Technology Next is a magazine started by me in Feb. 2010. it was designed for basic student specially related to bihar region and hindi tounged.

2. lEikndh;
VsDuksykWth ;qx
fç; fe=k]
'kh"kZ ij dsoy ,d O;fDr ds fy, gh LFkku gksrk gS A pksVh ftruh m¡ph
gksxh] ml ij p<+uk mruk gh dfBu gksxk A 'kh"kZ rd igq¡pus vkSj ogk¡ fVds
jgus ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd vki vius çfrLif/Z;ksa ls FkksM+k vf/d vkSj
vPNk çn'kZu djsa] cfYd ftruk vki ifjJe djrs gSa mlls vf/d djus dk
ç;Ru djsa A
" technology
nksLrksa vkt dEI;wVj dk ;qx gS A pkgs og dksbZ Hkh {ks=k gks] çR;sd {ks=k esa
is a technique
dEI;wVj us viuh mifLFkfr ntZ djkbZ gS A blfy, fdlh Hkh {ks=k esa liQy gksus
of science
ds fy, vkSj dsoy liQy gksus ds fy, gh ugha cfYd] 'kh"kZ ij igq¡pus ds fy,
which is a
vkidks dEI;wVj dh enn ysuh gh iM+rh gSA ekuo nks"kksa dk iqryk gS vkSj gels
turning point
xyfr;k¡ gks ldrh gSa] ysfdu ckj&ckj viuh xyfr;ksa dks nqgjkuk vijk/ gS A
of life."
,d cqf¼eku vkSj ldjkRed lksp okyk O;fDr u dsoy viuh] cfYd nwljksa
dh xyfr;ksa ls Hkh lh[k ysrk gS A blfy, vxj vkius Hkh vkt rd dEI;wVj
ls u tqM+us dh xyrh dh gS rks vkt gh viuh bl xyrh dks lq/kjsa A nksLrksa]
vkt fcuk dEI;wVj dks tkusa vki mlh rjg gSa tSls fcuk ty dh eNyh A
vkidh blh t:jr dks ns[krs gq, geus "tehnology next" uke dh
,d if=kdk dk 'kqHkkjaHk fd;k gS ftlds ekè;e ls dEI;wVj ls lacaf/r
uohure tkudkfj;k¡ vkidks miyC/ djkuk gh gekjk ,dek=k y{; gS A
nksLrksa] oSls rks market esa vkt Computer ls lacaf/r cgqr lkjh
if=kdk,¡ gSa fdUrq "technology next" mu lcls vyx gS vkSj ;g fdl
çdkj mu lcls vyx gS bldk iSQlyk vkids gkFk esa gS A if=kdk i<+us ds ckn
vki vius cgqewY; lq>ko gesa editor@technologynext.co.in ij t:j Hkstsa A
vkidk 'kqHksPNq
Technology Next Team

3. Publisher
Pawan Kumar.
Asst. Editor
Sri Ram Sharma
Editorial Team
Rishi Kumar
Nitish Kumar
Kumar Harsha
Shiv Ram Sharma
Raghu Ram Sharma
Sneha Kumari
Priyanka Kumari
Graphic Designer
Nivesh Kumar
Nitish Kumar
Sales & Marketing
Ravi Kr. Tiwari
Dinesh Kr. Sharma
Corporate Office :
1st Floor, Near SBI ATM
Above Amit Book Depot,
Opp : Patna College,
Ashok Raj Path, Patna -4
Ph : +91-612-3261091
mail us at
info@technologynext.co.in
Printed at :Shramik Computers
Mahendru, Patna - 800006
Cell : 9386809930
ON T E N T S
C
Career :
Career in Web Technology ........................................................................ 3
Testing Zone :
Rollback RX 8.1 ..........................................................................................4
Tips & Tricks :
Windows ds Shortcuts ...............................................................................5
Workshop :
vikds PC dk Routine Checkup .................................................................6-7
Operating System :
UNIX : the king of OS .............................................................................8-10
Hardware :
DEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS ...........................................................................12-13
Multimedia :
eYVhehfM;k vkSj mlds vk;ke ......................................................................15
Networking :
Netwoking : Connecting computers ...................................................16-19
Quiz ....................................................................................................... 20
?
D;k vkidk Website gS
;fn ugha] rks vc ikb, ----
www.yourcompanyame.tec2.in
flQZ Rs. 2000/- esa
lkFk esa] vius osclkbZV dk fMtkbZu
fcYdqy FREE ik;sa !
lEidZ djsa %& 9334779030] 9334370310

4. CAREER OPPORTUNITY
Career inWeb Technology
Web technology is fastest growing career in India
lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds bl ;qx esa gj dksbZ viuh Website
cukdj Internet ds bl fo'kky lalkj esa viuh mifLFkfr ntZ
djoku pkgrk gSA vius ckjs esa gj dksbZ nqfu;kHkj dks tkudkjh
nsuk pkgrk gS vkSj bu lwpukvksa dks nqfu;kHkj esa website ds
ekè;e ls gh Hkstrk gSA Website dks design djus dk dke
djrk gS Web designer.
Web designing
dksbZ Hkh osclkbV rS;kj djus ds fy, igys mlds uke dk Mksesu
cqd djkuk iM+rk gSA blds fy, vko';drkuqlkj Server
miyC/ djk;k tk,xkA loZj ij Space ds vuqlkj vkidks
Hkqxrku djuk iM+sxkA Mksesu cqd gksus ds ckn lacaf/r daiuh
vkidks viuh Website access djus ds fy, Animation, HTML and CSS, Design Database,
Password eqgS;k djk,xh ftlls vki le;&le; ij Site Integration search engin optimization vknh esa
dks Update djus ds fy, lwpuk,sa Upload dj ldsaA
dke djus dh iwjh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A
Web Designer
Neccessity
Web Designer dks dykdkj gksus ds lkFk&lkFk
Computer engineer Hkh gksuk pkfg,A Website
design djus ds fy, Photoshop, Illustrator, vkSj
Dream weaver tSls Software dh enn yh tkrh gSA
ist ij Animation effect Mkyus ds fy, Adobe
Flash dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA blds ckn HTML, CSS,
vkSj Java Script tSlh Computer Language }kjk
Coading dj HTML Page esa cnyus ds ckn Server ij
Upload dj fn;k tkrk gS Website ds Home page ij
rkeke rjg dh lwpukvksa ds fy, Link cuk,s tkrs gSaA bu Link
ij ,d Click djus ds ckn vkidks eupkgh tkudkjh rqjar
fey tk,xhA
,d fdrkc dh rjg Website esa Hkh Cover page dh
txg gkse ist gksrk gS tcfd iqLrd esa vanj ds istksa dh ctk;
Website esa Webpage gksrs gSaA Web Designer tgk¡
istksa ds fMtkbu rS;kj djrk gS ogha izksxzkfeax ds tfj, iwjh lkbV
dks ,d ekyk dh rjg xwaFkrk gS rkfd og vanj ls iwjh rjg ls
tqM+h Hkh gks vkSj ckgjh geyksa ls lqjf{kr Hkh jgsA dqy feykdj
,d Web Designer dks E-commerse, Flash
dbZ futh rduhdh laLFkku Web Designing esa
Certificate course djokrs gS] ysfdu Computer
Science, Graphic Designing ;k Digital Media esa
Batchler degree iQk;nsean gksrh gSA dqN daifu;ka vius
;gka Web designers dks muds Portfolio ds vk/kj ij
fu;qDr djrh gSA vkids fy, Lora=k :i ls Ldwy ;k dE;qfuVh
xzqi ds fy, dksbZ Project cukuk Hkh vkids fy, iQk;nsean
lkfcr gks ldrk gSA
technology next
Future in Web designing
Internet dk bLrseky c<+us ds lkFk osc fMtkbfuax dk {ks=k
Hkh iQSy jgk gSA osc fMtkbu dk ekuuk gS fd vius vuqHko vkSj
Creativity ds cycwrs fMtkbuj ds rkSj ij vki fdlh daiuh
esa ukSdjh rks dj gh ldrs gSa] viuk Lora=k O;olk; Hkh dj
ldrs gSaA
foKkiu ,stsafl;ka. izdk'ku gkml vkWfM;ks&fotqvy ehfM;k]
fMtkbu LVwfm;ks] fizaVj vkSj Vkbfiax lasVj] ekdsZfVax iQeZ]
'kS{kf.kd laLFkkvksa ds vykok iqLrdky;ksa esa osc fmtk;ujksa dh
ekax ges'kk cuh jgrh gSA
Page 03

