The document provides information on back injuries and disorders, including contributing factors, signs and symptoms, and prevention strategies. It discusses chronic back disorders that develop over time due to repetitive activity and acute injuries from improper lifting or heavy loads. It also outlines factors associated with back disorders, such as posture, stress, flexibility, body mechanics, physical condition, and job design. Prevention strategies include engineering controls, administrative controls, worker training, ergonomic job analysis, and lift assistance devices. Lifting tasks should be evaluated using the NIOSH lifting guidelines to minimize risk factors like weight, reach distance, lifting frequency, and other manual handling activities.
Welding operations present various occupational hazards including work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) from awkward postures and heavy lifting. Common WMSDs among welders include back injuries, shoulder pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Implementing ergonomic solutions such as powered tools, lifting aids, and adjustable workstations can help reduce physical demands and prevent WMSDs. Failure to address ergonomic hazards may result in injuries, lost time, and reduced productivity.
This document discusses ergonomic hazards in fabrication shops. It notes that awkward body positioning from tasks like welding and grinding can lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) when performed for prolonged periods. Statistics show MSDs account for a large portion of workplace injuries and costs. The document outlines some common awkward postures in fabrication shops and provides figures to illustrate neutral body positions and postures that put workers at risk. It also discusses static postures that do not allow muscles to relax. The rest of the document will examine injury rates, mitigation measures, and a cost-benefit analysis of implementing engineering controls to improve ergonomics.
1) If an employee is injured at work, they must notify their supervisor as soon as possible.
2) The supervisor must then notify the Occupational Safety and Health manager and representative of all reported accidents, including serious or disabling injuries.
3) For serious or disabling injuries, the supervisor conducts an investigation in consultation with the injured employee, safety representatives, and managers. They implement controls and provide reports.
This document provides information on manual handling and ergonomics. It begins with definitions of manual handling and discusses why manual handling training is important. It reviews Irish health and safety legislation as well as employers' and employees' responsibilities. Guidelines for safe manual handling are presented, including avoiding hazardous postures and assessing tasks using the T.I.L.E. method. The benefits of ergonomics including decreased injury risk and increased comfort and productivity are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of fire fighting ergonomics. It defines cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) and discusses various ergonomic risk factors that can lead to CTDs. The document then outlines the phases of an effective ergonomics program for fire departments, including planning, identifying hazards, implementing controls, training, and monitoring. Implementing an ergonomics program is important for fire fighter safety and health to help reduce injuries from CTDs.
Psychology in ergonomics by Jayadeva de SilvaSelf-employed
This document discusses cognitive ergonomics and how understanding cognitive factors can help build a safer, more efficient and productive workplace environment. It covers various cognitive elements like perception, attention, decision making, and attitudes. It provides examples of how companies like Abbott, Intel and Nissan have applied cognitive ergonomics principles to encourage safety, empower employees and link performance metrics to safety. The document emphasizes that both leadership and employees must work together to integrate cognitive ergonomics into company policies, values and culture to create a rewarding workplace.
Three main accident categories for steep slope roofing are falls, struck by, and overexertion injuries. Falls are the most costly, averaging $65,618 per claim and 92 days lost. Within falls, falling from roofs averages $131,308 and 136 days lost per claim. Struck by injuries most often involve fasteners or wood, with wood averaging $50,118 and 84 days lost. Overexertion accounts for 15% of claims but only 6% of costs, with other overexertion averaging $11,259 and 43 days lost per claim.
Welding operations present various occupational hazards including work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) from awkward postures and heavy lifting. Common WMSDs among welders include back injuries, shoulder pain, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Implementing ergonomic solutions such as powered tools, lifting aids, and adjustable workstations can help reduce physical demands and prevent WMSDs. Failure to address ergonomic hazards may result in injuries, lost time, and reduced productivity.
This document discusses ergonomic hazards in fabrication shops. It notes that awkward body positioning from tasks like welding and grinding can lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) when performed for prolonged periods. Statistics show MSDs account for a large portion of workplace injuries and costs. The document outlines some common awkward postures in fabrication shops and provides figures to illustrate neutral body positions and postures that put workers at risk. It also discusses static postures that do not allow muscles to relax. The rest of the document will examine injury rates, mitigation measures, and a cost-benefit analysis of implementing engineering controls to improve ergonomics.
1) If an employee is injured at work, they must notify their supervisor as soon as possible.
2) The supervisor must then notify the Occupational Safety and Health manager and representative of all reported accidents, including serious or disabling injuries.
3) For serious or disabling injuries, the supervisor conducts an investigation in consultation with the injured employee, safety representatives, and managers. They implement controls and provide reports.
This document provides information on manual handling and ergonomics. It begins with definitions of manual handling and discusses why manual handling training is important. It reviews Irish health and safety legislation as well as employers' and employees' responsibilities. Guidelines for safe manual handling are presented, including avoiding hazardous postures and assessing tasks using the T.I.L.E. method. The benefits of ergonomics including decreased injury risk and increased comfort and productivity are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of fire fighting ergonomics. It defines cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) and discusses various ergonomic risk factors that can lead to CTDs. The document then outlines the phases of an effective ergonomics program for fire departments, including planning, identifying hazards, implementing controls, training, and monitoring. Implementing an ergonomics program is important for fire fighter safety and health to help reduce injuries from CTDs.
Psychology in ergonomics by Jayadeva de SilvaSelf-employed
This document discusses cognitive ergonomics and how understanding cognitive factors can help build a safer, more efficient and productive workplace environment. It covers various cognitive elements like perception, attention, decision making, and attitudes. It provides examples of how companies like Abbott, Intel and Nissan have applied cognitive ergonomics principles to encourage safety, empower employees and link performance metrics to safety. The document emphasizes that both leadership and employees must work together to integrate cognitive ergonomics into company policies, values and culture to create a rewarding workplace.
