned’.
figure A.5
Carbon opportunity 2:Quantifying the context
aware power management opportunity.
The value of this opportunity has almost doubled since
2007,and its potential to reduce emissions has
increased by 13%.
Systems that don’t require full home
automation are evolving.For example,
Daikin has developed its own Sky-fi app to
allow users of their ducted air conditioners
to remotely monitor and control them from
anywhere. Extending apps like these with a
link to a mobile phone GPS could allow air
conditioning to be automatically ramped
down when a resident leaves their house.
With CAPM,it will be critical to overcome
documented concerns,which are actually
unfounded,that PC power management
solutions will somehow disrupt core IT
operations (Ovum 2012).Overcoming
customer trust issues related to privacy
will also be important.CAPM could be best
realised through an adequate volume of
participants and by increasing the range
of devices that can be managed through
external signals.
Assumptionsandadditionaldata
1. Current total annual net greenhouse
gas emissions for Australia were 578.4
MtCO2-e according to the National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Australian
Government 2013b,table 3.) Historical
figures for the 2007 Report are taken
from the same source document and
are given for the 05/06 financial year,
data table 1A.
2. Total residential and commercial
electricity consumption was 127,361
GWh per year (BREE 2013).
3. Emissions intensity of electricity
production is 0.9 tCO2-e per MWh
(DCCEE 2012e).
4. The national average price of electricity
to residential and non-residential
customers is estimated to be 24.5 cents
per kilowatt-hour (CME 2012).
5. Assumes that orphaned energy
consumed by appliances is 15% overall
for residential and commercial energy
consumption (Energex 2013;Siemens
2013).7
6. Assumes network-enabled context-
aware power solutions are used to
reduce orphaned energy emissions by
50% in one-third of Australian homes
and commercial buildings.
Uptake assumptions
1. Market penetration of building
automation is 1.5% (Connection
Research 2013).
2. Assumes stand-by emissions reduction
of 50% (as in item 6 above).
3. Electricity consumption,emissions
intensity,and orphaned energy losses as
in items 2,3,and 5 above,respectively.
2007 2014 2007 2014
CASE STUDY: Should I Sleep?
‘Should I Sleep?’is an app for Apple computers that uses facial recognition and
audio detection to optimise the use of the computer’s stand-by function.Using
the inbuilt camera and microphone software to sense the presence of the user,
the computer‘sees and hears you’.If the user is away from the computer the app
registers the user’s absence and proceeds to ‘sleep’;if the user is in front of the
computer,concentrating on reading,the software recognises their presence and
prevents sleep mode.
Refrigeration 8%
Light 6%
Hot water 24%
Stand-by 5%
Cooking 4%
Space heating 38%
Cooling 4%
Other 11%
Lighting 26%
Water heating 12%
Air conditioning 21%
Appliances 7%
Heating and ventilation 12%
Other 22%
Lighting
Water heating
Air conditioning
Appliances
Heating and ventilation
Other
Value of carbon abatement @ 9 AUD/t CO2
-e
Value/saving
Emissions avoided
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
PJ
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
$MAUDperannum
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
MtCO2
-e
CAPM’s potential direct action contribution:
3.0 MtCO2-e 2.1% of ERF $26 million / year value
Connecting with a low-carbon future 37

38. CarbonOpportunity3:
DecentralisedWorking
What is decentralised working (DW)?
Decentralised Working is the term for
decentralisation of the workplace by
teleworking8
from home,or from a
regional telework hub or other type
of distributed office9
.
Each year Australians travel a total
of 45.8 billion kilometres to and from
work (ABS 2013a).Lengthy commutes,
averaging a total of one hour per day for
peak hour travel (Productivity Commission
2011a),consume significant energy and
produce commensurate carbon emissions.
Teleworking not only saves the fuel
and emissions associated with these
commutes,it also increases productivity,
decreases work costs,allows for flexible
work hours,and overcomes distance as
a barrier to employment (DBCDE 2012a).
Working from home is a common example
of teleworking.However,working at
contact centres or in regional centres are
other forms of workplace decentralisation,
with similar benefits,10
along with
the potential to benefit the local (e.g.,
suburban,regional) economy.
As ICT continues to improve our ability
to move large volumes of data,voice
and video,these Decentralised Working
(DW) alternatives to commuting become
increasingly viable.
What’s changed in DW since 2007?
The distance travelled by passenger
vehicles for commuting has increased
by just over 1% (500 million kilometres)
since the last report.However,the share
of passenger vehicle travel devoted to
commuting declined slightly from 2007 to
2013.This trend,combined with improved
fuel efficiency of passenger vehicles,led
associated carbon emissions to decline by
7% (ABS 2013a,2007b,2006).
Commuting on public transport also
produces emissions,though less on a per
person basis. The ability to avoid these
emissions through telework has not been
included in this opportunity.
Why is DW important?
Implementing this opportunity
would translate into energy savings
of $1.7 billion p.a.by avoiding fuel
consumption alone (Figure A.7).An
additional benefit is the $8.1 billion
worth of savings realised through avoided
vehicle costs including depreciation,
on-road costs and vehicle maintenance.
Higher fuel prices today are a major
contributor to the large increase in the
value of these energy savings since
200711
($1.00/L in 2007 ;$1.50/L in 2012;
RACQ 2012;Figure A.7).Another reason
is the above-noted increase in commuter
kilometres travelled.
Though the dollar value of this opportunity
has increased,the potential to avoid
emissions has decreased modestly,by
7% since 2007 in line with the decline in
related emissions.This opportunity could
reduce Australia’s total carbon emissions
by 0.5% per annum (2.8 MtCO2-e).
The potential carbon value of the DW
measure is $25 million per year.
How could DW contribute to
Direct Action?
Implementing this opportunity could
reduce emissions by 2.8 MtCO2-e,2.0%
of the Australian Government’s 5% (140
MtCO2-e per year) reduction target for
2020.The associated fraction from the
proposed Emissions Reduction Fund
would be worth $24 million per year.
8
Telework typically entails full-time or part-time workers who are remote from a central business location,connecting with employers or clients (ATAC 2006).
9
Shared office facilities where employees from multiple companies work under the same roof at a location that is closer to their home than a centralised head office.
10
For example,Sydney’s 35-minute peak hour commute times (an average) compare poorly with Wollongong’s 20-minute commutes (Productivity Commission 2011a).
11
Adjusted for inflation,this is $1.13 in 2013 dollars.
figure A.6
Australia’s actual passenger car emissions and projected
emissions to 2030.
Source:DCCEE 2012d
How far has DW come?
In Australia,telework has been embraced,
but mainly on a more informal basis
(CIO 2013). Because the 10% telework
uptake target set in the 2007 Report
appears to have been exceeded,this
report has increased it by 200%.Based
on this higher target,the opportunity to
reduce carbon emissions through DW has
realised about 35% of its potential;it is
currently estimated to be reducing carbon
emissions by the equivalent of 1.0 MtCO2
per year nationwide.
How to realise the DW opportunity
Since DW hinges in part on network
access and quality,the greater reliability,
speed,and access provided by improving
broadband (see Case Study) is likely to
facilitate DW uptake (DBCDE 2012b).
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
MtCO2
-eperannum
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
38 Connecting with a low-carbon future

39. 8. Assumes that broadband-based
telework is taken up,on average,one
and a half days per week by workers
who have telework suitable jobs.
(This is a 200% increase on the 2007
Report target which has already been
exceeded).
9. Assumes that decentralised
workplaces are used by 15% of
employees who have telework suitable
jobs,and that their decentralised
commuting emissions are reduced by
at least 50% versus urban commuting.
Assumptions for value of avoided
car-related costs
Total car-related costs are $AUD 0.74 per
kilometre (ATO 2013).Of this amount,
$AUD 0.16 per kilometre is associated
with fuel (RACQ 2013),while the remainder
relates to other costs associated with a
vehicle including depreciation,financing,
and wear and tear.
Uptake assumptions
1. Passenger car emissions,time worked
from home/local business centre as in
item 2,3 and 8.
2. Current share of teleworkers is 38%
of telework amenable jobs (hybrid
teleworkers,that is,those who work
from home one to three days per week;
based on CIO 2013).
A known barrier to teleworking is the
difficulty communicating with co-workers
and coordinating work with managers (CIO
2013).The rising prevalence of‘in-person’
video conferencing and other higher-end
services could help overcome these barriers
(see Opportunity 7),further enabling DW.
However,some barriers to DW are non-
technical.According to ATAC (2006),for
example,realising teleworking also hinges
on establishing trust-based relationships
between employee and employer and
monitoring and supervision of employees.
Issues such as insurance,isolation from
co-workers,and cultural resistance must
also be addressed.
The Australian Government Telework
initiative aims to overcome some of this
resistance by highlighting teleworking’s
benefits,and promoting an increase in
the rate of formal teleworking to 12%
(DBCDE 2012a)12
.
Assumptionsandadditionaldata
1. Current total annual net greenhouse
gas emissions for Australia were
578.4 MtCO2-e according to the
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
(Australian Government 2013b,table
3.) Historical figures for the 2007
Report are taken from the same source
document and are given for the 05/06
financial year,data table 1A.
2. The emissions from private transport
(passenger cars) were 42.6 MtCO2
in 2011/12 (Australian Government
2013b).
3. The fraction devoted to commuting
to and from work is 27.3% of total
kilometres travelled,based on ABS
statistics (ABS 2013a).
4. The fraction of jobs that are amenable
to telework is about 55% (adapted from
Lister Harnish 2011;ATAC 2005).
5. The emission intensity of one kilometre
travelled is approximately 0.199 kg CO2
(NTC 2013).
6. The assumed cost of fuel is $AUD
0.16 per kilometre (ABS 2013a,RACQ
2013).
7. Assumes that emissions for commuting
in non-urban areas are half those of
city-based commutes.
12
...so that at least 12 percent of Australian employees have a formal telework arrangement with their employers’ (DBCDE 2012a).
figure A.7
Carbon opportunity 3:Quantifying the
decentralised working opportunity.
The dollar value of this opportunity has increased by 28%
since 2007,however,its potential to reduce emissions
decreased slightly due to lower vehicle-emission intensity
and a decline in the share of passenger-vehicle kilometres
devoted to commuting.
2007 2014 2007 2014
Value/saving
Savings due to carbon price @ 9 AUD/t CO2
-e
Emissions avoided
REAL WORLD EXAMPLE:
TELEWORKING ON THE CENTRAL COAST, NSW
The Central Coast Telework Committee in conjunction with Regional Development
Australia trialled temporary telework centres in Wyong and Gosford during 2013,
and aims to establish a permanent Gosford teleworking hub,in conjunction with
the roll out of the National Broadband Network.More than 40,000 people commute
from the Central Coast to Newcastle or Sydney during a business week.Creating
accessible teleworking centres on the Central Coast will reduce the number of
cars on the road,alleviate pressure on current infrastructure and public transport,
provide commuters with financial savings and reduce carbon emissions from
thousands of cars.
DW’s potential Direct Action contribution:
2.8 MtCO2-e 2.0% of ERF $24 million / year value
2000
1500
1000
500
0
$MAUDperannum
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
MtCO2
-e
Connecting with a low-carbon future 39