5. TESTING
ZONE
Roll back RX 8.1
Instantly Undo Your PC Problems.
Roll Back RX ,d System Restore Software gS tks fd mi;ksx esa vR;ar ljy] lqfo/ktud ,oa rst gSA
1-
2-
bl lkWÝVos;j dh lgk;rk ls vki vius Computer System dks fdlh Hkh iwoZor fLFkfr esa ys tk ldrs gSA
;g lkWÝVos;j vkidks vius Computer dh leL;kvksa ds fuokj.k esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
Roll Back RX 8.1 ,d Real time data recovery utility gSA ;fn dHkh vkidk MkVk [kks tkrk gS ;k
vkids Computer esa fdlh Hkh rjg dk Software Problem vk;s rks Roll Back RX 8.1 dh enn ls vki
bl eqlhcr ls feuVksa esa NqVdkjk ik ldrs gSaA
Roll Back RX Professional ,d Data backup software Hkh gSA bl lkWÝVos;j dh enn ls vki vius
iwjs Hard disk dk Image cukdj CD ;k DVD esa j[k ldrs gS rFkk iqu% okil ykus ds fy, vki ml Hard
disk image dks Restore Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
Roll Back RX Software vkidks Restore facility ds vykok File, Folder, ,oa Data Recovery dh
lqfo/k iznku djrk gSA bl lkWÝVos;j dks vki Scheduled Hkh dj ldrs gSa] ;kfu ;s vkids vuqlkj vkids
Computer dks Restore ;k mldk Snapshot ys ldrk gSA
;g lkWÝVos;j mu lHkh yksxks ds fy, mi;ksxh gS tks fd vDlj vius Computer dks Format djrs jgrs gS ;k
tks Computer Mechanics ds jkst jkst ds [kpsZ ls ijs'kku jgrs gSaA
Rollback Rx
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Recover deleted or corrupted files. Restore crashed systems.
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rks D;k vki ugha
ikuk pkgsaxs vius
dEI;wVj
ds >a>Vks ls NwVdkjk
vkt gh [kjhnsa
Contact No : 9304337110, 9334370310.
MRP : 2850/-
Offer Price
799/-

6. TIPS & TRICKS
Windows ds
Shortcuts
Win
- Start Menu dks [kksyus ds fy,
Win + E
- Windows Explorer dks vkjaHk djus ds fy,
Win + R
- Run Command dks vkjaHk djus ds fy,
Win + F
- Find Command dks vkjaHk djus ds fy,
Win + D
- Desktop ij tkus ds fy,
Win + M
- fdlh Window dks djus Minimize ds fy,
Shift + Win + M
- Minimized Window dks Restore djus ds fy,
Win + F1
- Windows Help dks [kksyus ds fy,
Win + Pause Break - System Properties Dialog Box ds fy,
Alt + Tab
Spacebar
- nks [kqys Programme ds chp Alteration ds fy,
- Option box ;k Check Box dks Select ;k
Deselect djus ds fy,
Alt
- fdlh Hkh Window ds igys Menu dks Select
Quick Heal Total Security 2010
completely protects your PC, Mobile
Phones against malwares and data theft.
It provides a safe and secure experience
while you are browsing, Online Banking,
Online Shopping, Chatting and playing
games online. Once installed it acts as a
shield against viruses, worms, trojans,
spywares and other malicious threats. It
also provides protection against new and
unknown viruses using Quick Heal’s
renowned DNAScan technology, blocks
malicious websites and prevents spam
mails from reaching your mailbox.
djus ds fy, rFkk blds chp Navigation ds fy, Starting from 1099/ge Arrow Key dk mi;ksx djrs gSa
discount
Alt + letter
- fdlh Hkh Window ds Menu dks mlds For
Contact : 9334779030,
Underlined Key }kjk Select djus ds fy,
9334370310
F2
- fdlh Hkh File/Folder dks Rename djus ds fy,
F4
- fdlh Hkh Window esa Drop-down list dks Open
Advertisement Rate
djus ds fy,
Shift + Del
- fdlh Hkh File/Folder dks fcuk Recycle Bin esa
Hksts Permanently Delete djus ds fy,
Back Cover
Alt + F4
- fdlh Hkh Window dks can djus ds fy,
5000.00
Inner Front Cover
Alt + Space + C
- fdlh Hkh Window dks can djus ds fy,
Alt + Space + X
- fdlh Hkh Window dks Maximize djus ds fy,
3000.00
Inner Back Cover
Alt + Space + N
- fdlh Hkh Window dks Minimize djus ds fy,
3000.00
Alt + Space + R
- fdlh Hkh Window dks Restore djus ds fy,
Inner Full Page 1500.00
Alt + Enter
- fdlh Hkh File/Folder ds Properties dks tkuus ds
fy,
For Advertisement, Contact
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Backspace
- Window Explorer ;k My Computer esa ,d
Mr. Nivesh : 9334779030
Folder mQij tkus ds fy,
Page 05
technology next
10%
in

