The document discusses various techniques used to separate mixtures, including chromatography, clarification, magnetic separation, decantation, distillation, sublimation, separation funnel, evaporation, and crystallization. It provides details on each method, such as how chromatography uses a mobile and stationary phase to separate components, clarification involves filtering a mixture through paper or cloth, and crystallization forms pure solid particles from a solution as the solvent evaporates. The document aims to explain the different processes used to separate the constituents of mixtures.

2. Techniques of separation of mixtures
Presented: by Pasha Under Supervision: Dr A Rahman
MD in D/o Ilmus Saidla Assistant Professor D/o ilmus saidla
AMU Aligarh

3. Contents / ‫مشموالت‬
 Introduction
 Mixture & types
 Separation of mixture
 Separation methods
 Chromatography
 Clarification
 Magnetic separation
 Decantation
 Distillation & types
 Sublimation
 Separation funnel
 Evaporation

4. INTRODUCTION
Most of the natural substances are not chemically
pure, They are either mixed with impurities of other
substances or are mixture of some substances. In
order to study the properties of individual substances
or to separate them, we need to use several
separation techniques.

5. IMPURE SUBSTANCE /MIXTURE
A mixture is a substance which consists of two or
more elements or compounds which are not
chemically combined together.
Example -: Milk, Air, Glass,
Mixture has tow types
1- homogeneous. e.g. salt & water
2- heterogeneous. e.g. Water & Sand

6. Separation Of Mixture
The method to be used for separation a mixture
depends on the nature of its Constituents.
The various procedures used to separate constituent
of mixture are;
Clarification, Evaporation, Sublimation, Distillation,
Crystallisation etc.

7. SEPARATION METHODS
CHROMATOGRAPHY ‫نیگاری‬ ‫رنگ‬
CLEARIFICATION ‫ترویق‬ ‫عمل‬
MAGNETIC METHOD ‫عمل‬
‫مقنا‬
‫طیسی‬
CRYSTALLISATION ‫عمل‬
‫تقلیم‬
/
‫تبلور‬
DISTILLATION ‫تقطیر‬ ‫عمل‬
/
‫تعریق‬
SUBLIMATION ‫تصعید‬ ‫عمل‬
/
‫اڑانا‬ ‫جوہر‬
EVAPORATION ‫تبخیر‬ ‫عمل‬
DECANTATION ‫تصویل‬ ‫عمل‬
/
‫نتھارنا‬

8.  ‫کو‬ ‫اجزاء‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫میں‬ ‫محلول‬ ‫کیسی‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫زریعہ‬ ‫اسکے‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫ہے‬ ‫طریقہ‬ ‫ایسا‬ ‫ایک‬ ‫یہ‬
‫سکتے‬ ‫جان‬
 ‫اور‬ ‫ہیں‬ ‫اجزاء‬ ‫کے‬ ‫طرح‬ ‫کتنی‬ ‫اسمیں‬ ‫کہ‬ ‫سکتے‬ ‫جان‬ ‫بھی‬ ‫یہ‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫میں‬ ‫اس‬ ‫ہیں‬
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫میں‬ ‫مقدار‬ ‫کتنی‬
 ‫کر‬ ‫لئے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫جاننے‬ ‫کو‬ ‫اجزاء‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫میں‬ ‫عصارہ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫پودے‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫اسکا‬
‫ہیں۔‬ ‫سکتے‬
It has two phase
1- mobile phase
2- stationary phase
CHROMATOGRAPHY ‫رنگ‬
‫نگاری‬

9. Cont………
It has five types on the basis of principle
1- Adsorption
 (Colum C/G,TLC,HPTLC)
2- Partition
 (Paper C/G)
3-Ion exchange
4-Size exclusion
5- Affinity

12. paper
Solvent solution
sample

13. It is a process of cleaning the medicine,
which is done through filtration by using
paper or cloth. It is applied when a liquid
or juice of fresh herbs contain insoluble
impurities which cannot pass through
filter paper or cloth during filtration, but
solvent easily pass through it. The liquid
thus obtained after filtration is called Aab e
murawaq.
e.g. watery juices of Aab e makoh and
kasni
CLEARIFICATION ‫ترویق‬ ‫عمل‬

14. ‫علقی‬ ‫جر‬
Jarr-e-Alqi = It is also a process
of clarification.
This process of clarification is
known as 'jarr-e-alqi' because in
Arabic Jarr
means to suck and alque means
leech, here the cotton which is
called alaque which absorb or
suck the liquid from one vessel
and passed it
into another vessel.

17. The substances when present in well defined
geometrical shapes Are called crystals .these are formed
when a hot saturates solution of salt allowed to cool
slowly and undisturbed.
The process of preparation of crystals is termed as
crystallization.
CRYSTALLIZATION ‫تبلور‬
/
‫بنانا‬ ‫قلمیں‬

18. Separation technique that
results in the formation of pure
solid particles from a solution
containing the dissolved
substance.
As solvent evaporates, the
dissolved substance comes out
of solution and collects as
crystals.
Shora e qalmi is an example of
this.

19. DECANTATION ‫تصویل‬
/
‫نتھارنا‬
Decantation is done to
separate particulates from a
liquid by allowing the solid to
settle to the bottom of the
mixture and pouring off the
particle-free part of the
Another method is to allow
two immiscible liquids to
separate and the lighter
is poured off.
I

20. ‫تعریق‬ ‫عمل‬

21.  Cont….
Types of Distillation
 1-Simple Distillation
 2-Flash Distillation
 3-Fractional Distillation
 4-Steam Distillation

22.  ‫تعریق‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫آالت‬
 ‫انبیق‬ ‫قرع‬
 ‫لولبی‬ ‫تعریق‬
/
‫جنتر‬ ‫ناڑی‬
 ‫نل‬
‫بھبکہ‬
/
‫بھبکہ‬ ‫دیگ‬
 ‫حبلی‬ ‫تعریق‬
/
‫جنتر‬ ‫گربہ‬

23. The change of a solid directly into a vapours on heating
and of the vapours into solids on cooling is known as
sublimation.
Most of the solid substances when the heated changes into
liquid and finally into vapours (or gas)
These vapours on cooling, first forms liquid and finally the
solids. The ingredient which is collected is known as
“jauhar”
Through this process the following drugs are sublimated:
Arsenic (sankhiya), Raskapoor, Seemap,Kafoor etc
sublimation ‫تصعید‬ ‫عمل‬

26. APPLICATION
The mixture is put into a separating funnel,
shaken and allowed to settle. The oil and water
form separate layer.
Remove the stopper and open the tap after
standing. The water runs out through the tap, The
oil remains in the funnel and can be run out into
an other beaker.

27. Evaporation ‫تبخیر‬ ‫عمل‬
The process of evaporation is
for various purposes, for example:
if
in some medicine the
content is more, then it is required
to convert them into viscous or
thick mass. So for this purpose
is given in order to evaporate its
watery/liquid content. Through
manner the watery/liquid content
of medicine becomes thick or
viscous. This process is specially
applied for the preparation of rub
satt / extract etc.

29. ‫اجل‬‫ری‬‫خ‬ ‫ہللا‬ ‫امک‬‫ز‬‫ج‬
‫ا‬‫ز‬