40. CarbonOpportunity4:
personalisedpublictransport
What is personalised public
transport (PPT)?
Wireless networks and devices can
dramatically improve the time efficiency
of public transport.On the one hand,
personalised public transport (PPT) allows
users to order public transport provided by
an integrated network of multi-occupant
taxis,minibuses,buses and trains (multi-
modal transport).By providing a door-
to-door solution,PPT reduces wait times
and thus addresses a major barrier in
the amenity of public transport.ICT can
also provide more detailed,real-time
arrival information for trains,trams and
buses.These applications increase the
satisfaction of transit users by providing
certainty (reducing stress or frustration of
waiting),increasing the ease and flexibility
of planning public transit trips,and saving
users time.
Both these ICT-facilitated approaches can
therefore lead to an improvement in the
personal efficiency of public transport,as
the transit rider experiences a shift away
from use that is driven by pre-existing
timetables,to use driven by demand and
real-time information.
Personalised public transport provides
greater flexibility and has the potential to
save time,commuting costs and carbon
emissions door-to-door compared to
private car use.
What’s changed in PPT since 2007?
The development of Australia’s public
transport systems and the consequential
usage patterns are worthy of exploration
to contextualise the scale of change
possible by adopting the Personalised
Public Transport Opportunity.
Australia’s low-density,decentralised
land use patterns require greater intra-
city travel and promote reliance on
private vehicle use,reflected in relatively
high levels of transport-related carbon
emissions (e.g.,roughly double those of
Germany on a per capita basis).Transport
sector emissions currently make up 15.6%
of Australia’s total.From 1990 to 2013,
transport emissions increased by 50.1%
(Australian Government 2013b).
Under business-as-usual this increase is
expected to continue,reaching 67% above
1990 levels by 2020 (BITRE 2010).
Private transport: The number of
passenger vehicles grew 10% from 2007 to
2012,to 12.7 million vehicles (ABS 2013a).
The number of kilometres travelled by
passenger vehicles also increased by 6%
from 2007 to 2013.Passenger vehicles
accounted for 72% of the total distance
travelled in 2012,a slightly smaller share
(1.4% less) than in 2007 (ABS 2013a
2007b).Part of the reason for this decline
may be that younger adult Australians
(aged 21-30) are driving less (SMH 2013).
For example,in 2002,‘people aged 21 to 30
in Sydney drove themselves on about 53
per cent of all trips on an average weekday.
That share fell almost eight percentage
points to 45.5 per cent in 2011-12.’
Nevertheless,more than three-quarters
of the Australian population aged 18
years and over usually travel to work or
full-time study in a private motor vehicle
(ABS 2012).Of the eight million people
who drove a private motor vehicle to
work or full-time study,only 23% were
accompanied by passengers on any part
of the trip (ABS 2012).This highlights the
inefficiency of passenger car commuting
in terms of fuel use (and associated
carbon emissions).
Publictransporttrends: Public transport
use is typically a more fuel-efficient way
to move commuters but has low uptake in
Australia.Sparse deployments of hub and
spoke transport networks have led to very
limited options for intra- and inter-suburb
transit (UTS 2012).As of 2012,only 16% of
the Australian population aged 18 years and
over usually travelled to work or full-time
study using public transport (ABS 2012).
However,from 2005 to 2010,urban
public transport trips increased,both in
overall terms (10% increase in passenger
distance travelled) and as a share of
the overall passenger task (from 9.2%
to 10.9%;BITRE 2013a).Though much
of this shift may be driven by fuel price
increases,at least some of this increase
may be attributable to ICT innovations for
passengers that make the switch to public
transit more attractive (see below).
Transit-oriented design:Transit-Oriented
Design that connects dense,mixed-
activity centres with frequent transport
services is becoming more popular in
regional transport planning.However,the
provision of transit services in low-density
sprawling neighbourhoods can be costly
and highly time-inefficient for users.
Why is PPT important?
Implementing this opportunity would
translate into energy savings of $1.6 billion
p.a.by avoiding fuel consumption alone
(Figure A.8).Higher fuel prices today are
a major contributor to an increase in the
value of these energy savings since 2007
($1.2 billion).This fuel saving is dwarfed
by the $5.8 billion in annual savings that
could be achieved by avoiding additional
car running costs.
Personalised Public Transport could reduce
Australia’s total carbon emissions by 0.4%
per annum (2.5 MtCO2-e).This opportunity
to avoid emissions has decreased slightly
(by 2.5%) since 2007.The slight decrease
in emissions abatement potential comes
because total private transport emissions
have decreased due to strong vehicle
efficiency improvements.
And because this emissions reduction
potential is slightly lower,the carbon price
value of the PPT measure ($23 million) is
also lower than in 2007 (Figure A.8).
Between 2010 and 2020,passenger
vehicle kilometres travelled are projected
to increase at an average rate of 1.8%
per year,and the related passenger car
emissions to grow to 44 MtCO2-e by
2020 (DCCEE 2010b).This will make PPT
measures even more important in future
to keep carbon emissions in check.
HowcouldPPTcontributetoDirectAction?
Implementing this opportunity could
reduce emissions by 2.5 MtCO2-e,1.8%
of the Australian Government’s 5% (140
MtCO2-e per year) reduction target for
2020.The associated fraction from the
proposed Emissions Reduction Fund
would be $22 million per year.
40 Connecting with a low-carbon future