7. vkids
WORKSHOP
P C dk Routine Checkup
vkt ds O;Lr ftanxh esa fdlh ds ikl NksVs dkeksa ds
fy, le; ugha gS ijUrq dHkh&dHkh gekjs bl utjvankt
LoHkko ds dkj.k cM+h ijs'kkfu;k¡ mBkuh iM+rh gS A D;k
vki tkurs gSa fd fdlh Hkh bysDVªkWfuDl lkeku esa
xM+cfM+;k¡ mlds j[k&j[kko esa <hysiu ds dkj.k gh gksrh
gS A vkt ge&vki yxHkx lHkh ds ikl dEI;wVj t:j gS
rFkk dEI;wVj Hkh ,d bysDVªkWfuDl device gS A vk;s fnu
vkids dEI;wVj esa NksVh&eksVh xM+cfM+;k¡ gksrh gh jgrh
gksaxh A ftl çdkj jksxksa ls cpko ds fy, ge MkWDVj ds
ikl routine checkup ds fy, tkrs gSa Bhd mlh çdkj
dEI;wVlZ ds xM+cfM+;ksa ls cpus ds fy, gesa mldk
routine checkup djrs jguk iM+rk gS A vkbZ, vkidks
NksVs&eksVs uq[lksa ds ckjs esa crykrk gw¡ tks fd dEI;wVlZ dks
xM+cfM+;ksa ls nwj j[krs gSa A
Power
pwfd dEI;wVj fctyh ls gh pyrk gS rks fctyh dh
leL;k ls cpus ds fy, gesa fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk
gksxk%&
1- Errant voltage ls cpus ds fy, ges'kk spike
guard dk gh ç;ksx djuk pkfg, A spike guard
vkids power plugs dks dldj tdM+k gqvk gksrk
gS ftlls fd spark ls gksus okys voltage
fluctuation dk Mj ugha jgrk gS A
2- dHkh&dHkh vkidks spike guard ls pV[kus dh
vkoktsa lqukbZ nsrh gksaxh rc vki mls cnyus dh
lksprs gksaxs ijUrq mls cnyus dh t:jr ugha cfYd
mlds lEidZ LFkku dks :[ks o lkiQ diM+s ls iksNusa
dh t:jr gS A bl dk è;ku vo'; jgs fd spike
guard dks iksNrs le; lHkh LFkkuksa ls fctyh dk
dusD'ku dVk gqvk gksuk pkfg, A
3- ;fn vki UPS dk ç;ksx djrs gSa rks vki blds cSVªh
dks eghus esa de ls de ,d ckj discharge dj
iqu% recharge djsa A ,slk djus ds fy, vkidks
dEI;wVj dks UPS ds battery mode esa gh pykuk
gksxk rFkk mlds discharge gksus dh fLFkfr esa
dEI;wVj dks off dj ysa A bl çfØ;k ls vkids UPS
ds cSVªh dh ykbiQ cjdjkj jgrh gS A
Monitors
Monitors, Computer dk ,d egRoiw.kZ vax gS
Page 06
ftlds lgkjs ge vius dk;ks± dk ifj.kke ns[krs gSa A rks
blds Hkh j[k&j[kko ij è;ku nsuk vfr vko';d gS A
1- pwfd dEI;wVj dk nq'eu /wyd.k gS rFkk vf/dka'k
xM+cfM+;k¡ /wydj.k ls gh mRiUu gksrh gS rks gesa mls
/wyd.k ls nwj gh j[kuk pkfg, A dEI;wVj dks ges'kk
f[kM+dh vkSj njokts ls nwj jf[k, A
2- Monitor ds colors dk fc[kj tkuk & ;g leL;k
monitor ds bnZ&fxnZ pqEcdh; rjaxksa ds cuus ls gksrk
gS A rks dHkh Hkh monitor ds vkl&ikl speakers
;k power devices (like as UPS, CVT) dks
ugha j[kuk pkfg, A
Monitor ds color fc[kj tkus ij ;fn vkids
monitor esa degauss function gS rks mls nckdj
vki colors dks okil yk ldrs gSa ;fn ugha rks
monitor dks 15 feuVksa ds fy, off dj nsa rFkk iqu%
mls on dj ysa A
3- Monitor dks /wyd.k ls cpk;s j[kus ds mls ges'kk
lkiQ djrs jguk pkfg, A lkiQ djrs le; ;g è;ku
esa vo'; jgs fd mlds power connection dkVk
gqvk gS A
4- Monitor dks lkiQ djus ds fy, lkiQ vkSj eqyk;e
diM+s dk gh ç;ksx djuk pkfg, rFkk mlds jxM+ dh
,d gh fn'kk gksuh pkfg, A
5- ;g ges'kk è;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd screen dk
technology next

8. WORKSHOP
resolution vkSj refresh rate, monitor ds 2- dHkh Hkh CD/DVD ROM ds platter viuh txg ls
specification ds vuqlkj gh gks A
foLFkkfir gks ldrk gS vkSj [kqyus rFkk can gksus esa ijs'kkuh
mRiUu dj ldrk gS A vki ges'kk CD/DVD ROM
CD disc vkSj floppy disc
ds platter dks can djus ds fy, mlds panel esa
1- CDs vkSj floppy discs dks ges'kk mlds case esa
fLFkr button dk ç;ksx djuk pkfg, A
ghs j[ks rkfd oks /wy vkSj [kjksapksa ls nwj jg lds A
Speakers
2- ;fn vki bu ij /y ikrs gaS rks mUgs rjr lkiQ djas A
w
qa
CDs dks ge'kk vnj ls ckgj dh vkj gh ikNuk pkfg,A
s a
s
as
3- CDs vkj floppy discs dks lh/s l;çdk'k ls nj j[kA
S
w Z
w as
4- dHkh Hkh CDs dks ?kqekrs gq, lkiQ ugha djsa A
Keyboard
1- dHkh Hkh alcohal ;k mlds tSls xq.k okys jlk;u dk
mi;ksx keyboard lkiQ djus ds fy, ugha djuk
pkfg, A D;ksafd bu jlk;uksa ls keyboard ds print
mM+ ldrs gSa A
2- dHkh Hkh [kkrs gq, Keyboard dk mi;ksx u djsa
D;ksafd rsyh; inkFkZ ;k [kk| lkekxzh Keyboard ds
fdlh ,d key ;k iwjs keyboard dks [kjkc dj
ldrs gSa A
1- Speakers dks dHkh Hkh mlds lcls rst volume
ij ugha ctkuk pkfg, A Speaker ds volume dks
ogha rd c<+kuk pkfg, tgk¡ rd vkidks lkiQ vkokt
lqukbZ ns jgk gks A
2- dHkh Hkh Speaker ds plugs dks ugha fudkyuk
pkfg, tcfd oks on gks A
3- Speaker dks eqyk;e ,oa lkiQ diM+s ls fdlh Hkh
dish soap ds solution ls lkiQ dj ldrs gSa A
ijUrq ;g è;ku jgs fd lkiQ djrs le; speaker ds
plugs fudkys gq, gksus pkfg, A
bl çdkj bu NksVh&NksVh ckrksa esa è;ku esa j[ksa vkSj
mudk vuq'kj.k djrs jgsa rks ge cgqr lkjs eqf'dyksa ls
cprs jgsaxs A ;fn vkidh nSfud thou cgqr gh O;Lr gS rks
CD/DVD ROM
vki de ls de bls 15 fnuksa ds varjky ij rks t:j dj
1- CD/DVD ROM ds life dks c<+kus de ls de ldrs gSa ;k vius lkIrkfgd Nqêðh ds fnu Hkh bu dk;ks± dks
eghus esa ,d ckj lens cleaner dk mi;ksx dj vatke ns ldrs gSa A
lens dks t:j lkiQ dj ysuk pkfg, A
direct
.com
your local business web directory
Starting from
jftLVªku
s'
fu%'kqYd
22 February, 2010
vius laLFkku dks vkt gh jftLVMZ djk;sa A
vkWuykbu jftLVªku ds fy, Login djsa %
s'
http://www.patnadirect.com
;k gekjs xzkgd izfrfuf/ ls laidZ djsa % 9334779030] 9334370310