Three main accident categories for steep slope roofing are falls, struck by, and overexertion injuries. Falls are the most costly, averaging $65,618 per claim and 92 days lost. Within falls, falling from roofs averages $131,308 and 136 days lost per claim. Struck by injuries most often involve fasteners or wood, with wood averaging $50,118 and 84 days lost. Overexertion accounts for 15% of claims but only 6% of costs, with other overexertion averaging $11,259 and 43 days lost per claim.
The document contains photos from the construction of the Empire State Building in 1930 showing workers without modern safety equipment, taking risks as they built the iconic skyscraper. Scaffolding, impact wrenches, and loose boards are visible, with captions noting the lack of ear protection, fall protection, and safety practices compared to modern standards. The photos were taken by Lewis Wickes Hine to document the massive construction project.
The document summarizes test results comparing an "Adapt a Bracket" to a Roof & Tuff steel bracket at 45 and 60 degree angles. Both brackets were installed on a simulated roof section and loaded up to 1600 lbs. The Adapt a bracket performed well with less deflection than the steel bracket at both angles, meeting the client's requirements.
Presentation by Sheila Corrall for Staff Development Week at Coleg Prifysgol y Drindod, Caerfyrddin/Trinity University College, Carmarthen on 2 September 2009. Explains the concept of Information Literacy and why it is vital for Higher Education Institutions to engage with IL at a strategic level. Outlines developments in the sector and presents a case study of the University of Sheffield highlighting the importance of stakeholder involvement and multi-professional partnerships. Concludes with strategic questions institutions need to consider.
Roofers World Inc. warrants its Snostop snow retention products for 3 years from shipment. The warranty covers:
1) Proper engineering for snow loads with a safety factor of at least 2.
2) Repair or replacement of defective materials or workmanship.
3) The warranty is void if the products are improperly installed or maintained, damaged, or the roof is defective.
Falls, overexertion, and being struck by objects account for about 70% of injury claims and 80% of costs in the low slope roofing industry. Falls from ladders and roofs represent over 60% of fall-related costs and usually result in serious injuries. While struck by injuries generate a significant number of claims, the associated costs are relatively low except for those involving windows. Overexertion claims, such as from lifting, are common but tend to have lower costs and shorter claim durations compared to fall injuries.
The document provides estimated home renovation and repair costs for a typical three bedroom home in Ontario, Canada. It lists costs for various roofing, exterior, structural, electrical, heating/cooling, insulation and plumbing projects. Costs can vary significantly depending on the specific work required, materials used and contractor selected. Roof replacement costs range from $2.50-18 per square foot depending on material. Siding replacement is $5-12 per square foot. Kitchen or bathroom remodels are estimated at $6000 or more. Major repairs like foundation work or adding an addition can exceed $5000 or $150-300 per square foot respectively.
Due Diligence & Ontario's Occupational Safety ActRoofers World
This document summarizes Ontario's Occupational Health and Safety Act and regulations. It outlines the key duties of employers, supervisors, workers, and joint health and safety committees. It also describes workers' rights such as the right to know, participate, refuse dangerous work, and stop work if conditions are unsafe. Procedures for work refusals and stoppages are provided. Reporting requirements for accidents, injuries, and critical injuries are also summarized. Employer offenses and penalties are outlined. The concept of due diligence as a legal defense is also briefly explained.
The document outlines the Construction Health and Safety Program sector plan for 2009-2010. It provides an overview of Ontario's construction and diving industries, describing key characteristics and hazards. The plan identifies compliance focus areas including partnerships, intervention based on need, and enforcement targeting chronic violators, injury rates, and small contractors. Specific hazards are also discussed for various construction sectors and diving.
SnoStop Plus snow guards are easily installed on any roof type by the average homeowner. This snow management system holds ice and snow in place allowing it to melt slowly.
It is the only plastic snow guard that has a heat cable option to reduce too much snow build up on the roof
The OWAS method was developed in the mid-1970s by Ovako Oy, a Finnish steel company, to evaluate worker postures. It analyzes the posture of the trunk, arms, lower body, and neck. Workers are observed and their postures are categorized. The percentage of time spent in each category is computed. Results are compared to benchmarks to identify risks and guide job redesign efforts.
Twitter : présentation usages professionnels en françaisAXIZ eBusiness
Le contenu de twitter en français s'ettoffe. C'est le moment pour apprendre et se former à Twitter professionnel. Les entreprises françaises, les chambres de commerce, les collectivité locales sont de plus en plus nombreuses sur Twitter côté France. Bientôt il y aura autant de contenu de twitter en français qu'en anglais. Ce diaposif créé à l'occasion du Forum du Développement Commercial Paris novembre 2009, explique à l'aide des illustrations l'usage de Twitter
comme outil de communication externe.
Ce document décrit par détails les nouveautés du HTML5 talque les nouvelles balises, le sémantique, les API, ainsi que la nouveauté du CSS3 et le responsive web design.
Pour comprendre pourquoi vous devez apprendre à vous servir d'un lecteur de flux RSS, faites juste l'addition de vos sites favoris, des forums, des communautés, des réseaux sociaux dont vous êtes membre. La liste est sûrement très longue.
Alors, comment faites-vous pour rester au courant de ce qui se dit et se publie sur cet ensemble de sources d'informations que vous jugez utiles et indispensables ?
A combien estimez-vous la valeur de l'information qui vous échappe par manque d'outil adapté ? N'auriez-vous pas envie d'avoir une vision globale sur l'ensemble de vos sources d'informations pour pouvoir accéder à la bonne information au bon moment ?
Un lecteur de flux RSS répond justement à cette envie et à ce besoin. Le lecteur de flux RSS est l'outil idéal pour agréger simplement les sources d'informations multiples et variées dans un seul et unique endroit. Vous y accédez simplement en temps voulu, à l'information indispensable pour prendre une décision.