41. How far has PPTcome?
In Australia,some services now provide
more real-time engagement with public
transport systems,such as smartphone
apps with real-time arrival information
based on the location of buses and trains
in a network.Though this communication is
still one-way,its popularity is demonstrated
by considerable uptake.For example,the
Sydney Bus real time customer information
service delivered almost 10 million
messages in 2011-12 (TfNSW 2012).
This type of real-time information is linked
to increased uptake of public transit in
surveys (Filippi 2013;Ferris et al.2011).
Nevertheless,it is estimated that the
opportunity to reduce carbon emissions
through PPThas realised only 2% of its
potential;it is currently estimated to be
reducing carbon emissions by the equivalent
of 50.4 ktCO2 per year nation-wide.
How to realise the PPTopportunity
The personalised public transport services
analysed in the 2007 Report were predicated
on improving the public transport experience
and increasing its usage through ICT.
Personalised public transport provides on-
call public transport vehicles which act as
feeders to transit oriented developments,
using integrated modes of local mini-buses,
suburb-to-suburb links,high-speed express
buses,trains and multi-occupant taxi
services.The integration reduces travel and
wait times and increases the economies of
scale for services such as express commuter
trains and buses,as well as suburb-to-
suburb interconnection.
The benefits of using PPTinclude:
• Increased flexibility;
• Reduced waiting times;
• Greater use of public transport
within the catchment area;
• More frequent services;
• Higher speed arterial services;and
• Increased commercial viability of
all transport suppliers.
The integration of ICTin public transport
deployment,use and coordination has equal
application in personal rapid transport
(PRT).PRTuses driverless,battery-powered
pods with features including call or SMS
to order,integrated iPhone connectivity for
manual driver function,LiDAR13
tracking
systems and crash sensors to slow the
vehicle to avoid collisions with pedestrians
or other vehicles.Within the context of PPT
such systems might be used to augment
timetable-driven services with on-demand
services – especially in off-peak periods.
While PRTis nascent and has not been
canvassed in the analysis contained within
this report,it is worth noting ICTintegration
is at the core of these new innovations.
AssumptionsandAdditionalData
1. Current total annual net greenhouse
gas emissions for Australia were
578.4 MtCO2-e according to the National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Australian
Government 2013,table 3).Historical
figures for the2007Report are taken from
the same source document and are given
for the 05/06 financial year,data table 1A.
2. Total emissions from private transport
(passenger cars) are 42.6 MtCO2-e per
year (Australian Government 2013b).
3. The emissions intensity of one kilometre
travelled is approximately 0.199 kg CO2
per kilometre (NCT2013).
4. The assumed cost of fuel is $0.16 per
kilometre (ABS 2013a,RACQ 2013).
5. Compared to a passenger car,the
emission intensity of public transport is
60% lower (Glover 2009).
6. Assumes that wireless broadband-
facilitated personalised public transport
is able to convert 10% of car-based
commuters to public transport.
Assumptions for value of avoided
car-related costs:
Total car-related costs are $AUD 0.74 per
kilometre (ATO 2013).Of this amount,$AUD
0.16 per kilometre is associated with fuel
(RACQ 2013),while the remainder relates
to other costs associated with a vehicle
including factors such as depreciation,
financing,and wear and tear.
13
A detection system that works on the principle of
radar but uses light from a laser.
figure A.8
Carbon opportunity 4:Quantifying the
personalised public transport opportunity.
The dollar value of this opportunity has increased
substantially since 2007,but its potential to reduce
emissions has decreased slightly because improved vehicle
efficiency has reduced overall passenger vehicle emissions.
Uptake assumptions
1. Passenger car emissions and the
emission intensity of public transport
as in items 3 and 5 above,respectively.
2. Assumed balance and trends in car and
public transport use in Australia’s largest
cities is as per Sydney (BTS 2013).
3. Assumes only available in cities with
real-time public transport data systems.
4. Average trip distance is 10.1 km
(BTS 2013).
5. Fraction of increase in public transport
above general transport growth
attributable to ICTis 25%,consistent
with 2-3% gross increases in ICT-driven
public transport use (Filippi et al.2013).
There are new ICToptions emerging for
taxi and minibus services but these
were not included due to lack of
comparative data.
CASE STUDY: HEATHROW T5
Personal rapid transport devices are replacing standard transport,with demonstrated
efficiency increases.HeathrowTerminal 5 has replaced its shuttle buses with 21
personalised rapid transport pods that operate on a 4-km stretch of guideway between
the terminal and the business car park.The wait time has been drastically reduced,
from 10 minutes to instant pod delivery;journey time is now guaranteed because
there is no chance to get caught in traffic.Each pod allows up to four passengers and
uses 70% less energy than a car.The battery powered pods move along the guideway
network,releasing no emissions at Heathrow airport.They saved 400 tonnes of carbon
emissions over two years of operation,and present the opportunity to be powered by
renewable energy.A second system is planned for Heathrow AirportTerminals 2 and 3.
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
$MAUDperannum
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.0
2007 2014 2007 2014
MtCO2
-e
Value/saving
Savings due to carbon price @ $9 AUD/t CO2
-e
Emissions avoided
PPT’s potential Direct Action contribution:
2.5 MtCO2-e 1.8% of ERF $22 million / year value
Connecting with a low-carbon future 41

42. CarbonOpportunity5:
real-timefleetmanagement
What is real-time fleet
management (RFM)?
Using ICT to monitor vehicles,cargo and
drivers can help improve the fuel efficiency
of road freight transportation.This in turn
reduces the carbon emissions of road
freight.Monitoring can assist in delivering
these outcomes by enabling better route
planning;identifying maintenance issues
to ensure optimum vehicle performance;
uncovering opportunities to improve
driver behaviour;and facilitating dynamic
freight brokering to maximise the payload
capacity factor and minimise empty and
partially laden vehicles.
Real-time fleet management (RFM) provides
fleet managers,drivers and freight brokers
with the communication and management
systems they need to increase vehicle,driver
and logistics efficiency.
By increasing the efficiency of freight
operations,RFM could reduce emissions
in a sector that has undergone rapid
emissions growth.Additional benefits of
RFM are avoided fuel costs,and reduced
capital stock required,vehicle wear,and
on-road costs (such as taxation).
What’s changed in RFM since 2007?
Transport for freight (truck and light
commercial vehicles) today produces
about a third of Australian transport
emissions (Figure A.9).Continued growth
in emissions from freight during 2007 to
2012 totalled 15% (BITRE 2013b).The
unladen share was around 28% of the
42 billion freight kilometres travelled by
light commercial vehicles,rigid trucks and
articulated trucks in 2012 (ABS 2013a;
Figure A.10).
Since the 2007 Report,alongside the
opportunities to reduce unladen trips,
it has become evident that real-time
communication with drivers can reduce
emissions through changes to driver
behaviour.
A key ICT development since 2007 is
behavioural telematics,a new field
using GPS,on-board diagnostics and 3G
networking to monitor driver behaviour,
for example,to meet OHS requirements.
This technology could be used in any type
of vehicle,to monitor everything from theft
to driver emergencies and will increasingly
be integrated in ‘connected’ vehicles.
Feeding data about their behaviour back
to drivers can promote safer driving but
also increase fuel efficiency by 15 to 20%,
according to vendors of this technology
such as MyDrive (Telstra 2012b;ALD
Automotive 2013;Ford 2011).
This technology could achieve additional
carbon emissions benefits outside
the freight sector because insurance
companies aim to use it to assess driver
behaviour.Of relevance here,higher risk
behaviours (such as hard braking and
excessive acceleration) also decrease
fuel efficiency.The number of ‘telematics’
insurance users is expected to reach 44
million subscribers in Europe by 2017
(TechRadar 2012).
In addition to developments in behavioural
telematics,vehicle management systems
are becoming more sophisticated and
widespread.Vehicle management systems
can now monitor and report on a variety
of aspects of vehicle performance.This
enables real-time identification and
rectification of maintenance issues that
may impact fuel efficiency.For example,
running at incorrect tyre pressures can
reduce fuel efficiency.
Apps for smartphones put RFM and
behavioural telematics applications
into the hands of small fleet companies
and individual drivers who could also
use them to increase driver safety and
fuel efficiency and reduce transport
carbon emissions.The Motormate app
(Motormate 2012),‘runs in the background
while you’re driving,measuring your driving
style.It then gives you a score for your
performance according to how safe you
are on the road.’
figure A.9
Share of Australian transport emissions
by mode of transport.
Source:Australian Government 2012d
figure A.10
About 28% of the kilometres travelled
by freight are unladen trips.
Source: ABS 2013a
Passenger cars 50%
Light commercial vehicles 15%
Trucks 19%
Buses 2%
Domestic aviation 8%
Domestic shipping 3%
Railways 3%
Unladen vehicles 28%
Laden vehicles 72%
42 Connecting with a low-carbon future

43. The increased power and availability of
mobile devices means that the efficiency
gains made by the handful of market
leaders using cutting edge technology can
now be disseminated through the rest of
the market using standard mobile devices,
with relatively low barriers to uptake.
Why is RFM important?
Implementing this opportunity would
translate into energy savings of $2.2 billion
p.a.through avoided fuel costs.Higher fuel
costs today are a major contributor to a
53% increase in the dollar value of these
fuel savings since 2007 (Figure A.11),while
the growth in transport freight travel (and
therefore fuel use) also plays a role.
This opportunity to avoid emissions has
also increased modestly (by 16%) since
2007 and could reduce Australia’s total
carbon emissions by 0.8% per annum
(4.8 MtCO2-e).This increase in carbon
abatement comes because total freight
emissions have increased.And because
the potential emissions reductions are
larger,the carbon price value of the RFM
measure is also higher ($43 million).
The real-time fleet management measure
could become even more important in
future because the growth in freight
emissions is projected to continue in line
with economic growth (by roughly 20% to
2020;DCCEE 2012d,2010a).
How could RFM contribute
to Direct Action?
Implementing this opportunity could
reduce emissions by 4.8 MtCO2-e,3.5%
of the Australian Government’s 5%
(140 MtCO2-e per year) reduction target
for 2020.The associated fraction from
the proposed Emissions Reduction Fund
would be $41 million per year.
How far has RFM come?
In Australia,the opportunity to reduce
carbon emissions through RFM has
realised about 10% of its potential;it is
currently reducing carbon emissions by
an estimated 0.5 MtCO2 per year.However,
the bulk of this change has been driven by
cuts achieved by market leaders (Linfox
2012a).This action by industry leaders
may be expected to put significant market
pressure on other companies to follow suit
and adopt RFM,or face the prospect of
becoming uncompetitive.
How to realise the RFM opportunity
Today,in-vehicle technology that improves
driver behaviour includes video event
recorders (using mobile connectivity) and
integrated GPS.Integrated GPS tracks
the location of vehicle events as well as
environmental conditions (Zurich 2013;
DriveCam 2013).
However,according to Machina (2012),
‘Drivers may perceive themselves to be
over-managed by these solutions and
there may be significant ‘user’ push-back.’
Communicating the environmental goals
of driver’s telematics ratings can enhance
acceptance and peer competition to
improve safety and achieve the fuel and
emissions saving potential of behavioural
telematics (Business Fleet 2013).
Vehicle management systems can collect
data including speed,oil life and pressure,
engine temperature,tyre pressure,and
particulate and CO2-e emissions.This data
gives operators a clearer picture of vehicle
risk,productivity and maintenance status.
Telematics hardware is now built into
many vehicles at the factory.
RFM is especially useful for owner-
operator carriers who lack the capacity or
resources for an integrated management
system.In Australia’s highly competitive
freight sector,profit margins are extremely
tight and the opportunity to avoid costs
of increasingly expensive fuel could be a
significant motivator for uptake.
Wireless devices and mobile networks
allow freight brokers to identify loads,
vehicle locations,destinations and load
status,enabling them to offer freight to
empty or partially laden vehicles.Brokers
with various forms of ICT-enabled support
can provide the most expedient routes for
load pick-up and delivery.
figure A.11
Carbon opportunity 5: Quantifying the real-time
fleet management opportunity.
The dollar value of this opportunity has increased by 53%
since 2007.Its potential to reduce emissions increased by
16%,along with its carbon abatement value.
2007 2014 2007 2014
Value/saving
Value of carbon abatement @ $9 AUD/t CO2
-e
Emissions avoided
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
$MAUDperannum
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
MtCO2
-eperannum
Connecting with a low-carbon future 43