9. OPERATING SYSTEM
UNIX :
the
vki lHkh Computer Hardware vkSj Software
ds ckjs esa cgqr ppkZ djrs gksasxs ijUrq vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd ;s
lc dke dSls djrs gSa budks funsZf'kr djus okyk dkSuk gS oks gS
Operating System A
Operating system dEI;wVj dk thou nkrk gS A ;fn
rduhfd Hkk"kk esa ge bls ifjHkkf"kr djsa rks It is program
that is loaded into the computer's memory
when the system is booted and always remains
there. An operating system runs programs and
controls all resources that the program require.
ge ftrus Hkh Application (like as word, paint,
calculator etc) ij dke djrs gSa mu lHkh dks Operating
System ds tfj, gh funsZf'kr fd;k tkrk gS A blds }kjk fn,
tkus okyh lsok,¡ fuEufyf[kr gSa &
& tc vkids System ij cgqr lkjs çksxke py jgs gksa rks
OS (Operating System) ;g fu.kZ; ysrk gS fd
rRdkyhu fdl çksxke dks dke djuk gS rFkk fdrus le;
ds fy, dke djuk gS A
& OS gh Computer Memory dks fofHkUu programs ds chp lk>k djrk gS A
& ;g lHkh Hardware Device dks direct access
djrk gS A
& ;g Programs ds errors dks Application vkSj
User nksuksa dks lwfpr djrk gS A
& ;g user dks cgqr lkjh vk/kjHkwr lsok;sa çnku djrk gS
tSlsfd Copying & deleting files, creating
directories, sending mails etc.
fcuk fdlh operating system ds nqfu;k dk lcls
'kfDr'kkyh dEI;wVj Hkh fcuk dke dk gS A
UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
DOS vkSj Windows ds vykok ,d vkSj operating
system gS UNIX tks fd bu nksuksa ls Hkh igys vk;k Fkk A ;g
,d ,slk OS gS ftlesa OS ds lkjs xq.k ekStwn gSa rFkk dqN ,sls Hkh
gSa tks fd vkSj lHkh OS esa ekStwn ugha gS A Windows dk dksbZ
Hkh lk/kj.k user dqN çk;ksfxd Kku ds lkFk Unix esa dke dj
ldrk gS A ;g cgqr gh çHkko'kkyh OS gS tks fd vkSjksa dh vis{kk
Page 08
king
of OS
vius Powers ds mi;ksx dh T;knk {kerk çnku djrk gS A
UNIX us Computer Science dks dqN ,sls fl¼kar
fn, tks fd blds fy, vufHkK Fks A ;g Operating System
programers ds }kjk Lo;a ds mi;ksx ds rS;kj fd;k x;k gS A
;g OS ,d command language interpreter gS A
eryc fd vkids }kjk fy[kk x;k dksbZ Hkh word, System ds
}kjk command ds :i esa interprate gksrk gS A UNIX OS
fliZQ lhfer ek=kk esa lsok;sa ugha çnku djrk gS cfYd vki blds
vk/kjHkwr commands dks tksM+dj dqN Hkh dj ldrs gSa A
INSIDE UNIX
1- Kernel and Shell % Unix ds vUnj kernel vkSj shell
uke ds nks objects gksrs gSa A kernel, Unix dks hardware ds lkFk tksM+rk gS tcfd shell bls users ds lkFk
tksM+rk gS A
2- UNIX dbZ users ds }kjk ,d lkFk mi;ksx esa fy;k tk
ldrk gS A
3- bl OS esa ,d user ,d lkFk dbZ task dks dk;kZfUor
dj ldrk gS A
4- UNIX dk shell Lo;a ,d programming language gS A ;g OS, programers ds fy, rS;kj gqvk
Fkk] end user ds fy, ughaA ;g gj çdkj dk tools dks
j[krk gS tSls fd control structures, loops vkSj
variables bR;kfn tks fd bls ,d 'kfDr'kkyh
prgramming language cukus eas lgk;d gS A
5- pwfd UNIX, C programming ls gh cuk gS blfy,
blesa lSdM+ksa commands gSa tks fd fo'ks"k functions
dks lapkfyr djrs gSa A bu lHkh fo'ks"k functions dk
mi;ksx user dks viuk tools cukus dh lqfo/k çnku
djrh gS A
6- man dekaM ds tfj, ge UNIX ds gj dekaM ds ckjs esa
Online help ys ldrs gSa A
SYSTEMADMINISTRATOR
Unix ,d security conscious OS gS A ;g fliZQ
mu persons ds }kjk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS tksfd viuk
vyx account j[kuk pkgrs gSa A ;fn lkS ls Hkh T;knk users
gSa rks mUgsa la;e esa j[kus ds ,d fo'ks"k user gksrk gS ftls lkjh
technology next