Intervention de Silvère MERCIER, Chargé de la médiation et des innovations numériques à la Bibliothèque Publique d’Information (Centre Pompidou, Paris)
RIESGO ERGONÓMICO E INDIVIDUALES EVALUACIÓNAndresz26
Los riesgos ergonómicos constituyen un aspecto vital de estudio y prevención de la salud de los trabajadores, especialmente para las personas con capacidades diferentes. Mucho trabajo tiene e implica cierto tipo de riesgo para la salud del trabajador, en función de las condiciones que se realiza con el uso de herramientas o sin ellas.
http://www.udla.edu.ec/
IRJET- Study on Incorrect Sitting & Standing Posture and its Implication on N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses neck pain caused by improper sitting and standing posture, especially when using computers. It begins by defining musculoskeletal disorders and neck pain, noting that neck pain is the fourth leading cause of disability. Prolonged improper posture when sitting and working on a computer can lead to tightening of the neck muscles over time. Maintaining a neutral neck position is important to prevent recurring neck pain. The document also discusses levers in the body and how forces affect the cervical region of the neck. Keeping good posture when sitting and taking breaks from the computer can help minimize risks of neck pain.
This one-day manual handling course covers various topics through sessions:
1) An introduction to manual handling, its prevalence in workplaces, and impacts of poor handling.
2) Spinal awareness, risk factors for back pain like force, posture, and individual factors.
3) Health and safety legislation regarding employer and employee duties.
4) Dynamic risk assessment using the TILE method (Task, Individual, Load, Environment).
5) Efficient movement principles and practical sessions on various handling techniques.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluates a workstation to improve worker productivity by reducing musculoskeletal disorders like back pain and shoulder injuries. The researchers conducted surveys and interviews with workers at a transformer manufacturing plant to understand common issues. They used tools like RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) to analyze worker postures and identify risks. Finally, they developed a new, ergonomic workstation design with features like adjustable seating and back support to address issues and improve posture. Testing of the new workstation found it reduced postural stress and risks of musculoskeletal disorders, helping to improve both worker health and productivity.
The document contains photos from the construction of the Empire State Building in 1930 showing workers without modern safety equipment, taking risks as they built the iconic skyscraper. Scaffolding, impact wrenches, and loose boards are visible, with captions noting the lack of ear protection, fall protection, and safety practices compared to modern standards. The photos were taken by Lewis Wickes Hine to document the massive construction project.
The document summarizes test results comparing an "Adapt a Bracket" to a Roof & Tuff steel bracket at 45 and 60 degree angles. Both brackets were installed on a simulated roof section and loaded up to 1600 lbs. The Adapt a bracket performed well with less deflection than the steel bracket at both angles, meeting the client's requirements.
Presentation by Sheila Corrall for Staff Development Week at Coleg Prifysgol y Drindod, Caerfyrddin/Trinity University College, Carmarthen on 2 September 2009. Explains the concept of Information Literacy and why it is vital for Higher Education Institutions to engage with IL at a strategic level. Outlines developments in the sector and presents a case study of the University of Sheffield highlighting the importance of stakeholder involvement and multi-professional partnerships. Concludes with strategic questions institutions need to consider.
Roofers World Inc. warrants its Snostop snow retention products for 3 years from shipment. The warranty covers:
1) Proper engineering for snow loads with a safety factor of at least 2.
2) Repair or replacement of defective materials or workmanship.
3) The warranty is void if the products are improperly installed or maintained, damaged, or the roof is defective.
Falls, overexertion, and being struck by objects account for about 70% of injury claims and 80% of costs in the low slope roofing industry. Falls from ladders and roofs represent over 60% of fall-related costs and usually result in serious injuries. While struck by injuries generate a significant number of claims, the associated costs are relatively low except for those involving windows. Overexertion claims, such as from lifting, are common but tend to have lower costs and shorter claim durations compared to fall injuries.
The document provides estimated home renovation and repair costs for a typical three bedroom home in Ontario, Canada. It lists costs for various roofing, exterior, structural, electrical, heating/cooling, insulation and plumbing projects. Costs can vary significantly depending on the specific work required, materials used and contractor selected. Roof replacement costs range from $2.50-18 per square foot depending on material. Siding replacement is $5-12 per square foot. Kitchen or bathroom remodels are estimated at $6000 or more. Major repairs like foundation work or adding an addition can exceed $5000 or $150-300 per square foot respectively.
Due Diligence & Ontario's Occupational Safety ActRoofers World
This document summarizes Ontario's Occupational Health and Safety Act and regulations. It outlines the key duties of employers, supervisors, workers, and joint health and safety committees. It also describes workers' rights such as the right to know, participate, refuse dangerous work, and stop work if conditions are unsafe. Procedures for work refusals and stoppages are provided. Reporting requirements for accidents, injuries, and critical injuries are also summarized. Employer offenses and penalties are outlined. The concept of due diligence as a legal defense is also briefly explained.
The document outlines the Construction Health and Safety Program sector plan for 2009-2010. It provides an overview of Ontario's construction and diving industries, describing key characteristics and hazards. The plan identifies compliance focus areas including partnerships, intervention based on need, and enforcement targeting chronic violators, injury rates, and small contractors. Specific hazards are also discussed for various construction sectors and diving.
SnoStop Plus snow guards are easily installed on any roof type by the average homeowner. This snow management system holds ice and snow in place allowing it to melt slowly.
It is the only plastic snow guard that has a heat cable option to reduce too much snow build up on the roof
The OWAS method was developed in the mid-1970s by Ovako Oy, a Finnish steel company, to evaluate worker postures. It analyzes the posture of the trunk, arms, lower body, and neck. Workers are observed and their postures are categorized. The percentage of time spent in each category is computed. Results are compared to benchmarks to identify risks and guide job redesign efforts.
Twitter : présentation usages professionnels en françaisAXIZ eBusiness
Le contenu de twitter en français s'ettoffe. C'est le moment pour apprendre et se former à Twitter professionnel. Les entreprises françaises, les chambres de commerce, les collectivité locales sont de plus en plus nombreuses sur Twitter côté France. Bientôt il y aura autant de contenu de twitter en français qu'en anglais. Ce diaposif créé à l'occasion du Forum du Développement Commercial Paris novembre 2009, explique à l'aide des illustrations l'usage de Twitter
comme outil de communication externe.
Ce document décrit par détails les nouveautés du HTML5 talque les nouvelles balises, le sémantique, les API, ainsi que la nouveauté du CSS3 et le responsive web design.