44. REAL WORLD EXAMPLE: Navman Wireless
ICT-enabled vehicle systems are used by many companies for tracking vehicles and
reporting on data to increase efficiency for both their on-road and management
teams,in areas such as fuel savings,job allocation and the efficient use of vehicles.
Industrial Metal Services Ltd in the UK used ICT-enabled vehicles using real-time
messaging and routing functions to help the company cut fuel costs and increase
efficiency by allowing better allocation of both planned and ad hoc freight jobs to
vehicles of the right size in the right location.In the first month of operation,diesel
costs came down by 20%.
Assumptionsandadditionaldata
1. Current total annual net greenhouse
gas emissions for Australia were 578.4
MtCO2-e according to the National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Australian
Government 2013b,table 3.) Historical
figures for the 2007 Report are taken
from the same source document and
are given for the 05/06 financial year,
data table 1A.
2. Total emissions from freight transport
are 32.3 MtCO2-e (BITRE 2013b).
3. Assumes that real-time fleet
management increases payload
capacity factors equivalent to reducing
unladen kilometres by 12%.
4. Assumes ICT enables more efficient
driving and more efficient vehicle
performance,reducing emissions
per kilometre by 10%.This measure
is separate to the above load
consolidation.
5. Assumes cost of fuel is $0.60 per
kilometre (Based on ABS 2013a
RACQ 2013).Other savings such as
insurance,depreciation and vehicle
wear are not included.
Uptake assumptions
1. Freight sector emissions as in item
2 above.
2. Potential to save carbon emissions is
37%,of which 15% is attributed to ICT
(Linfox 2012a and b).
3. Estimated market uptake for fleet
management is estimated as applied
by only the leading 10% of the market.
RTF’s potential Direct Action contribution:
4.8 MtCO2-e 3.5% of ERF $41 million / year value
44 Connecting with a low-carbon future

45. CarbonOpportunity6:
increasedrenewableenergy
What is the increased renewable energy
(IRE) opportunity?
The increased renewable energy (IRE)
opportunity is based on the ability to
manipulate significant electrical loads
across a large customer base to match
demand with predicted and real-time
generation of renewable power.
Time-regulation of the energy used in
appropriate devices and appliances
can play an important part in power
management of the electricity network.
This opportunity harnesses ICTin the home
and workplace by making use of Internet-
connected appliances and easy-to-install
networked switches and sockets.This
permits energy-consuming appliances
that are not critically time sensitive – hot
water systems,washing machines,dryers,
dishwashers,fridges,charging devices and
air-conditioners – to perform their normal
services at a pace dynamically informed by
renewable energy generation.
The time-sensitive use of these devices
to control electricity demand is well
understood but unfortunately,if this
energy management is done solely with
the goal of minimising electricity costs,
it can lead to higher carbon emissions.
This is because time-shifting of electricity
use may result in greater use of base-load
generation,which is currently dominated
by coal,with less use of cleaner gas
and hydropower.
However,if the energy consumption of
these devices is controlled by ICT,these
devices can be used to form what might be
thought of as Iarge,distributed manageable
loads to be used in conjunction with
renewable energy as it is generated –
over seconds,minutes and hours.
In addition to making renewable energy
more‘grid-friendly’,this ICT-enabled
opportunity can also be used to ‘soak up’
renewable energy before peak demand
periods begin.For example,water heaters
or air-conditioners can use this energy
production prior to the peak,and then
be turned off or operated under reduced
load during the peak,before catching up
again after the peak using more renewable
energy.Already,some air conditioners sold
in Australia can be remotely controlled
by energy providers,to facilitate a shift
in electricity use to off-peak times
(Panasonic 2012).
This approach can be thought of as a form
of demand-side management,but equally
it can be thought of as supply shifting
renewable energy into higher pricing
periods,increasing its value by up to 60%
(Productivity Commission 2011b).
This measure would secure or increase the
value of production from large renewable
energy power plants (to a value equivalent
to that of both dispatchable base-load
and some amount of peak-load) and from
small-scale buildings with integrated
renewable energy systems like rooftop
solar panels.In doing so,it could make
several renewable energy sources cost-
competitive with electricity generated
by fossil fuel14
.Any ICT-enabled increase
in the production of renewable energy
resulting from cost-competitiveness
against fossil fuels would in turn reduce
carbon emissions.
What’s changed in IRE since 2007?
In 2012–13 approximately 76% of
Australia’s electricity was supplied by
coal and a further 13% by gas (Australian
Government 2013b) – with the remainder
mainly supplied by renewable energy.
Overall,electricity generation using fossil
fuels accounts for 36% of Australia’s total
greenhouse gas emissions,up by 1% from
the 2007 Report.
Australia has large sources of renewable
energy:wind,solar,geothermal,biomass
from agricultural waste,and ocean-based
energy.Among renewable technologies,
wind and solar are the fastest growing.
According to the Australian Energy Market
Operator (AEMO 2013),of the 30,000 MW
of publicly-announced new generation
capacity on the investment horizon,45%
is wind,37% gas and 11% coal-fired.Wind
generation makes up the majority of new
committed projects.
Meanwhile,new developments since the
2007 Report have seen a step-change
toward smart cities,within which the
standalone load-control measures
described above can be and are being
embedded.With the introduction of smart
grids,the smart city can manage energy
distribution,generation and in-device
energy storage.Smart grids can collect
and analyse the flow of energy between
devices through smart sensors,back-
end IT systems,smart meters and the
connecting ICT networks.
Why is IRE important?
This opportunity can be thought of as
either a means to increase the value of
existing renewable energy or increase
the amount of production possible.In the
context of measures to reduce national
emissions,the emphasis in this report is
on the latter goal,to produce renewable
generation beyond that required by the
national Renewable Energy Target (RET).
The key enablers required for such uptake
are achieving cost convergence with
conventional electricity generation and
ensuring the variable nature of renewable
supplies can be tamed for both the grid
and the home.Both issues are addressed
by this ICT opportunity.
14
Based on Australian Government generation price profiles (BREE 2012b).
Connecting with a low-carbon future 45

46. Implementing this opportunity would
facilitate additional renewable electricity
generation (of 12,693 GWh p.a.),with
energy production worth $761.6 million
p.a.at an average value of $60/MWh for
large,grid-connected renewables with
an additional 20% value created,on
average,from capturing additional value
in peak demand periods (Figure A.12).
There would also be an annual value of
approximately $102 million from carbon
abatement at an equivalent of $9/MtCO2-e.
To be competitive,the price of building-
integrated renewables such as solar panels
would need to compare to the retail price
of electricity as opposed to the grid price,
although these two prices are related.
In principle this revenue would go to
renewable energy generators (including
home owners),but since the share referred
to here is‘created’ by ICT networks and
home/building owners,we assume that
this value would also be shared by these
enabling participants.
This opportunity to avoid emissions
has increased by about 6% since 2007.
This opportunity could still significantly
reduce Australia’s total carbon emissions
by 2.0% per annum (11.3 MtCO2-e).
How could IRE contribute to Direct Action?
Implementing this opportunity could
reduce emissions by 11.3 MtCO2-e,
8.1% of the Australian Government’s 5%
(140 MtCO2-e per year) reduction target
for 2020.The associated fraction from
the proposed Emissions Reduction Fund
would be $97 million per year.
How far has IRE come?
Renewable energy has become the
largest source of new generation capacity
in Australia.However,the use of ICT to
unlock additional value and generation in
increasing renewable energy,and in the
ways laid out in this section,is still nascent.
Strictly speaking,because the amount
of new,renewable generation is dictated
by the Renewable Energy Target,no
generation of significance (including any
attributable to ICT) is currently produced
outside of the scheme.Therefore,any
additional renewable energy made
possible by ICT would be offset by reduced
production elsewhere.However,this
situation is changing because the cost of
renewables and fossil fuels is beginning to
converge,and because some renewables
incorporate energy storage technology
to enable baseload generation.For
renewables that still have variability,the
added value created by ICT enhances the
competitiveness of these non-baseload
generators (BREE 2012b).
The IRE opportunity is far from merely
hypothetical.For example,South
Australia’s energy market produces more
wind energy than it can consume at times
but also experiences severe spikes in
power demand.This state is trialling‘direct
load control’,which ‘allows electricity
distributors to remotely control electric
devices in a home (or a business) and thus
to‘cycle’ electrical appliances at peak
times,that is,to turn on and off appliances
such as air-conditioners and pool pumps,
for short intervals’ (ETSA 2011),and more
generally to moderate the power draw with
no loss of amenity.
In summary,for the above-noted ‘policy
framework’ reasons,emission reductions
cannot yet be directly attributed to IRE.
However,its role is clearly being developed
by utilities,where its uptake may be most
useful.
How to realise the IRE opportunity
Wind farms are typically placed in
locations with strong and consistent
winds,but wind speeds are not the same
at all times,which makes wind power
a‘variable’ energy supply.Similarly,
production from solar panels on the
roof of a house can go up and down on
a cloudy day.Greater use of Australia’s
plentiful,low-cost renewable energy
sources is hampered by intermittency
and the minute-by-minute15
variability of
supply,and this could present a barrier
to achieving deep carbon emissions cuts.
The ability to provide more predictable
power – using IRE load balancing – can
substantially increase the value of wind
and other variable energy supplies.
15
Minute-by-minute fluctuations can be managed by backup with gas generation,but this is a fossil fuel that results in carbon emissions.
These issues have been considered by the Future Grid Forum,www.csiro.au/future-grid-forum.
figure A.12
Carbon opportunity 6:Increased renewable energy
Avoided emissions,and value of carbon abatement and
dollar revenue from electricity sales through increased
renewable energy.The value of this opportunity has
increased by 10%,and its potential to reduce emissions
has also increased slightly.
2007 2014 2007 2014
Value/saving
Value of carbon abatement @ $9 AUD/t CO2
-e
Emissions avoided
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
$MAUDperannum
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
MtCO2
-eperannum
46 Connecting with a low-carbon future