10. OPERATING SYSTEM
'kfDr;k¡ çnku gksrh gS ftls ge System Administrator
dgrs gSa A Administrator dk Lo;a ds mi;ksx ds fy, vyx
account gks r k gS tks f d root dgykrk gS A
Administrator gh çR;sd user ds fy, account dk
fu/kZj.k djrk gS rFkk çR;sd user ds fy, account dk
fu/kZj.k djrk gS ftls user-id dgk tkrk gS rFkk çR;sd dks ,d
xqIr Code çnku fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd password dgykrk
gS A vc vki fdlh Hkh terminal ij cSBdj vius user
account esa user-id vkSj password Vkbi djds tk ldrs
gSa A
LOGGING INAND OUT
vius account esa ços'k djus rFkk mlls ckgj fudyus
dh fØ;k logging In vkSj logging Out dgykrh gS A tSls gh
vki UNIX ds fdlh VfeZuy dks On djrs gSa rks vkids lkeus
fuEufyf[kr prompt vk tk;sxk A
login :
vc vxj vkidk user-id "pawan" gS rks vki bl
prompt ij "pawan" type djsaxs A vxj vkidk user-id
lgh gS rks vkids lkeus password dk prompt vk tk;sxk A
login : pawan
password :
vc vki viuk password type djds vius
account esa tk ldrs gSa A
vius account lsckgj vkusdsfy, geas logout djuk gkxk A
s
;g fuEu çdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS %&
1- command prompt ij Ctrl vkSj d dks nckus ls
$ [Ctrl-d]
login :
2- command prompt ij logout ;k exit Vkbi djus
ij
$ logout [enter]
login :
;k $ exit [exit]
login :
viuk ikloMZ cnyuk %
viuk password cnyus ds fy, ge passwd uked
command dk fuEu çdkj ls ç;ksx djrs gSa %&
$ passwd [enter]
old password : ***** [enter]
new password : ***** [enter]
renter password : ***** [enter]
$_
The
LANGUAGE LAB
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We provide a complete English environment
We teach from the point you require to be taught.
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11. OPERATING SYSTEM
$ ls
Users dk details ns[kus ds fy, %
docs
UNIX ,d multuser operating system gS A vxj vki
abc
tkuuk pkgrs gSa fd fdrus users vHkh dke dj jgsa gSa rks who
3- directory structure esafopj.kdjuk%
command ds tfj, vki ;g dj ldrs gSa A
UNIX esa vius directory ls ckgj fudyus ;k cnyus ds
$ who [enter]
fy, igys gesa vius directory ds LFkku dks tkuuk gksxk A
pawan tty01 May 08 12:05
blds fy, ge pwd command dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A
rahul tty05 May 08 14:18
$ pwd
bl rjg gesa user dk uke] terminal dk uke blds login dk
/home/pawan
date vkSj time Kkr gksrk gS A
bl çdkj vkidks irk pyrk gS fd vki home
vius terminal dks tkuus ds fy, %
directory ds pawan uked subdirectory esa gSa A
vius terminal ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, tty command
ihNs geus ,d directory cuk;k gS docs uke dk A vc
Vkbi djsa A
$ tty [enter]
cd command ds tfj, ge viuk directory cnysaxs A
/dev/tty01
$ cd docs
Unix esa dke djrs le; fuEu ckrksa dk è;ku vo'; j[kuk
$_
;fn ge iqu% pwd command ls ns[ksa rks vius vkidks
pkfg;s %
1- Unix dk çR;sd command lowercase esa Vkbi
/home/pawan/docs ds vanj ik;saxs A
gksrk gS A Uppercase esa Vkbi djus ls xyr gks tk;sxk 4- files dkscukukrFkkns[kuk%
dksbZ Hkh u;k file cukus ds fy, ge echo dekaM dk
A
mi;ksx djrs gSa rFkk mls ns[kusa ds fy, cat dekaM dk A
2- çR;sd ykbu ds input ds ckn Enter key dks hit djuk
mnkgj.k Lo:i
t:jh gksrk gS A
(d) file cukuk
3- fdlh Hkh character ;k line dks delete djus ds fy,
$ echo Today is Monday. > note1
backspace key dk use u djds ge delete key
$_
;k [Ctrl vkSj h] dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A
bl çdkj note1 uke dk ,d file cu x;k gS ftlesa
4- fdlh Hkh command dks chp esa gh jksdus ds fy, [Ctrl
Today is Monday. laxzfgr gks x;k gS A
vkSj d ] dk ç;ksx djrs gSa] tgk¡ ;g dekaM dke ugha djrk
([k) file ns[kuk
gS ogk¡ fuEu key sequences dk mi;ksx gksrk gS &
$ cat note1
[Ctrl vkSj c]
Today is Monday.
[delete]
5- fdlh file ds lines, words vkSj characters dks
5- fdlh Hkh dekaM ds display dks jksddj ns[kus ds fy,
fxuuk %
[Ctrl vkSj s] dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mls iqu% vkajHk
bl çfd;k ds ge wc uke ds dekaM dk mi;ksx djrs gSa A
$ wc note1
djus ds fy, [Ctrl vkSj q] dk ç;ksx gksrk gS A
1
3
16
note1
Files vkSj directory ds lkFk dke djuk %&
bl çdkj gesa ;g irk pyrk gS fd note iQkby esa ,d
1- Directories cukusdsfy,%
UNIX esa directories cukus ds fy, ge mkdir
line] rhu words rFkk 16 characters gSa A
UNIX ds files lS¼kafrd :i esa cgqr gh lk/kj.k gksrs gSa A
command dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A
$ mkdir docs
UNIX ds basic commands ds tfj, vki complex
$_
commands routines dks dk;kZfUor dj ldrs gSa A UNIX
2- files vkSjdirectories dkslisting djuk%
çR;sd directories vkSj devices dks files dh rjg gh
ftl rjg DOS esa ge dir command dk ç;ksx
le>rk gS A UNIX gesa Graphic User Interface Hkh çnku
listing djus esa djrs gSa mlh çdkj UNIX esa ls comdjrk gS A bl rjg ge dg ldrs gSa fd UNIX ,d 'kfDr'kkyh
mand dk ç;ksx djrs gSa A
operating system gS A
Page 10
technology next

12. MEGASOFT IT SOLUTION
( A Unit of Megasoft Educations Pvt. Ltd. )
MEGASOFT
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Specialized in
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Auto-CAD, Web-Designing
Admission is Going On
ADDRESSES :Ashok Rajpath
Kankarbagh
3rd Floor, S.B.I. Building,
Opp. Patna College,
Ashok Rajpath, Patna-4
Call.: 3292472, 9334853723
Opp. Doctor’s Colony,
P.N.B. Building,
Kankarbagh, Patna-20
Call.: 3260853, 9334483728
Boring Road
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4th Floor, Sumati Place,
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Call.: 3254487, 9334293767
Log on to : www.megasoftitsolution.com