Pour comprendre pourquoi vous devez apprendre à vous servir d'un lecteur de flux RSS, faites juste l'addition de vos sites favoris, des forums, des communautés, des réseaux sociaux dont vous êtes membre. La liste est sûrement très longue.
Alors, comment faites-vous pour rester au courant de ce qui se dit et se publie sur cet ensemble de sources d'informations que vous jugez utiles et indispensables ?
A combien estimez-vous la valeur de l'information qui vous échappe par manque d'outil adapté ? N'auriez-vous pas envie d'avoir une vision globale sur l'ensemble de vos sources d'informations pour pouvoir accéder à la bonne information au bon moment ?
Un lecteur de flux RSS répond justement à cette envie et à ce besoin. Le lecteur de flux RSS est l'outil idéal pour agréger simplement les sources d'informations multiples et variées dans un seul et unique endroit. Vous y accédez simplement en temps voulu, à l'information indispensable pour prendre une décision.
Intervention de Silvère MERCIER, Chargé de la médiation et des innovations numériques à la Bibliothèque Publique d’Information (Centre Pompidou, Paris)
RIESGO ERGONÓMICO E INDIVIDUALES EVALUACIÓNAndresz26
Los riesgos ergonómicos constituyen un aspecto vital de estudio y prevención de la salud de los trabajadores, especialmente para las personas con capacidades diferentes. Mucho trabajo tiene e implica cierto tipo de riesgo para la salud del trabajador, en función de las condiciones que se realiza con el uso de herramientas o sin ellas.
http://www.udla.edu.ec/
IRJET- Study on Incorrect Sitting & Standing Posture and its Implication on N...IRJET Journal
This document discusses neck pain caused by improper sitting and standing posture, especially when using computers. It begins by defining musculoskeletal disorders and neck pain, noting that neck pain is the fourth leading cause of disability. Prolonged improper posture when sitting and working on a computer can lead to tightening of the neck muscles over time. Maintaining a neutral neck position is important to prevent recurring neck pain. The document also discusses levers in the body and how forces affect the cervical region of the neck. Keeping good posture when sitting and taking breaks from the computer can help minimize risks of neck pain.
This one-day manual handling course covers various topics through sessions:
1) An introduction to manual handling, its prevalence in workplaces, and impacts of poor handling.
2) Spinal awareness, risk factors for back pain like force, posture, and individual factors.
3) Health and safety legislation regarding employer and employee duties.
4) Dynamic risk assessment using the TILE method (Task, Individual, Load, Environment).
5) Efficient movement principles and practical sessions on various handling techniques.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluates a workstation to improve worker productivity by reducing musculoskeletal disorders like back pain and shoulder injuries. The researchers conducted surveys and interviews with workers at a transformer manufacturing plant to understand common issues. They used tools like RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) to analyze worker postures and identify risks. Finally, they developed a new, ergonomic workstation design with features like adjustable seating and back support to address issues and improve posture. Testing of the new workstation found it reduced postural stress and risks of musculoskeletal disorders, helping to improve both worker health and productivity.
STUDY ON POSTURAL ANALYSIS AND MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDER RISK ON THE DOMESTIC ...IRJET Journal
This study analyzed the postures and risk of musculoskeletal disorders for domestic ironing workers. The Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method was used to evaluate 20 postures for 10 workers. For ironing postures, 8 of 10 were found to be high risk according to REBA scores. Common pains reported by workers included shoulder (100%), lower back (100%), knee (90%), and neck (90%) pain. Prolonged standing, awkward postures, and heavy equipment contributed to risks. The study recommends adjusting worktables, reducing equipment weight, and adding rest breaks to improve worker comfort and safety.
This two-day course covers compliance with OSHA 1994 regulations in Malaysia. The objectives are to advance knowledge of implementing OSHA 1994, enhance responsibilities of HSE personnel, and evaluate worker responsibilities. Sections discussed include common accident causes, health risks, psychosocial hazards, and duties of various parties. Case studies of fatal accidents are presented. Participants will analyze workplace hazards, discuss managing safety and health, and develop action plans to comply with OSHA 1994 regulations.
AO Principles of Fracture treatment & Different Implants.Dr.Anshu Sharma
The document discusses AO principles of fracture treatment and different implant modalities. It covers the AO classification system, the four AO principles of fracture fixation focusing on restoration of anatomy and stability, methods of fracture reduction, types of fracture fixation including absolute and relative stability, importance of preserving blood supply, and postoperative care including early mobilization. Key implant modalities discussed include screws for cortical and cancellous bone as well as lag screw fixation.
The SHARP program conducted a study of physical risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) in Washington state's manufacturing sector (1). Researchers assessed 578 jobs across 16 companies for risk factors like awkward postures, lifting, forceful motions, and repetition (2). They found that 47% of jobs required prolonged standing and over 20% involved high-risk manual material handling (3). Exposure to multiple risk factors increased injury risk. The study identified risk factors to help manufacturers prioritize prevention efforts (3).
(PROF. SHUKOR) STEP-BY-STEP COMPLIANCE TO OSHA 1994 REGULATIONS.Abdul Shukor
Compliance to the regulations stipulated in Occupational Safety & Health Act 1994, better known as OSHA 1994 is mandatory. Companies and organisations are required to provide evidences of full compliances to the authorities when they are requested to do so. HSE personnel, SHOs and Safety & Health Committee members must be well-aware and conversant with every aspect of OSHA 1994 and be able to implement them at their respected workplaces. Inadequate understanding or failure to comply to OSHA 1994 regulations could mean severe reprimands/penalties from the authorities and may endanger the workers at their respective organisations.