47. This IRE opportunity could assist grid
managers in three ways.First,it could
avoid the need to manage the grid supply
on very short,second-by-second time
scales that are very difficult for managers
to accommodate.Second,it could reduce
the need to use fossil fuel backup for
intermittency on minute-by-minute and
hour-by-hour time scales.This effectively
turns a variable energy supply into
something akin to a base-load supply.
Third,IRE could achieve an outcome
equivalent to storing renewable energy
for peak demand periods by using homes
and buildings like a battery,gaining a still
higher value for these energy sources.
Connectivity,combined with intelligent
load management of heating,cooling,and
discretionary and charging appliances,
can overcome the challenges of variability
of supply.National intelligent ICT networks
and devices increase the viability of
renewable energy by effectively balancing
changes to create stable and predictable
generation,contributing more emission-
free power to the electricity supply.
The grid is not a battery,and grid operators
cannot control how people use energy.
Grid operators must constantly balance
electricity supply and demand.An
alternative to balancing energy supply is to
manage loads.This is called demand-side
management.Conventionally,this relies
on price signals for energy consumers.
Many electrical appliances and devices
in homes,offices and other buildings are
only mildly time-critical (discretionary)
and can be managed to control loads with
no loss of customer amenity.
Typical discretionary loads in the home
and workplace include:
• Air conditioning;
• Electric heating;
• Electric hot water systems or electric
boosted solar hot water;
• Refrigerators and freezers;
• Devices on charge such as tools,laptop
computers and wireless phones;
• Electric vehicles on charge.
Smart meters allow utilities and
consumers to make use of variable
and granular energy pricing,which
better reflects the cost of generation,
transmission and distribution.They are
also a way to let customers know how
power price varies through the day so
they may choose to shift the timing of
their energy-intensive activities and
save money.However,this shift can also
increase the uptake of off-peak,high-
emission,base-load coal power.The
consumer response is furthermore a
relatively slow and blunt instrument.A
faster response,enabled by broadband,
could assist with managing the short-term
dynamics of renewable energy.
The above-mentioned discretionary
loads are increasingly being Internet-
enabled,making them readily accessible
to external management over home or
office broadband connections.Regulating
energy-consuming devices and appliances
can play an important part in power
management of the electricity network.
Time-of-use regulation constitutes
a major tool for distributed load
management.Although the net energy use
would be the same,it is the time shifting or
‘dynamic’ aspect that is being harnessed
in this opportunity.
This opportunity applies broadband to
the home and workplace,with broadband
enabled appliances,switches and sockets
that can be easily installed in buildings.
Building user trust in external parties that
manage electrical device and appliance
loads is critical to ensuring widespread
implementation of this opportunity.The
IRE opportunity would therefore lend
itself to implementation by electricity or
telecommunication utilities.
Assumptionsandadditionaldata
1. Current total annual net greenhouse
gas emissions for Australia were 578.4
MtCO2-e according to the National
Greenhouse Gas Inventory (Australian
Government 2013b,table 3.) Historical
figures for the 2007 Report are taken
from the same source document and
are given for the 05/06 financial year,
data table 1A.
2. Emission intensity of electricity
production of 0.89 t CO2-e per MWh
(DCCEE 2012e).
3. Increased potential for renewable
electricity through support of
the penetration of wind and
solar generation in case of 100%
penetration of smart grid technologies
is 5% (Pratt et al.2012).
4. Average value of electricity in the
National Electricity Market is $50/
MWh and average peak prices
are assumed to be 60% higher,
(Productivity Commission 2011b).
5. Assumes that an equivalent value
balance is achieved for building
integrated generation compared to the
delivered price of electricity.
6. Load balanced renewable energy
production is assumed to be of equal
value to the NEM average.
7. Discretionary device services are
assumed to be able to remain within
a performance envelope for up to two
hours without power.
IRE’s potential Direct Action contribution:
11.3 MtCO2-e 8.1% of ERF $97 million / year value
Connecting with a low-carbon future 47

48. CASE STUDIES: EnerNOC and CSIRO renewable
energy integration and intelligent energy
EnerNOC
This company demonstrates that time regulation of power use is not only technically
achievable but commercially viable.EnerNOC successfully works with utilities and
power consumers to reduce electricity demand at critical times (when demand could
exceed supply).It acts as an intermediary between energy generators willing to pay
users to reduce power consumption (because it is cheaper to do this than build new
plant) and users who reap financial rewards for engaging in flexible power consumption.
EnerNOC reports more than half a billion dollars worth of energy savings16
under its
‘DemandSMART’ banner.
EnerNOC works with its commercial,industrial,and institutional partners to design
energy curtailment plans to reduce non-essential energy use at critical times.Its
technicians deploy technology at its partners’ sites,including meters for real-time
monitoring of electricity use.EnerNOC covers all costs associated with bringing their
facilities online.In Australia,EnerNOC is working on demand management programs
in conjunction with the South West Interconnected System in Western Australia and
TransGrid in Sydney.
EnerNOC’s web-based DemandSMART application allows partners to monitor energy
use data through EnerNOC online portals.This provides the added benefit of real-time,
minute-by-minute views of energy use and helps partners identify opportunities for
energy (and dollar) savings beyond the DemandSMART management payments.
At critical times,utilities and grid operators call upon EnerNOC to enact their partners’
energy reduction plans,to stabilise the grid,essentially creating‘virtual power plants’.
EnerNOC’s partners are paid for this energy they do not use,but also for simply being on
call.This practice benefits utilities,businesses,the community and the environment.
As of January 2013,EnerNOC had more than 13,500 sites in its network and had
achieved 38 million tonnes of CO2 reductions.
CSIRO renewable energy integration and intelligent energy
CSIRO is demonstrating that the time regulation of power use can be linked to
renewable energy.The CSIRO Energy Transformed Flagship is conducting research
directly relevant to the ICT link between electricity network loads and generation.This
work is being carried out at the Renewable Energy Integration Facility,located at the
CSIRO Energy Centre in Newcastle,NSW.
This million-dollar facility provides capability in energy management and electricity grid
operation and planning with a particular focus on growth in renewable generation.
The facility’s researchers are focused on creating techniques to allow greater
penetration of renewable energy in Australia’s electricity networks.They capture
detailed electrical power data – to a scale of 1/5000th of a second – and relate it to solar
photovoltaics (building integrated and tracking),wind turbines,natural gas turbines,
combined heat and power (CHP) cogeneration units,load banks,UltraBattery storage
and flow battery storage.
Separate but related work under CSIRO’s ICT Centre Intelligent Energy program is also
using advanced ICT to find ways to manage and use energy more intelligently,with the
goal of making renewable energy more reliable,thereby encouraging its uptake.
16
As of January 2013.‘Estimate based on demand response payments earned for EnerNOC’s CI customers since 2007 as a portion of previously reported cost of revenues and savings from
other energy management applications,and projected rate of future payments/savings.’
48 Connecting with a low-carbon future