13. HARDWARE
dEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS
vkt ds Hi-tech ;x eas dEI;Vj dk mi;kx cgr rth ls c<rk tk jgk gS A ykx dEI;Vj ls
q
w
s
q s
+
s
w
:&c&: gks jgas gaS ijUrq ge lc eas cgr gh de ykx dEI;Vj ds lHkh vxkas ds ckjs eas tkurs gaS A
q
s
w
a
vkt dEI;Vj ds ikVl ds [kjkch ds uke ij gkMo;j edfud ils ,B yrs gaS A ;fn ge ikVlkas ds
w
Z~
Z s S s
S sa s
Z~
ckjs eas rFkk mlds dk;fof/ dh tkudkjh j[kas rks geas nks çdkj ds iQk;nas fn[kxs A igyk & NkV&ekVs
Z
as
ss s
[kjkfc;kas dks ge [kn Bhd dj ldrs gaS rFkk nljk fd dkbZ Hkh geas xyr&lyr crykdj ils ugha
q
w
s
S
,B ldrk A vkb;s vkxs ge dEI;Vj ikVlkas ds ckjs eas ppkZ djas A
as
w
Z~
dEI;wVj esa fuEufyf[kr eq[; devices gksrs gSa %&
i'pkr SMPS dks Lo;a gh off dj nsrk gS A
1- Enclosures (Chasis or Case), 23- Motherboard vkSj blls lacaf/r parts %
Power Supply, 3- Motherboard vkSj blls
Motherboard dEI;wVj dk ân; vkSj vkRek nksuksa gS A
lacaf/r parts, 4- Video System, 5- Sound
;s lkjs devices dks ,d lkFk tksM+rk gS A fdlh dEI;wVj ds
System, 6- Drive System, 7- MODEMs rFkk
motherboard ds specification ls gh ml dEI;wVj
8- Input Devices
dh {kerk vkSj limitations dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldrk
vkb, vc ge ,d&,d dj bldh ppkZ djsa A
gS A motherboard ds eq[; rRo fuEufyf[kr gSa%&
1Enclosures (Chasis or Case)%
Form factor - ;g motherboard ds
Enclosures dks Chasis ;k case Hkh dgk tkrk
power supply type dks fu/kZfjr djrk gS A tSls
gS A Chasis, computer dk mechnical <k¡pk gS
fd og motherboard, AT gS ;k ATX A
ftlds vUnj dEI;wVj ikV~Zl dls gq, gksrs gSa A Chasis ds
Expansion Slot - gj motherboard esa ;g
gksus ls nks iQk;ns gSa & igyk fd dEI;wVj ds çR;sd ikV~Zl
fofHkUu çdkj ds gksrs gSa tSls ISA slot, PCI slot,
lqjf{kr <ax ls dls gq, gksrs gSa ftlls fd mlds physical
AGP slot, USB slot, AMR slot A bu lHkh
damage gksus dk Mj de gksrk gS] nwljs fd dEI;wVj dk
expansion slots ls vyx&vyx expansion
cards dks tksM+k tkrk gS A
chasis mlds power supply ls ground gksrk gS tks
fd computer ds ikV~Zl dks voltage ds fluctuation
CPU - gj motherboard ds CPU support
ls gksus okys nq"çHkko ls cpkrk gS A dEI;wVj dk psfpl eq[;r%
dh {kerk vyx&vyx vk/kjksa ij gksrh gS A tSls &
CPU Socket ds vk/kj ij rFkk CPU clock
rhu çdkj dk gksrk gS%& (1) baby case, (2)
speed ds vk/kj ij A
Fesktop case rFkk (3) tower case A Baby
Main memory - çR;sd motherboard esa
case ds }kjk 130&175 watt fctyh dh [kir gksrh gS
main memory dks support djus dh ,d
tcfd desktop ds tfj, 200&250 watt dh rFkk
vf/dre lhek ?kksf"kr gksrh gS A main memory dks
Desktop case ds tfj, 300 watt ;k mlls T;knk
RAM dgk tkrk gS A
fctyh dh [kir gksrh gS A
BIOS (Basic Input Output System) 2- Power Supply :
motherboard ds mQij fLFkr permanent
dEI;wVj esa disk drives vkSj motherboard dkss
memory gS tks fd computer ds hardware
fctyh çnku SMPS uked device ds tfj, gksrh gS A ;g
dks operating system ds lkFk tksM+us okys funsZ'kksa
device eq[;r% nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa & (1) AT vkSj (2)
dks store j[krk gS A
ATX A AT power supply esa computer ds shut
Chipset Support - vkt ds motherboard
down ds i'pkr gesa power supply dks Hkh off djuk
esa mldh vf/dka'k {kerk chipset ds mQij fuHkZj
iM+rk gS tcfd ATX esa shut down gksrs le; dEI;wVj
djrh gS A dbZ chipset rks fliQZ fo'ks"k CPUs dks gh
SMPS dks ,d signal Hkstrk gS tks fd shut down ds
support djrs gSa A Chipset dbZ rjg ds
Page 12
technology next

14. HARDWARE
features dks support djrs gSa tSls & (serial
ports, parallel ports, keyboard port,
mouse port bR;kfn ) A
4- Video System :lHkh dEI;Vj eas Video system dk gkuk vfr vko';d
w
s
gS D;kfsa d blh ds lgkjs ge text, graphics vkj
S
multimedia images dks n[k ikrs gaS A bldh ekx rc vkj
s
a
S
c<+ tkrh gS tc ge video application (tls 3D
S
rendering vkj visulization ) ij dke djrs gaS A blds
S
vrxr video controllers vkj monitor vkrs gaS A
a Z
S
5- Sound System :vkt ds dEI;wVj esa sound dk gksuk cgqr gh t:jh gS A
,d vPNs xq.koÙkk okys sound card gesa efficient
sound file playback, extremely precise
sound synthesis vkSj orchestral quality
music çnku djrk gS A blds varxZr drive
interfaces, midi/game port, midi memory,
CD-audio connector rFkk speakers vkrs gSa A
6- Drive Systems :dksbZ dEI;wVj ,d ls vf/d ek=kk esa drives dk mi;ksx
djrk gS rks vkidks ;g vo'; tkudkjh j[kuh pkfg, fd
drive system ds varxZr D;k vkrk gS A drive
systems ds varxZr IDE controllers, SCSI
controllers, floppy drives, hard drives,
CD-ROM drives, CD-RW drives, DVDROM drives, DVD-RW drives rFkk zip
drives vkrk gS A
7- MODEMs:vkt ds bl information age esa internet ,d
lwpuk dk Ïksr cu x;k gS rFkk internet ls computer
dks tksM+us dk i;k;Z MODEM gh gS A MODEM nks
çdkj ds gksrs gSa igyk internal modem rFkk nwljk
external modem A
8- Input devices
;|fi vkidks dEI;wVj esa command nsuk rFkk
selection djuk gksrk gS ijUrq blds fy, vkidks input
devices dh vko';drk gksrh gS A Input devices ds
varxZr two button mouse, three button
mouse, scroll mouse, optical mouse, light
pen, keyboard, Joystick, scanners bR;kfn
vkrs gSa A
vc rd vkius ftruk dqN Hkh i<+k mlls vkidks fliQZ ;s
irk pyrk gS fd dEI;wVj ds vanj D;k gksrk gS ,d fMCcs esa
brus lkjs lkeku yxs gksrs gSa A gekjs vkus okys vadksa esa vkidk
bu lkekuksa dh foLr`r dk;Zfof/ rFkk buesa vkus okys leL;kvksa
ds lek/ku feysaxs A
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eaching Center
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BBA
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Ph: 9279177009