IRJET- A Study of Plausible Ergonomic Risk Factors in Construction Industries...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on ergonomic risk factors in the construction industry and potential remedial measures. It identifies several key risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers, including repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, vibration, and long duration of exposures. Through a survey of workers, it was found that biomechanical factors like contact stress, awkward postures, and force were most significant. Among psycho-social factors, stress from deadlines and low training levels posed main problems. The study suggests various control methods can be implemented, including eliminating hazards, substituting hazardous materials/tools, engineering controls, administrative controls, use of personal protective equipment, ergonomic tool design, training and education programs, and
Use of ergonomics risk assessment tools on construction sitevivatechijri
Construction industry is one of the 7th industry with high risk exposure. The prevalent problem with construction industry in recent years is the health of construction workers. In residential construction sites workers daily activities includes Material handling, prolonged standing, bending, etc. this leads to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD’s). Some techniques are required to identify and control WRMSDs. Ergonomics involves the interaction between human, technology and organization in the purpose of optimizing well-being, health and performance. The aim of research is performing ergonomics risk assessment based on which ergonomics risk factors in building construction site is obtained and to give an overview of ergonomic risks at workplace by some of the observational methods that can be used for assessment. Through ergonomics risk assessment tools such as checklist (questionnaire), REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) and QEC (Quick Exposure Check) data is collected. Risk rank order for activities are determined by RII (Relative Importance Index). Comparison of tool QEC and REBA is done and analysis is done in SPSS. The result showed that most workers are at higher and medium risk on residential construction site. Based on the analysis and findings task need to redesigned and reassessed so that it can be safely carried out. In an appendix we have included a brief presentation of these methods together with the work sheet (if available) and the reference source of the observational method.
Whiplash describes a range of injuries to the neck caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck. The typical clinical picture in whiplash injury is that following the injury there is no obvious immediate pain.
Also visit: http://www.ineuro.be/Welcome.html - A must have for every osteopath and health care provider. Simple to use and no unnecessary information. It keeps your knowledge sharp for daily patient care!
Also look for iBooks in the iBook store from Luc Peeters and Grégoire Lason.
Ergonomics is the study of fitting jobs and workplaces to human capabilities. It aims to maximize productivity while minimizing risks of musculoskeletal disorders. There are three types of ergonomics - physical, cognitive, and organizational. As a facilities planner, one should apply ergonomic principles to provide a safe work environment and workstations. Proper ergonomics can prevent injuries by reducing risk factors like repetitive motions, awkward postures, forceful exertions, and static loading.
Fractures and dislocations of the spine most commonly occur in young people and can result in spinal cord injuries. In the US, there are 250,000 to 400,000 individuals living with spinal cord injuries or spinal dysfunction. Spinal fractures occur mostly due to accidents and industrial injuries, with the incidence proportionate to vehicles and construction. Early assessment of spinal stability and investigation via imaging can help determine the nature and severity of injuries. Management involves immobilization, rehabilitation, and may require surgical stabilization or decompression to relieve pressure on the spinal cord.
Running head RISK FACTORS IDENTIFICATION .docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: RISK FACTORS IDENTIFICATION 1
RISK FACTORS IDENTIFICATION 3
Risk Factors Identification
Aerial Carter
Columbia Southern University
Risk Factors Identification
People that work in the United States companies’ experience a common, but very costly health problem called Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). MSDs are defined as disorders and injuries that have an impact on the movements of the human body. They include tendonitis, ligament sprain, and tension neck syndrome among others. Musculoskeletal Disorders are caused by the exposure of workers to risk factors. It evolves as the body develops musculoskeletal imbalance due to fatigue outrunning the recovery system of the body. “The two categories of the said risk factors are individual and work-related risk factors (Muaidi & Shanb, 2016).” I examined a video involving a work task, described the task being performed, discussed the identified individual work-related risk factors, the MSDs that the workers are exposed to, the relationship between the human body, the work environment and the development of musculoskeletal disorders.
After viewing the video, I discovered that the task that the workers were performing involved moving some blocks and loading them to a rack, probably for transportation to another location. The place of work at which the workers were performing their duty posed a health risk to them. For instance, there was a lot of noise that could cause them (workers) hearing problems, as well as the place, being untidy. Items were scattered all over and heavy tractor equipment stored under the same workshop as plastic and buckets. The movement of the block is done by two individuals, who simplified their work by having one pick up the blocks from the heap, passed them to the other colleague, who then placed them on the rack. This process continued until the last block is placed on the rack.
The individual work-related risk factors that I identified, as the task in the video was being performed, included repetitive awkward posture, task repetition, and forceful exertions. Others included poor work practice, poor rest and poor health habits. One of the work-related risks that were identified was a repetitive awkward posture. This put excess force on joints, overloaded the tendon and muscles around the affected joint. The workers repeatedly lifted and passed the blocks with the same posture. This task showed the repetition of the same task, and the exertion of force on the worker's bodies due to the weight of the blocks. The individual related risk factors that were identified included poor work practice that was contributed by the work environment. “The workers could had put the place in order to allow them enough space for better lifting techniques (Institute of Medicine, National Research Council, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education & Panel on Musculoskelet ...
This document discusses non-contact ACL injuries and the use of biomechanical modeling to better understand risk factors and develop prevention techniques. It notes that about 70% of ACL injuries are non-contact, occurring during movements like cutting and landing. Biomechanical modeling allows researchers to identify risk factors like knee valgus moments and ground reaction forces in a faster and less expensive way than cohort studies. Improved modeling that incorporates factors like fatigue and decision-making can provide more personalized injury prevention techniques to reduce the prevalence of non-contact ACL injuries.
This document discusses non-contact ACL injuries and the use of biomechanical modeling to better understand risk factors and develop prevention techniques. It notes that about 70% of ACL injuries are non-contact, occurring during movements like cutting and landing. Biomechanical modeling allows researchers to identify specific knee loading patterns associated with injury risk, like valgus and internal rotation torques. This helps inform prevention programs by teaching athletes how to avoid dangerous mechanics. The document advocates continuing to refine models based on actual injury situations to strengthen the link between biomechanics and ACL injury causation.