49. CarbonOpportunity7:
highdefinitionvideoconferencing
What is high definition video
conferencing (HDVC)?
Long-distance,short duration travel can
effectively be replaced with life-like online
video conferencing that is significantly
more efficient in terms of cost,time,
energy and emissions.
What’s changed since 2007 in HDVC?
In 2013 aviation carbon emissions made
up 8.3% of Australian transport emissions
(Australian Government 2013b).Driven
by growing consumer demand for air
travel,carbon emissions from domestic
aviation have more than doubled since
1990,a higher growth rate than any other
transport sector (Australian Government
2013b;Figure A.13).
In Australia,domestic aviation has been
subject to an Equivalent Carbon Price.
International policy pressure to reduce
carbon emissions from aviation is building.
Although international bunker fuels are
excluded from restriction under the Kyoto
Protocol,within the EU,aviation is subject
to a carbon price under the EU Emissions
Trading Scheme.In 2013 progress was
made toward an agreement to control
international aviation emissions when the
International Civil Aviation Organization
Assembly agreed to develop a global
market-based mechanism by 2016,and to
apply it by 2020 (EC 2013).
Video conferencing has undergone rapid
market expansion globally.Although
growth in dedicated systems temporarily
halted in 2012,this technology is still
expected to achieve a $4 billion market
by 2017.Meanwhile the market for
lower-cost,non-dedicated solutions (e.g.,
PBX) has undergone rapid growth in recent
years (Infonetics 2013).
These trends mirror the evolution in the
video conferencing market since the 2007
Report.At the lower end of the market,
personal video conferencing products
have emerged,and many home and mobile
telepresence products have made
an entry.
The growth in popularity of tablet devices,
combined with real-time,multi-point video
for virtualised desktops is also driving
a major push for video conferencing to
become truly multi-modal.The video
conference experience has therefore
become unchained from conference
rooms,a trend that further increases the
potential for video conferencing to replace
a significant portion of various modes of
business-related travel (for example,as a
potential substitute for within-city work
commutes by passenger vehicle).
The use of telemedicine is also emerging
as an exciting opportunity to reduce health
sector travel,while videoconferencing in the
education sector offers opportunities for
collaboration,virtual excursions,and access
to more teachers,experts and courses.
Why is HDVC important?
Implementing this opportunity would
translate into savings of $1.2 billion p.a.
through avoided air travel.Increased
business expenditure on travel is a key
reason for the 46% jump in value of the
potential dollar savings of this opportunity
since 2007 (Figure A.14).
This opportunity to avoid emissions has
also increased since 2007,by 53%,and
could reduce Australia’s carbon emissions
by 1.0 MtCO2-e,equivalent to 0.2% per
annum (not including an additional 0.2%
per annum through the abatement of
1.4 MtCO2-e of international aviation
emissions).Again,the increase in carbon
abatement potential comes mainly
because of the rise in aviation emissions
noted above.
And because the potential emissions
reductions are larger,the carbon value
($8.7 million) of the HDVC measure is
also higher.
Short-term growth rates for air travel are
forecast to increase from 3.3% to 4.7%
per year over the period 2013 to 2016
(Airservices Australia 2010).Given that an
estimated 37% of air passenger travel is for
business (DIT 2012),measures to replace
business travel with video conferencing
will be more important than ever,to help
restrain the growth in air travel projected
through to 2030 (DCCEE 2010b).17
Carbon abatement in this sector is also
important given that aviation emissions
released at altitude are at least 1.7 times
more harmful18
in greenhouse gas terms
than those at ground level (Forster 2005;
this effect was not included in these
calculations).
figure A.13
Rapid growth in domestic air travel since 1990 has led to
rising emissions,a trend projected to continue.
17
Based on 2010 figures,aviation emissions are projected to increase in real terms (to 9 MtCO2
-e in 2030) and as a share of total transport emissions (to 8.7% by 2030;DCCEE 2010b).
18
For a 100-year horizon;and 3.7 times more harmful at a 25-year horizon.
10
8
6
4
2
0
MtCO2
-eperannum
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Source: DCCEE 2010b
Connecting with a low-carbon future 49

50. How could HDVC contribute
to Direct Action?
Implementing this opportunity could
reduce emissions by 1.0 MtCO2-e
(counting domestic travel only),0.7%
of the Australian Government’s 5%
(140 MtCO2-e per year) reduction target
for 2020.The associated fraction from
the proposed Emissions Reduction Fund
would be $8.3 million per year.
How far has HDVC come?
In Australia,video conferencing has
already had a major impact on business
travel.The opportunity to reduce carbon
emissions through HDVC has realised
approximately 43.8% of its potential;it is
currently reducing carbon emissions by an
estimated 0.4 MtCO2-e per year.
How to realise the HDVC opportunity
An estimated 60% of communication
between people is non-verbal,conveyed
through body language,gesture and
expression.In the past,these elements
were lost through teleconferencing
when the body was not shown and
definition was too low to capture nuanced
facial expression.High-end video
conferencing with considerable bandwidth
requirements,such as the systems sold
by market leaders Cisco and Polycom,
addresses these shortcomings.
Educating customers on the benefits of
video conferencing will help to promote
its uptake.A study on ‘The Telepresence
Revolution’ on behalf of the Carbon
Disclosure Project,found that if U.S.
and UK companies with more than
$1 billion in revenues implemented
strong video conferencing programs,
they would together generate almost
$19 billion in financial benefits and avoid
5.5 MtCO2-e of emissions (CDP 2010).
Research (JISC 2012) suggests that to be
actively taken up,video conferencing must
be managed,nurtured and pro-actively
supported by organisations that purchase
the technology.Its positive benefits in
terms of emissions reduction cannot be
realised if it is purchased and deployed
but rarely used.
Assumptionsandadditionaldata
1. Current total annual net greenhouse
gas emissions for Australia were
578.4 MtCO2-e according to the
National Greenhouse Gas Inventory
(Australian Government 2013b,table 3).
Historical figures for the 2007 Report
are taken from the same source
document and are given for the 05/06
financial year,data table 1A.
2. Current total annual emissions from
domestic aviation were 7.8 MtCO2-e per
year in 2012 (Australian Government
2013b).
3. Emissions from international aviation
are approximately 1.44 times those of
domestic emissions (DIICCSRTE 2013).
4. The estimated fraction of flight travel
due to business use is 37% (DIRD 2012).
5. Business expenditures for airline
fares,taxis/hire car in 2012/13 were
$3.7 billion (TRA 2013).
6. Assumes one-third of business aviation
trips could be replaced with video
conference meetings with high speed,
high definition links.
Uptake assumptions:
1. Emissions as in item 2.
2. Uptake of telepresence assumes
annual emission savings of 76
tCO2-e per room per year (for 2011),
which includes both national and
international aviation emissions.Note:
Cisco have reduced their air travel GHG
emissions by 38% in 2011 compared
to 2007 levels (Cisco 2012d).With a
market size of 13,500 (installed ‘video
endpoints’ in Australia;best estimate
from Cisco,2012e),a penetration of
1.03 MtCO2 savings was estimated to
be achieved in 2012.
3. Estimated market size of 13,500
(installed ‘video endpoints’ in Australia;
best estimate from Cisco,2012e).
figure A.14
Carbon opportunity 7:Quantifying the high
definition video conferencing opportunity.
The value of this opportunity has increased by
46% since 2007,along with a 53% increase in
the potential to reduce emissions.
2007 2014 2007 2014
CASE STUDY: TELEPRESENCE –
Australian Department of Finance
Telstra has partnered with Cisco Systems to provide the Australian Department of
Finance with TelePresence conferencing facilities.Since adopting TelePresence
conferencing,the Department of Finance has saved up to $70,000 per meeting for
more than 760 meetings.This equates to more than $5 million in travel savings.
As well as financial savings,the reduction in travel has also provided abatement
of more than 1 KtCO2-e of greenhouse gas emissions.
HDVC’s potential Direct Action contribution:
1.0 MtCO2-e 0.7% of ERF $8.3 million / year value
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
$MAUD
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
2007 2014 2007 2014
MtCO2
-e
Value/saving
Value of carbon abatement @ $9 AUD/t CO2
-e
Emissions avoided
50 Connecting with a low-carbon future

51. Appendix b:
Additional Results
table B.1
Value of carbon price abatement for the seven ICT-enabled low-carbon opportunities.
Carbon value ($M AUD) $9 AUD/tCO2
-e $25 AUD/tCO2
-e $50 AUD/tCO2
-e $100 AUD/tCO2
-e
Remote Appliance Power Management 18.5 51.3 102.6 205.3
Context-aware Power Management 26.8 74.4 148.8 297.5
Decentralised Working 25.1 69.8 139.7 279.4
Personalised Public Transport 22.9 63.5 126.9 253.9
Real-time Fleet Management 43.5 120.8 241.5 483.1
High Definition Video Conferencing 8.7 24.1 48.1 96.2
Increased Renewable Energy 101.7 282.4 564.8 1129.6
table B.2
Potential abatement,dollar value and carbon price value for the seven ICT-enabled low-carbon opportunities;compares 2007 and 2014 values.
Carbon
opportunity
2014
emissions
abated -
penetration
(Mt CO2
-e/
yr)
2007
abatement
- avoided
emissions
(Mt CO2
-e/
yr)
2014
abatement
- avoided
emissions
(Mt CO2
-e/
yr)
%
Change
2014
abatement
% of
national
emissions
Fraction
of target
2007
Saving
($M AUD)
2014
Saving
($M AUD)
Direct
action
value
($M AUD)
2007
carbon
value @
$9/tCO2
-e
($M AUD)
2014
carbon
value @
$9/tCO2
-e
($M AUD)
Opportunity 1
Remote
Appliance
Power
Management
0.48 1.55 2.05 32.09% 0.35% 1.47% $264 $565 $17.6 $14.0 $18.5
Opportunity 2
Context-aware
Power
Management
0.13 2.64 2.98 12.62% 0.51% 2.13% $449 $819 $25.5 $23.8 $26.8
Opportunity 3
Decentralised
Working
0.97 3.00 2.79 -7.03% 0.48% 2.00% $1,355 $1,730 $23.9 $25.1 $25.1
Opportunity 4
Personalised
Public
Transport
0.05 2.60 2.54 -2.52% 0.44% 1.81% $1,174 $1,572 $21.8 $23.4 $22.9
Opportunity 5
Real-time Fleet
Management
0.48 4.17 4.83 15.97% 0.84% 3.45% $1,471 $2,249 $41.4 $37.5 $43.5
Opportunity 6
Increased
Renewable
Energy
0 10.70 11.30 5.62% 1.95% 8.07% $690 $762 $96.8 $96.3 $101.7
Opportunity 7
High Definition
Video
Conferencing
0.42 0.63 0.96 52.94% 0.17% 0.69% $823 $1,203 $8.25 $5.66 $8.7
Connecting with a low-carbon future 51