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Graphic Designing
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16. MULTIMEDIA ZONE
eYVhehfM;k vkSj mlds vk;ke
euq"; ges'kk ls fdlh ekè;e ds tfj, Interact gksrk  256 MB of RAM
jgk gS pkgs oks ekSf[kd :i esa gks ;k n`'; ds :i esa gks ;k  Multimedia Keyboard, Optical Mouse, DVD-RW
fiQj ladsrksa ls ! "Multimedia" bldk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gS  40 GB of Hard Disk
"More than one medium of communication."
,slh i¼fr ftlds tfj, ,d lkFk texts, Audio, Video,
Graphics, Image, Animation dk çLrqfrdj.k gks]
Multimedia dgykrh gS A
vkt ds vk/qfud ;qx esa bldh dkiQh egRork gS]
D;ksafd bl i¼fr dh enn ls fdlh Hkh çdkj dk
çLrqfrdj.k dkiQh lgt ,oa lqUnj gks tkrk gS A ekuk Hkh
tkrk gS fd i<+us dh vis{kk balku ns[k vkSj lqudj T;knk
Kku çkIr djrk gS A vkt Cartoon Serials, Games
vR;kf/d yksdfç; gks x;k gS A cPpksa dks euksjatu ds
lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk nsuk (Edutainment), real life
imageing bR;kfn Multimedia dh gh nsu gS A
 5 Channel Sound Card , Microphone
Multimedia dks eq[;r% geyksx nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡rs gSa %&
V
1. Print Media
2. Visual Media
Print Media ds ekè;e ls geykx Type
s
Formatting, Vector Editing ,oa Image Editing djrs
gaS A Type Formatting ds rgr fdrkckas vkj exthuksa dk
S S
ifCyd'ku dk dk;Z vkrk gS tcfd fdlh vkMh&frjNh
s
+
ykbukas dh lgk;rk ls cuk, x;s fp=kkas dh fØ;k dks ge
Vector Editing dgrs gaS A NkVs NkVs cnkas dh lgk;rk ls cus
s s aw
fp=kkas ij dke djuk Image Editing dgykrk gS A
Visual Media ds ekè;e ls geykx 2-dimensional
s
Zw
Pictures, Bitmap Images, Vector Images, Animation (dkVUl), 3- dimensional Animation
Animation, Digital Audio & Video
(iIlh&dkyk tls mRiknkas dk foKkiu) rFkk Vedio Editing
s
s S
;g lc Multimedia ds gh vax gSa A
(fiQYekas ds Li'ky bQDVl) bR;kfn dk;Z djrs gaS A
s
s ~
,d eYVhehfM;k dEI;wVj dks ifjHkkf"kr djus gsrq
eYVhehfM;k esa dk;Z djus gsrq rks vHkh cktkj esa cgqr
ml dEI;wVj esa fuEukafdr ikV~Zl gksus pkfg, %
lkjs Softwares miyC/ gSa ijUrq muesa ls tks egRoiw.kZ
 Pentium 4 Processor
gSa mudk oxhZdj.k vkxs fd;k tk jgk gS %&
 Accelerated Graphic Card with 64 MB of RAM
Multimedia
Print Media
Type
Formatting
Vector
Editing
Visual Media
Image
Editing
fdlh Hkh iQkby dks ;fn ge Save djrs gSa rks ml
iQkby ds var esa File Type dk Extension yx tkrk
gS A ml Extension dks ns[kdj ge le> tkrs gSa fd oks
iQkby fdl çdkj ds MkVk dks j[krk gS A tSls & *.doc dks
ns[kdj ge le> tkrs gSa fd ;g Microsoft Word dk Qkby
gS rFkk ;g Text Data dks j[krk gS A mlh çdkj eYVhehfM;k
esa ç;qDr gksus okys fuEukafdr çeq[k Extension gSa %&
technology next
2-dimensional 3-dimensional
Animation
Animation
Vedio
Editing
Tiff (Tagged Image file Format), BMP (Bitmap),
GIF(Graphic Interchange Image), WMF (Window
Metafile Format), JPEG (Joint Photo Expert Group)
bR;kfn Image Data Type File ds Extension gaS A
AVI (Audio Video Interleaved), MFF (Midi File
Format), MPG (Motion Expert Fortmat,
WAV(Wave Format) bR;kfn Video Stream ds
Extension
gSa A
Page 15

17. NETWORKING
Knowledge about
Computer
Networking
vkius fiNys lky lquk gksxk] Hkkjr ds rRdkyhu
ç/kuea=kh VsyhdkWUÚsflax ds tfj, ;gk¡ ds lHkh eq[;ea=kh
ls fnYYkh cSBs&cSBs ckr dj jgs Fks A vki lHkh T.V. t:j
ns[krs gksaxs A vkius T.V. esa dscqy dusD'ku (Dish
Connection ) yxk;k gh gksxk] vkSj vki ?kj cSBs lkjs
pSuyksa dks fjeksV nckdj ns[k ldrs gSaA
D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd D;k gS ;s lc dSls
gksrk gS ;s communication ;gh rks gS networking
ftlus lkjs fo'o dks ,d lw=k esa tksM+ fn;k gS A yksxksa ds
chp dh nwfj;k¡ dks de dj fn;k gS A blus
communication dks lLrk] ljy] lqxe cuk fn;k gS A
vkt lwpuk ds collection, processing rFkk
Kant
distribution esa radio, television, telephone, fax,
mobile phone vkfn dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS] vFkkZr~
network, communication dk gh nwljk :i gS A ;gh
lwpuk vkSj lalk/u dk vknku&çnku ;fn computer ds
{ks=k esa gksrk gS ogk¡ mls computer networking dgrs
gSa A nks dEI;wVj vkil esa interconnected dgykrs gSa
;fn os vius informations dks ,d nwljs ds lkFk ck¡V
ldrs gSa A
bl çdkj data vkSj resources ds sharing dh
t:jr us networking dks tUe fn;k A vU; 'kCnksa esa ge
dg ldrs gSa fd A network is a group of
connected computers that allows people to
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Vennue :
H.O. : Ranjan Maths & Stats Teaching Centre, Opp. Science College, Ashok Raj Path, Patna - 5
B.O. :- Chandmari Road, Near Durga Mandir, Road No. - 4