Pathologic conditions in the shoulder of a throwing athlete frequently represent a breakdown of multiple elements of the shoulder restraint system, both static and dynamic, and also a breakdown in the kinetic chain. Physical therapy and rehabilitation for shoulder injuries should be, with only a few exceptions, the primary treatment for a throwing athlete before operative treatment is considered. Articular-sided partial rotator cuff tears and superior labral tears are common in throwing athletes. Operative treatment for shoulder injuries can be successful when nonoperative measures have failed. Throwing athletes who have a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit have a good response, in most cases, to stretching of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule. For more studies visit Dr. Millett, orthopedic surgeon, http://drmillett.com/shoulder-studies
The document discusses several topics related to an aging workforce:
- The number of workers over age 55 and 65 will increase substantially in the next 10 years in the U.S. and Australia.
- Older workers experience fewer injuries but longer disability periods when injured compared to younger workers.
- Experience and learned efficiencies can make older workers more productive than younger counterparts in many jobs.
Prevention of Musculoskeletal disorders & role of physical therapist (assignm...Tahir Ramzan
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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3. SECTION VI: CHAPTER 1
BACK DISORDERS AND INJURIES
A. INTRODUCTION
GENERAL Acute back injuries are usually the immediate result of
improper lifting techniques or too heavy loading rather than
Chronic back disorders can develop gradually as a result of from external agents. Injuries can arise in muscle, tendon,
repetitive activity over time. Because of the slow onset and bursa, and ligaments, either singly or in combination.
insidious character of this internal injury, the condition is
often ignored until the symptoms become chronic. INCIDENCE
Although musculoskeletal disorders including back injuries
A. Introduction.........................................VI:1-1 account for few work-related deaths, they do account for a
significant amount of human suffering, loss of productivity,
B. Back Injuries........................................VI:1-2 and economic burden on compensation systems.
C. Back Disorders.....................................VI:1-2 Musculoskeletal disorders are the leading cause of disability
of people in their working years and afflict over 19 million.
Half of the nation's work force is affected at some time during
D. Investigation Guidelines......................VI:1-3 their working lives.
E. Prevention and Control.......................VI:1-3 An increase in musculoskeletal disorders is already evident.
The frequency and economic impact of musculoskeletal
F. Bibliography.........................................VI:1-5 conditions including back injuries and disorders on the work
force are expected to increase over the next several decades
Appendix VI:1-1. In Depth as the average age of the work force increases and medical
costs go up.
Analysis........................................VI:1-6
Appendix VI:1-2. Evaluation of
Lifting Tasks: NIOSH
Work Practice Guide for
Manual Lifting............................VI:1-9
Appendix VI:1-3. Video Tape
Guidelines and Analysis...........VI:1-11
VI:1-1
4. B. BACK INJURIES
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS @ Proliferation of assembly line techniques, increasing
line speed, and piece rates.
@ Fatigue.
@ Increased awareness of workplace hazards.
@ Congenital defects of the spine.
MANUAL MATERIALS HANDLING
@ Increase in service and high-tech hand-intensive jobs.
Manual materials handling is the principal source of
@ An aging work force. compensable injuries in the American work force, and four
out of five of these injuries will affect the lower back.
@ A reduction in worker turnover for economic reasons.
@ Widespread use of vibrating and air-powered tools.
C. BACK DISORDERS
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BACK @ Repetitive lifting of awkward items, equipment, or
(in health-care facilities) patients.
DISORDERS
@ Excessive reaching or twisting.
Back disorders result from the cumulative effect of several
contributors:
@ Bending while lifting.
@ Poor posture-how one sits or stands.
@ Static bent postures.
@ Stressful living and working activities-staying in one
@ Heavy lifting.
position for too long or not learning to relax.
@ Lifting with forceful movement.
@ Loss of body flexibility with age, etc.-becoming stiff.
@ Sitting and vibration, as experienced by truck drivers,
@ Faulty body mechanics-how one lifts, pushes, pulls,
etc.
or moves objects.
@ Poor physical condition-losing the strength and
endurance to perform physical tasks without strain, as SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
in aging.
Signs and symptoms include pain when attempting to assume
@ Poor design of job or work station. normal posture, shoulder droop, decreased mobility, and need
for assistance to stand or rise from a seated position.
VI:1-2
5. D. INVESTIGATION GUIDELINES
RECORDS REVIEW Observe worker postures and lifting.
OSHA 200 LOG Determine weight of objects lifted.
Note when back or other musculoskeletal disorders appear EVALUATION
excessive from incidence rate calculations.
Videotapes can be later reviewed for evidence of potential
To determine if trends exist, at least several years of the musculoskeletal hazards (see Appendix VI:1-3).
OSHA 200 log will be needed for review.
Manual lifting:
Record or copy information, including occupational titles,
departments, dates of injury or illness, from the OSHA 200 @ Repetitive material handling increases employee's
log and pertinent OSHA 101 (or equivalent). This vulnerability to disorders.
information can be used to calculate the incidence rate (see
Appendix VI:1-1). @ Three variables in evaluating manual lifting tasks to
determine how heavy a load can be lifted are: the
If you determine that there is a need for a more in-depth horizontal distance from the load to the employee,
analysis of the extent and magnitude of the back disorders, the vertical distance through which the load is
see Appendix VI:1-1. handled, and the frequency with which the load is
handled.
EMPLOYER, EMPLOYEE INTERVIEWS
@ Additional variables include floor and shoe traction,
space constraints, twisting, two-handed lifts, size of
WALKAROUND
load, stability, gripability, etc.
Videotaping can be considered for later viewing at the office.
@ NIOSH Lifting Formula, computerized version (see
Appendix VI:1-2), is available in area offices.
E. PREVENTION AND CONTROL
ENGINEERING CONTROLS MANUAL HANDLING TASKS
GENERAL Material handling tasks should be designed to minimize the
weight, range of motion, and frequency of the activity.
Alter the task in some way that will eliminate the hazardous
motion and/or change the position of the arms, wrists, or Work methods and stations should be designed to minimize
body such as adjusting the height of a pallet or shelf. the distance between the person and the object being handled.
VI:1-3
6. Platforms and conveyors should be built above the knee and Worker training and education:
below shoulder height to minimize awkward postures.