52. table B.3
Estimates of abatement achieved and dollar value already captured,versus their future potential,for the seven ICT-enabled low-carbon opportunities.
Carbon
opportunity
Applicable
sector
Annual
emissions
from sector
(Mt CO2
-e/
yr)
Current
achieved
abatement
(Mt CO2
-e/
yr)
Percentage
of sector
emissions
avoided
Total
potential
abatement
(Mt CO2
-e/
yr)
Total value
(excluding
carbon
value) ($M
AUD/yr)
Percentage
of
opportunity
captured
Value of
opportunity
captured
($M AUD/
yr)
Abatement
still to
capture
(Mt CO2
-e/
yr)
Remote Appliance
Power Management
Electricity 187.0 0.481 0.26% 2.05 $565.07 23.43% $132.39 1.57
Context-aware Power
Management
Electricity 187.0 0.135 0.07% 2.98 $819.09 4.53% $37.12 2.84
Decentralised Working
Passenger
vehicles
42.6 0.973 2.28% 2.79 $1,729.58 34.83% $602.47 1.82
Personalised Public
Transport
Passenger
vehicles
42.6 0.050 0.12% 2.54 $1,571.91 1.99% $31.25 2.49
Real-time Fleet
Management
Freight
transport
32.3 0.478 1.48% 4.83 $2,248.88 9.89% $222.52 4.35
Increased Renewable
Energy
Electricity 187.0 0 0% 11.30 $761.55 0% $0.01 11.30
High Definition Video
Conferencing
Domestic
aviation
19.5 0.422 2.16% 0.96 $1,202.57 43.82% $526.94 0.54
52 Connecting with a low-carbon future

53. Appendix C:
Additional information
on ICT trends
table C.1
Power consumption targets of end-use equipment for networks,comparing 2007 targets with those for 2013-14.
Equipment (old) Equipment name (new) Tier 1:
31.12.2007
Tier 2013–2014:
1.1.2013–31.12.2014
Off [W] On [W] Idle-State
[W]
On-State
[W]
ADSL/VDSL-modem USB powered DSL-modem
powered by USB
0 1.5 1.5 1.5
ADSL/modem (Ports:1 DSL,Ethernet
10/100,1 USB device,1.1/2.0 firewall,
Cable modem PLC modem
ADSL2plus 0.3 6 2.4 3.4
VDSL-modem (max ports:1 DSL,Ethernet
10/100,1 USB 1.2/2.0 firewall
VDSL2
(8,12a,17a,but not 30a)
0.3 8 3.2 4.6
Each additional function of the following:
WLAN 802 11h/g,WLAN 802 11a FXO,
FXS/VoIP,hub switch for several ports,
DECT,Bluetooth
2
USB - not load connected 0.1 0.1
Bluetooth 0.1 0.3
FXS 0.3 1.2
DECT GAP 0.5 1
Wi-Fi interface single band IEEE
802.11g or 11a/h radio with up to 23
dBm EIRP
0.2 0.4
WLAN access points Wi-Fi access points with single band
IEEE 802.11b/g or 11a
0.3 6
VoIP device VoIP telephone 0.3 5 2.7 3.5
Small printer server Print server (without Wi-Fi) 0.3 5 1.8 3.6
Small hubs and switches Small hubs and non-managed 4 port
Layer 2 Gigabit Ethernet switches
without CPU (no VPN or VoIP)
0.3 5 1.5 2.8
Source:European Commission
figure c.1
Energy efficiency performance improvements between two generations of Cisco integrated services routers;2004 and 2009.
Adapted from: Cisco 2012d
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
ATISTEER(NORMALISEDBITS/WATT)
2901
2911
2921
2951 3925
3945
3825 3845
28512821
2801 2811
Cisco ISR G2 2009 Products
Cisco ISR G1 2004 Products
Connecting with a low-carbon future 53

54. Acronymsandabbreviations
BAU – Business as usual;see glossary
CO2-e – Carbon dioxide equivalent;see glossary
GDP – Gross domestic product;see glossary
GHG – Greenhouse gas;see glossary
ICT – Information and communication technology;see glossary
IP – Internet protocol
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development
Telco – Short form for‘telecommunications’ company or carrier
RAPM – Remote appliance power management (opportunity)
CAPM – Context aware power management (opportunity)
DW – Decentralised working (opportunity)
PPT – Personalised public transport (opportunity)
RFM – Real-time fleet management (opportunity)
IRE – Increase renewable energy (opportunity)
HDVC – High definition video conferencing (opportunity)
Glossaryofterms
Abatement (i.e.,of greenhouse gas emissions)
A reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
Anthropogenic
The result of human activities.
Business as usual (BAU)
Refers in this report to the emissions trajectory associated
with undertaking activities without any measures to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.BAU trajectories may be compared to
pathways that account for greenhouse gas mitigation policies to
show the potential impact of these policies.
Carbon emissions
See greenhouse gas emissions.
Carbon footprint
‘The total set of greenhouse gas emissions (see GHG emissions)
produced by a person,organisation,event,or product’according
to the UK Carbon Trust definition (www.carbontrust.com).
Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e)
The net effect greenhouse gas emissions is often presented as
carbon dioxide equivalent,which is a conversion to the global
warming potential of carbon dioxide over a 100-year period.For
example,the global warming potential for a tonne of methane is
21 times that of a tonne of carbon dioxide.
Decarbonisation
‘Denotes the declining average carbon intensity of primary energy
over time,’according to the IPCC.
Decoupling
The separation of a growth trend of two elements that may have
traditionally grown at the same pace,e.g.energy and emissions.
Energy intensity
The emissions generated per unit of input or output.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The economic value of a country’s annual production of goods
and services.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
Gases in the atmosphere that adsorb and emit infrared
radiation,which subsequently lead to global warming.Most
common anthropogenic greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide
(CO2),methane (CH4),ozone (03),nitrous oxide (N20) and sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6).
Information and communication technology (ICT)
Incorporates the integration of and convergence between the
fixed and wireless broadband telecommunications networks
and equipment that facilitates the storage,transmission and
processing of data by managing and distributing analogue and
digital signals.Converged ICT includes hardware and software
on and between devices,all of which is necessary to deliver the
applications of voice,video and data across both the Internet and
private networks.
Mitigation
An anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance
the sinks of greenhouse gases,’ according to the IPCC.
Opportunity (i.e.,low-carbon opportunity)
In this report,a low-carbon opportunity refers to an identified
ICT-related application that has the potential to cost-effectively
reduce carbon emissions.
Stationary energy
The combined use of electricity and gas for industrial,
commercial and residential purposes.
Telework
Telework typically entails full-time or part-time workers,who
are remote from a central business location,connecting with
employers or clients (ATAC 2006).
Unitmeasuresandtheirabbreviations
Bytes – (i.e.giga/peta/zetta) – One gigabyte is equal to
1000,000,000 bytes,a unit measurement of digital information.
Mbps/Gbps – mega/giga bits per second – Measures of digital
information transfer speed.
kWh – kilowatt-hour – Equal to 1,000 watt-hours,a unit
measurement of energy.
MWh – megawatt-hour – Equal to 1,000,000 watt-hours,a unit
measurement of energy.
Kt – kilotonne – One kilotonne is equal to 1,000 tonnes,a unit
measurement of weight.
Mt – megatonnes – One megatonne is one million tonnes.
Greenhouse gas emissions are often displayed in megatonnes
carbon dioxide equivalent per annum (MtCO2-e/yr).
PJ – petajoule – One petajoule is equal to 1015 joules,a
measurement of energy.
ppm – parts per million – A unit of concentration.
$M – millions of dollars – A unit of measure for graphing.
Glossary
54 Connecting with a low-carbon future

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60 Connecting with a low-carbon future

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Connecting with a low-carbon future 61