18. NETWORKING
share information. fdlh Hkh network esa lkjs
users ,d lkFk fdlh Hkh data dks access dj ldrs
gSa rFkk ,d lkFk gh fdlh Hkh resources ds lkFk
connected gks ldrs gSa A mnkgj.k Lo:i ;fn fdlh
network esa printer dh vko';drk gS rks ge çR;sd
computer ls printer dks ugha tksM+rs gSa cfYd bls
fdlh ,d node ds lkFk tksM+dj share dj mls mi;ksx
All Registration Services
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fd;k tkrk gS A
Networking esa Computer dh Hkwfedk %
Server :- Server ,d super user ;k main
computer gS tks lkjs client dks data, information
;k service çnku djrk gS A blh ls lkjs
administrative task dk;kZfUor gksrs gSa A
Client :- Client computer ,d çdkj dk
computer gS tks fdlh Hkh çdkj ds data or
information or service ds fy, server ds ikl
request djrk gS A Network dk çR;sd user gh
client dgykrk gS A
Server fofHkUu çdkj ds gksrs gSa %&
File & Print Server :- File and Print
Server, total file vkSj printer resources dks
centralized location esa j[krk gS A tc dksbZ client,
request djrk gS rks server ml database vkSj file
dks client esa download djrk gS A blfy, ge dg
ldrs gSa fd file and Print server are used to
store and retrive centralized file and data
records.
Database Server :- ;g cM+s&cM+s file, data dks
central location eas store djrk gS rFkk ;g data dks
user ds vko';drkuqlkj available djkrk gS A bl
server esa files ,d Øe esa O;ofLFkr jgrs gSa A ;fn
client ls dksbZ request vkrk gS rks fliQZ ml fo'ks"k file
dks gh client dks miyC/ djk;k tkrk gS A
Mail Server :- ;g Hkh database server
tSlk gh dk;Z djrk gS A ;g e-mail services rFkk
domain dks lapkfyr djrk gS A
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19. NETWORKING
Fax Server :- ;g server fax ds incoming 3- Centralized administration and support :vkSj outgoing calls dks O;ofLFkr djrk gS rFkk fax
Network ds tfj, ge fdlh Hkh computer ds
traffic esa Vdjko dks jksdrk gS A
mQij administrative task dks dk;kZfUor dj
Directory Services Server :- ;g server esa
ldrs gSa A Network Administrator fdlh ,d
network ds ckjs esa lHkh tkudkjh dks lafpr djrk gS A
computer ij cSBdj gh lkjs network ds lkjs
;g user ;k client dks network ds lkjs lqfo/k vkSj
computers ds problems dks nwj dj ldrk gS A
resources (tSls fd printers vkfn) ds ckjs esa Network ds çdkj %
tkudkjh miyC/ djkrk gS A
1. Peer to Peer Network :bl çdkj ds usVodZ esa dksbZ Hkh computer,
Networking ds ykHk %
server ugha gksrk gS A lHkh computers, server
dEI;Vj ds fdlh Hkh uVodZ ls geas fuEufyf[kr ykHk gSa%&
w
s
vkSj client nksuksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSa rFkk dksbZ Hkh
1- Information sharing :computer, adminstrator dh Hkwfedk ds fy,
Network ds tfj, ge information vkSj data
ftEesokj ugha gksrk gS A bl network esa çR;sd
dks vklku rjhds ls share dj ldrs gSa oks Hkh cgqr
user ;g fu.kZ; ys ldrk gS fd dkSu lk data,
gh de [kpZ esa A
share djuk gS A
2- Hardware & Software Sharing :2. Client Server Network :Computer ds lkFk vyx ls printer vkSj mlds
tSls&tSls network dk nk;jk c<+rk x;k vkSj
tSls cgqr lkjs devices yxrs gSa tks fd cgqr gh
lalk/uksa dks mi;ksx esa ysus okys users dh la[;k
[kphZys gksrs gSa A fdlh Hkh network esa budks
c<+rh xbZ rks peer to peer network dks R;Dr dj
share djds vU; [kpZ ls cpk tk ldrk gS A
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20. NETWORKING
fn;k x;k A rc additional functionality dks
lapkfyr djus ds fy, çR;sd network esa ,d
dedicated server gksrk gS A og server fliZQ
server dh rjg gh dke djrk gS ufd client dh
rjg A bl server dk configuration bl rjg
gksrk gS fd network clients ds request dks
optimize dj lds A
Networking ds dk;Z{ks=k %
Networking ds dk;Z{ks=k mlds HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ds
vkdkj dks ladsfrd djrh gS A Network ,d dk;kZy;
ds dqN computers ds chp Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk ;g
cgqr nwj fLFkr gtkjksa computers ds chp Hkh gks ldrk
gS A HkkSxksfyd {ks=k ds vk/kj ij network dks rhu eq[;
Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gS A
1- LAN (Local Area Network) :Local area network cgqr gh NksVs nk;js esa gksus
okyk computer networking gS A ;g 10
fdúehú ds nk;js esa gksrk gS A ;g fdlh ,d fcfYaMx
;k NksVs ls HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa gksrk gS A
2- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) :Metropolitan area network 50 fdúehú ds
nk;js ds fy, ifjHkkf"kr gS A tks fd fdlh Hkh
campus ;k small geographical area esa
ç;ksx gksrk gS A ;g dbZ LAN dks vkil esa tksM+rk Hkh
gS A bls cable telivision tSlk network Hkh
le> ldrs gSa A bl network esa fdlh lalk/u dks
LAN ls LAN rFkk computer ls computer rd
share fd;k tk ldrk gS A
3- WAN (Wide Area Network) :Wide area network dk dksbZ lhfer nk;jk ugha gS
A bl network ges'kk nks nwj fLFkr subnet gh gksrs
gSa A blds transmission line esas circuit ;k
channel vkSj router gksrs gSa A Transmission
lines ds tfj, ge data dks ,d txg ls nwljs txg
Hkstrs gSa tcfd routers dh lgk;rk ls ge nks ;k
mlls T;knk transmission lines dks tksM+rs gSa A
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Page 19

21. QUIZ
1. What does the word binary mean?
a. Binary means "containing a computer."
b. Binary means "having only two states."
c. Binary means "having a discrete number of values."
d. Binary means "using electronics to do arithmetic."
2. What is a bit?
a. A bit is a single binary value.
b. A bit is a single character stored in main memory.
c. A bit is a collection of several bytes.
d. A bit is a small unit of computer time.
3. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of building
computers out of binary devices?
a. Binary devices are simple and easy to build.
b. Binary signals are unambiguous.
c. Binary devices are much faster than decimal devices.
d. Patterns of bits can be used to represent anything
symbolic.
4. What is true of an analog signal?
a. An analog signal has a discrete number of states.
b. An analog signal is the only way that music can be
recorded.
c. An analog signal can never be converted into a binary
signal.
d. An analog signal is usually continuously changing
in value.
5. If an analog signal picks up some noise, has
information been lost?
a. Yes—the noise hides the exact values of the original
signal.
b. No—electronics can just ignore the noise.
c. No—information has been added to the signal.
d. Maybe—it depends on how loud the noise is.
6. If a binary signal picks up some noise, has information
been lost?
a. Yes—the exact value of the bits cannot be
determined.
b. No—the exact value of the bits can be determined, as
long as the noise is not too great.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c. No—binary signals can't pick up any noise.
d. Yes—the signal will have extra bits in it because of
the noise.
7. Why does a computer have a clock?
a. The state of binary signals is measured only at
specific instants in time.
b. A clock is needed to check how fast signals are
changing.
c. A clock is needed to check that voltage levels are
correct.
d. A clock is used only with application programs that
need to know the current time.
8. Can Japanese writing be represented in a computer?
a. No—only English can be represented.
b. No—only languages with an alphabet can be
represented.
c. Yes—but a special processor chip is needed.
d. Yes—since it is symbolic, and anything symbolic can
be represented.
9. Can English writing be represented with analog signals?
a. No—only binary signals can represent symbolic data.
b. No—it is not symbolic.
c. No—analog signals don't represent anything.
d. Yes—just read out loud into a microphone.
10. Why is it important that unlimited perfect copies can be
made of data represented in binary?
a. Because data are copied back and forth between
parts of a computer system many times per second.
b. Transmitting data over the Internet involves making
many copies of the data.
c. Application programs such as wordprocessors and
computer games must be perfect copies of the
original in order to run.
d. All of the above.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Name __________________________________________ Age ______ Sex __________
Father's Name ___________________________________________________________
Address for Correspondence ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Education ________________e-mail : ________________________________________
Please fillup this form and send to : 1st Floor, Near SBI ATM, Opp. Patna College, Patna-800004, Bihar
or mail to : quiz@technologynext.co.in
and you can win exciting prizes. Hurry, last date of submission is 20th Feb. 2010.
Page 20
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