Conveyors and rollers should be used for horizontal motion @ Training programs range from fundamental
whenever possible. Reduce the size or weight of the object(s) instruction on the proper use of tools and materials
lifted. to instructions on emergency procedures and use of
protective devices.
High-strength push-pull requirements are undesirable, but
pushing is better than pulling. Material handling equipment @ Training should be job-specific and include exercise
should be easy to move, with handles that can be easily programs, stretching, etc.
grasped in an upright posture. Load should be of size that
can be handled by most employees. @ Strength and fitness training reduces compensation
costs for most fit individuals.
Bending the upper body and spine to reach into a bin or
container is highly undesirable. The bins should be tilted or @ Back school educates workers in back care.
equipped with collapsible sides.
Rotating of employees, providing a short break every hour, or
Repetitive or sustained twisting, stretching, or leaning to one adding employees may be helpful.
side are undesirable. Corrections could include repositioning
bins and moving parts and conveyors closer to the employee. Light work.
OTHER
Workbench or workstation configurations can force people to
bend over and tilt the head. Corrections should emphasize Standing for extended periods places excessive stress on the
adjustments necessary for employee to remain in a relaxed back and legs. Solutions include a footrest or rail, resilient
upright stance or fully supported, seated posture. floor mats, height-adjustable chairs or stools, and
opportunities for the employee to change position.
Store heavy objects at waist level.
Sitting is preferable to standing, but the chairs or stools must
Provide lift-assist devices, tables, and hoists. be properly chosen.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS AND Proper adjustable lumbar support may be provided.
WORK PRACTICES
Static seated postures with bending or reaching may have to
Administrative controls should not be viewed as primary be evaluated.
methods of control.
Techniques can be used to identify high-risk jobs and
quantify the required job demands.
VI:1-4
7. F. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cailliet, R. 1968. Low Back Pain Syndrome. 2nd. Ed. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Philadelphia: F.A Davis Co. (NIOSH),
DHHS, Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting 1981.
Eastman Kodak Company. 1983. Ergonomic Design for
People at Work. Vol. 1. Belmont California: Lifetime
Learning Publications. Singleton, W.T. ed. 1982. The Body at Work: Biological
Ergonomics. 1st. ed. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
VI:1-5
8. APPENDIX VI:1-1. IN-DEPTH ANALYSIS
The usefulness of the information gained from the review of every visit to the health office may be recorded in the record.
the OSHA 200 log is limited by internal practices of Such records can be accessed through a medical access order.
recording injuries and illnesses. Some plants record
everything and some record only those cases that are sent to There may also be a first-aid log or health office sign-in log.
see a physician. With back disorders, these cases are not
always recognized as being work-related and therefore are not
recorded. Thus, the Compliance Officer must determine the Entries in these records often include:
internal procedure for recording on the OSHA 200, i.e., who
records, what cases are recorded, and when cases are recorded @ Date of visit,
(see Field Inspection Reference Manual).
@ Department or location where employee works,
The following is a systematic approach to identifying the
extent and magnitude of a disease or injury and is based on @ Description of injury or illness,
epidemiological principles. The approach consists of records
review, worker surveys, and job analysis respectively. This @ Treatment given, including medications, and
information may be used to determine which jobs pose a risk
to workers. @ Work restrictions recommended.
WORKERS' COMPENSATION RECORDS Monthly summaries of employee visits to the health office are
often compiled by health office personnel.
ADVANTAGES
If there are too many records, review a random sample of
Identify additional cases, departments, and job titles. records to identify cases of back disorders.
LIMITATIONS SAFETY AND ACCIDENT REPORTS
Does not include cases where treatment is paid for directly by Internal reports that may be available in the health, safety or
the employee or comprehensive health insurance. personnel office.
Describes only most severe and advanced problems. May fail These cases may not be noted on the OSHA 200 Log or in
to identity problems in early stage of development. worker compensation records. Employee may just want to
report the injury or disorder and not seek treatment.
PLANT MEDICAL RECORDS
PAYROLL RECORDS (If available)
In larger plants that employ health care providers, individual
employee medical folders, or records, will be maintained and Used to obtain information on number of hours worked.
Serves as crude measure of exposure potential and can be
used
VI:1-6
9. to compare jobs in terms of incidence rates of all forms of SURVEY THE WORKERS
back disorders.
PURPOSE
Useful in identifying job titles or departments with high
absentee or turnover rates. Assist in identifying new or early cases of back injury and
disorders in the work force. Also useful in smaller facilities
AVAILABLE INFORMATION FROM where data gathered from records review may be limited. The
major reason for this is to collect data on the number of
RECORDS REVIEW
workers that may be experiencing some form of back injury
or disorder. This is also a good method for identifying
@ Total number of back injuries and disorders reported
departments or jobs where potential back problems exist.
to the company.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGNING A
@ Date each case reported.
QUESTIONNAIRE OR SURVEY
@ Department or specific job of those who are injured
Reading level and primary language of workers if the
or ill.
questionnaire or survey is self -administrated. Wording is
very important and must be geared to particular respondents.
@ Number of workers on the same job or in the same
department.
Length of the questionnaire (usually should not exceed 20
WHAT YOU CAN DO WITH THE minutes).
INFORMATION
Instructions: Are they clear?
The incidence rate can be calculated for the entire
establishment and for each department. This procedure Important questions should be asked first.
allows comparison between and within the same departments
from year to year. Sensitive or personal questions should be asked later in the
survey.
Incidence rate = (Number of cases)/Total population at risk in
a given time period. Multiple-choice questions are easier to evaluate but limit the
potential responses of the person being questioned.
@ Numerator: Number of workers (cases) in specified
group or department that experience a disorder in a MASS MEDICAL SCREENING
specified time period.
Mass medical screening could be useful.
@ Denominator: Total number of workers in a specified
group or department within the same time period. JOB ANALYSIS AND OBSERVATION
Note: If counting system recognized only lost-time or Each job in which workers have a greater incidence of back
Workers Compensation cases, relatively low incidence rates disorders might be subject to a job analysis after an
may be computed. appropriate records review and worker survey.