62. The Project Team
01DrKarlMallon
Dr Karl Mallon is the Founding Director of Climate Risk.Karl
received First Class Honours in Physics and holds a Doctorate
in Mechanical Engineering.As a thought-leader in the climate
change debate,Karl has worked in climate change mitigation,
policy and technical analysis since 1991.He was editor and
co-author of ‘Renewable Energy Policy and Politics:A Handbook
for Decision Making’ published by Earthscan (London).Karl’s
ground breaking work has him currently working in climate
change impacts risk to local government,insurance,institutional
investment and large corporations on opportunities for operation
under carbon and climate constraints.
02JaniceWormworth
Janice Wormworth is a technical researcher,writer and
communications specialist for Climate Risk.Janice holds a
Bachelor of Science and a Masters in Journalism and has
worked for more than fifteen years to communicate the science
of climate change and energy issues.She has worked for
public broadcasters in North America,and for national and
international non-government organisations in Australia,Europe
and North America including the David Suzuki Foundation.
Recently she served as a communication adviser to the CSIRO.
A published author,she recently co-authored,‘Winged Sentinels’,
a book about birds and climate change published by Cambridge
University Press.
03CassandraScott
Cassandra Scott works with Climate Risk on a consulting
basis and has more than 20 years experience in public policy,
management,media,communications,regulation and stakeholder
relations with a special focus in telecommunications,both
domestic and international.She has held senior roles in federal
and state government,and as a Director at the ACCC.Cassandra
has also worked as a General Manager at NBN Co and at Telstra as
the CEO’s speechwriter.She was also a senior regulatory analyst
for a Canadian telecommunications company.Cassandra is the
Director of Contextual Communications Pty Ltd,specialising
in C-level presentations,speeches,eulogy writing and delivery,
reports,copywriting,strategic business development and
children’s literature.
04JuliusAbs
Julius Abs is a technical researcher and environmental risk
analyst for Climate Risk.Julius wrote his bachelor thesis on
‘Optimization of household energy usage under consideration of
electric vehicles and local energy producers’.Julius finished his
Bachelor of Science degree in 2011 at the Karlsruhe Institute
of Technology in Germany.Julius specialises in operational
risk management as well as environmental economics and
renewable energy technologies.Apart from statistical and policy
analysis,he develops economic models and projections that lead
into adaption and risk frameworks.
05JacquelynBohm
Jacquelyn Bohm gained a Bachelor of Environmental Science
and Management in 2011 at the University of Newcastle.
Through her studies Jacquelyn acquired a deep and
abiding interest in and passion for the environment and the
environmental industry.Jacquelyn specialises in physical
environment processes,geology and soils and data-analysis
systems development.At Climate Risk she has been responsible
for research assistance and database coordination.
01
02 03
04
05
62 Connecting with a low-carbon future

63. PeerReviewers
06KellieCaught,WWF
Kellie Caught is National Manager – Climate Change at the
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Australia.She has been
with WWF-Australia for six years,working on pollution
pricing mechanisms,clean energy,energy efficiency and
international climate change negotiations.Kellie has a broad
range of experience,having worked in politics,academia,
state government,the United Nations and non-government
organisations.She holds a Bachelor of Science,a Postgraduate
Diploma in Psychology and a Masters of International Business.
07GregBourne,ARENA
Greg Bourne is the Chair of the Australian Renewable Energy
Agency (ARENA).Greg studied chemistry at the University
of Western Australia and carried out research into refinery
processes before joining BP Exploration.In 1988,Greg was
seconded to the Prime Minister’s Policy Unit at 10 Downing
Street,where he was Special Adviser on Energy and Transport.
In 1992 he was head of BP Exploration’s activities in Australia’s
North West Shelf and Papua New Guinea,and then worked as
Director BP Scotland,and Regional Director – Latin America.
Returning to Australia in 1999 he become Regional President
– BP Australasia.Greg served as CEO WWF-Australia from
2004 till 2010 and is on a number of Commonwealth and state
advisory groups primarily concerned with climate change,energy
and sustainability.He was awarded the Centenary Medal for
services to the environment and an Honorary Doctorate from
the University of Western Australia for services to international
business.
08GlennPlatt,CSIRO
An expert on the nexus between telecommunications and the
delivery of low emissions energy systems to consumers,Dr
Glenn Platt reviewed this report with regard to the relevancy of
the identified low-carbon opportunities and their consistency
with current industry trends.As theme leader for Local Energy
Systems,Dr Glenn Platt leads research in energy efficiency,
demand management and smart grids under CSIRO’s Energy
Transformed Flagship,to identify ways to use energy more
efficiently,develop technologies to improve energy use in
buildings and improve energy delivery by the electricity
network.This work also seeks to integrate renewable energy
into the electricity system.Glenn has a background in electrical
engineering and wireless communications,and has held
numerous industry roles,including experience as a research
engineer at Nokia in Denmark.He was instrumental
in establishing CSIRO as a key partner in EnergyAustralia’s
Smart Grid Smart City consortium.
06 07
08
Connecting with a low-carbon future 63

64. 09DrHughSaddler,PittSherry
Dr Saddler is Principal Consultant – Energy Strategies,in
the Carbon and Energy Business Unit of pittsherry and an
Associate of both the Energy Change Institute and the Centre
for Climate Economics and Policy at the Australian National
University.He has a degree in science from Adelaide University
and a PhD from Cambridge University.The author of a book
on Australian energy policy,‘Energy in Australia’ and over 70
scientific papers,monographs and articles on energy technology
and environmental policy,he is recognised as one of Australia’s
leading experts in this field.Between 1991 and 1995 he was a
member of the Board of the ACT Electricity and Water Authority,
and he has served on many other government advisory bodies.
Since 2001 he has been a member of the UNFCCC Roster of
Experts with respect to greenhouse gas inventory issues and
reviews of national communications.He is a Fellow of the
Australian Institute of Energy and a member of the International
Association for Energy Economics.He is also a member of the
Board of the Climate Institute and of the Grattan Institute’s
Energy Reference Group.He is a Fellow of the Australian Institute
of Energy and a member of the International Association for
Energy Economics.
10AndrewEly,Telstra
Andrew Ely is a Senior Environment Advisor in Telstra’s Chief
Sustainability Office.With over eight years experience as an
environment professional in the telecommunications and
oil / gas industries,his current focus is on development and
implementation of environmental strategy,and quantification
of the environmental benefits of telecommunications products
and services.Andrew has a double degree with honours in
Environmental Engineering and Arts.
11PaulineGregg
Pauline Gregg is Telstra’s General Manager,Environment,
responsible for Telstra’s overarching environmental strategy.She
is a senior corporate sustainability practitioner with over 20 years
experience in sustainability in both the public and private sectors.
Pauline has been the architect of sustainability programs in a
number of ASX corporations,with a focus on driving corporate
environmental strategies.She is also a Board Member of the
Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide.
12SamiMäkeläinen
Sami Mäkeläinen is a Senior Environment Advisor at Telstra’s
Chief Sustainability Office and an Innovation Manager at
Telstra’s Chief Technology Innovation Office.With over
15 years of experience in the ICT sector,Sami has depth and
breadth of expertise ranging from network architecture research
and standardization to global business development.He is
passionate about helping corporations make a net positive
impact and an advocate of resilience and anti-fragility in
business.Sami holds an MSc degree in Computer Science
from the University of Helsinki,Finland.
09
10 11
12
64 Connecting with a low-carbon future

65. About Climate Risk
Climate Risk Pty Ltd was founded in 2005 and specialises in applying climate change
science to businesses and governments considering how to adapt to climate change
and find opportunities in a low carbon economy.Climate Risk’s core strength is to
provide practical solutions for challenging problems created by a low-carbon economy
and the increasing impacts of a warming planet.The results include policy development,
computational analysis and software development.
Climate Risk work on emission mitigation includes in-house emission modelling tools
which have been used to assist and critique national and international emissions
and energy policy development for the private sector.Furthermore,the company has
worked closely with WWF,the Climate Institute and other NGOs to develop national and
international policy approaches for avoiding dangerous climate change.
Climate Risk adaptation analysis focuses on infrastructure,the built environment
and people.The company has worked on roads,rail,water,telecommunications and
energy.Climate Risk developed one of the world’s first climate risk training packages
for general insurance with Zurich Financial Services.The company has also built risk
analysis tools to assess building resilience to manifold climate hazards.Climate Risk
staff are committed to ensuring vulnerable people and groups are not left behind,and
so have worked to secure projects for the social services sector to start the process of
adaptation for high-risk parts of society.
Climate Risk would like to acknowledge the original contributions of Gareth Johnston
and Donovan Burton to the 2007 Report,which has been built upon in this project.
Connecting with a low-carbon future 65

66. Disclaimer
Climate Risk provides professional services in relation to climate change
risks and opportunities.Our technical and professional staff endeavour to
work to international best practice standards using experienced scientists,
sector specialists and associated experts.
This document is intended to stimulate ideas and generate
discussion amongst business government and society about the role
telecommunications can play in reducing carbon emissions.While the
information contained is drawn from reputable sources in the public domain,
Climate Risk cannot take responsibility for errors or inaccuracies within
original source material.
This report does not consider individual investment requirements or the
particular needs of individuals,corporations or others and as such the report
should not be relied upon as the basis for specific commercial decisions.
Telstra and Climate Risk support a constructive dialogue about the ideas
and concepts contained herein.
66 Connecting with a low-carbon future

67. Telstra provides network
solutions and services to
more than 200 of the world’s
top 500 companies across
240 countries and territories,
and to all levels of government
in Australia. Through its
world-class Telstra Next IP®
network and Next G®
network, Telstra connects
customers to an innovative
portfolio of secure and reliable
solutions and services that
maximise their business
performance.
Together with its skilled team,
including one of Australia’s
largest and most qualified
field and technical workforces,
Telstra is committed to
improving the way people
and organisations work.
about
TELSTRA
Connecting with a low-carbon future 67

68. Thingsyouneedtoknow
™ and ®
are trade marks and registered trade marks
of Telstra Corporation Limited ABN 33 051 775 556.
All company or product names are trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective owners.Telstra retains
ownership of all intellectual property in the contents of this
document unless otherwise indicated and there can be no
unauthorised copying or distribution without prior consent
of Telstra.This document has been commissioned by Telstra
Corporation for thought leadership purposes only.No reliance
should be placed by any person on the material in this
document without first checking its accuracy and currency
(as relevant) with the originating source or parties concerned.
Telstra Corporation Limited disclaims all responsibility for any
errors or omissions in the document,and views expressed
therein do not necessarily reflect the company’s views unless
it is expressly stated otherwise.
ISBN 978-0-9804343-9-2