VI:1-7
10. WORK-METHODS ANALYSIS Record the movements, possibly with a videotape camera for
later slow-motion analysis.
Observe employees at work:
Describe the positions seen.
@ Notice what employees are doing to make themselves
more comfortable in the workplace. For example, An ergonomic check-list can be helpful on inspections.
look for improvised foot rests, padding, or
homemade tools and devices. Work station and tool evaluation may be necessary.
@ Watch for repeated motions and the position of the
arms, wrist and trunk. (e.g., overstretching or
unusual posture).
VI:1-8
11. APPENDIX VI:1-2. EVALUATION OF LIFTING TASKS
NIOSH WORK PRACTICES GUIDE FOR MPL = 3 x AL.
MANUAL LIFTING
For the purpose of this guideline, these variables are assumed
to have the following limits:
LIFTING BOUNDARIES
@ H is between 6 inches and 32 inches. Objects cannot,
Below the Action Limit represents nominal risk to most
in general, be closer than 6 inches without
industrial work forces. More than 99% of male workers and
interference with the body. Objects further than 32
75% of female workers can lift loads up to the Action Limit.
inches cannot be reached by many people.
Lifting in this range is acceptable.
@ V is assumed between 0 and 70 inches, the range of
Between the Action Limit and the Maximum Permissible
vertical reach for most people.
Limit (MPL). When exceeding the Action Limit, compression
forces on the lower back are more than 770 pounds, which
@ D is assumed between 10 inches and (80 - V) inches.
most young and healthy workers may tolerate.
For travel less than 10 inches, set D = 10.
Administrative controls or engineering controls are required.
@ F is assumed between 0.2 (one lift every 5 minutes)
and F max (See Table VI:1-1). For lifting less
Above the Maximum Permissible Limit. When exceeding the
frequently than once per 5 minutes, set F = 0.
Maximum Permissible Limit, compression forces on the
lower back exceed 1,430 pounds. Only 25% of male workers
Application of the NIOSH guide to lifting tasks assumes the
and 1% of female workers can perform at this level. Both
following:
administrative and engineering controls are required for
lifting in this region.
@ Lifting task is two-handed, smooth, in front of the
body, moderate-width loads, and unrestricted lifting
CALCULATIONS postures. Moderate-width loads are those which do
not substantially exceed the body width of the lifter.
Action Limit (AL) in pounds is algebraically represented by:
@ No twisting occurs during lift.
AL (# lb) = 90 (6/H)(1 - 0.01|V - 30|) (0.7 + 3/D) (1 - F/Fmax)
@ There is a minimal amount of other manual material
where: handling, such as pushing, pulling, carrying, and
holding.
H = horizontal location (in inches) forward of
midpoint between ankles at origin of lift. @ One-hand lifts are not evaluated with this approach.
V = Vertical location (inches) at origin of lift.
D = vertical travel distance (inches) between origin
and destination of lift.
F = average frequency of lift (lifts/minute).
Fmax = maximum frequency which can be sustained (see
Table VI:1-1)
VI:1-9
12. @ Temperatures outside the 60E - 70E F range may controls, and engineering controls are elements used to
increase risk of injury. determine the seriousness of the hazard.
The computed values of the Action Limit and Maximum Examples of the application of the above lifting formula are
Permissible Limit are used by the CSHO as a guide to available through the Directorate of Technical Support.
estimating risk. The numbers by themselves do not identify
a hazardous activity. The employer's incidence of injuries
and development or of lack of programs for training, work
practice
Figure VI:1-1.
TABLE VI:1-1. VALUES FOR FMAX
Time period V>30 in V<30 in
Standing lifts/min Stooped lifts/min
1 hour 18 15
8 hours 15 12
VI:1-10
13. APPENDIX VI:1-3. VIDEO TAPE GUIDELINES AND ANALYSIS
When preparing a video tape of an employee in a work @ Horizontal distances larger than H (origin) at any
situation, it is important to be aware of the type of analytical point during the lift. If these occur, then record when
tools and analyses which will be applied to the video tape and note the horizontal distance.
images. It is assumed that a consultant will base their opinion
primarily on the use of the NIOSH Work Practices Guide To determine if the task complies with the constraints of the
(WPG) and generally accepted principles of manual material WPG, note if the following task criteria are met and explain
handling ergonomics. (A biomechanical model analysis will deviations:
not be performed.)
@ Is it a smooth lift or lower? (No jerks.)
Use a stable tripod support for the camera. Record the
subject employee from the side and from the front for at least @ Is the lift or lower two-handed and symmetric in the
five minutes during normal performance of the task. The sagittal plane?
picture frame area should include the employee's entire body
and the load being handled. Try, also, to record the @ Does the worker have unrestricted working posture?
performance of sporadic task elements. These might include Is it necessary for the worker to stoop because of low
the loading and emptying of machines or parts bins, moving ceilings or lean far to the side or front, and so forth?
of pallets, and so forth. (While these activities may not be
part of the WPG analysis, they will assist in the overall @ Is the load of moderate width? (30 inches or less?)
determination of the task hazards.)
@ Does the worker have good couplings at the hands
Measure and record the following data for use in the direct and feet? (Good grip at hands and low slip potential
WPG analysis: at the feet.)
@ Horizontal and vertical location of the hands at the @ Is the environment favorable? (Are there high or low
beginning of the lift or lower. This distance should temperatures, high humidity, high noise levels? Is it
be relative to the center of a line connecting the necessary for the operator to wear gloves, boots,
ankles (IAW the NIOSH WPG). bulky or encumbering clothing?)
@ Vertical distance that the load travels during the lift
or lower. This can be measured directly or Other information for an analyst:
determined from V (origin) - V (destination).
@ Anthropometry of the worker(s), if available.
@ Frequency that the load is lifted or lowered. @ Age(s) of the worker(s), if available.
@ Period that the task is performed. @ Distance that the load is carried.
@ Weight and dimensions of the load. @ Is the task performed relatively constantly, or is the
task sometimes frequent and other times infrequent?
To assist with the WPG analysis, also note if the following
occur during the lift or lowering:
VI:1-11