The document outlines various separation techniques for mixtures, including filtration, sieving, flotation, sedimentation, decantation, chromatography, extraction, distillation, and evaporation. Each method is described in terms of its process, applications, and examples, emphasizing differences in density, particle size, and boiling points. The document aims to convey the principles of these techniques and their relevance to purifying substances, particularly water.

2. OBJECTIVES
1. Describe separation
techniques for
mixtures

3. FILTRATION
the process of separating
material, usually a solid,
from a substrate (liquid or
gas) by passage of the
substrate through a septum
or membrane which retains
most of the materials on or
within itself

4. FILTRATION
used to separate a mixture of two phases-solid and
liquid. The solid is insoluble and fine but may not
settle at the bottom of the container. In filtration,
the solid or the residue remains in the filter paper
while the liquid or the filtrate passes through.

5. Charcoal filtration
 is a filtration process wherein the liquid
or gas is passed through a layer of
activated charcoal (filter)
 AC can be used to separate
substances, trap not only solid
particles but also adsorb molecules
with significant differences in boiling
points of many colored and odorous
substances at its surface.
 widely used in purifying water and air.

6. SIEVING
is a method that separate a
mixture of two dry solids of
different particle sizes by
letting the mixture pass
through a framed mesh like
wire screen, example to
separate sand from gravel.

7. How does sieving
differ from
filtration?

8. FLOTATION
the process of blowing air into a liquid
mixture to separate the fine or light
particles
In this method oil is usually added to the mixture,
the heavy particles settle at the bottom while the
fine or very light particles float with the air
bubbles and are poured off or scooped out.
Flotation as a means of separating components of
mixtures is based on differences in densities of
various components (e.g. panning of gold, sawdust/
sand flour, oil and water).

9. SCOOPING
is the process of removing
the floating mineral from a
mixture by using a spoon.

10. SEDIMENTATION
is simply allowing
suspended materials to
settle. It is a very basic
process which is normally
insufficient if the water you
wish to purify is very dirty.

11. DECANTATION
settling heavy solids and pouring
off the liquid (e.g. water and sand
mixture)
It can’t be used to separate liquid
and a light solid since the latter do
not sink down to the bottom for a
long time.

12. In what way
is decantation
similar to
sedimentation?

13. CHROMATOGRAPHY
separating the components, or
solutes, of a mixture on the
basis of the relative amounts of
each solute distributed between
a moving fluid stream. (e.g.
separating ink/pigments)

14. EXTRACTION
is the mechanical pressing of a
substance to separate the juice from
its natural mixture, example the
extraction of oil from peanut or
calamansi juice from calamansi fruit.
As a process, extraction uses an
extracting solvent which is immiscible
in water wherein one component of a
mixture is more soluble.

15. Distillation
a method of separating
components of mixture with
different boiling points.

16. Read and analyze
the selection on
DISTILLATION then
answer the questions
that follow

17. Purifying Seawater by Distillation
Seawater is salty water. Out of this salty water
we can produce sweet water or potable water.
This happens through simple distillation. In this
process evaporation takes place first when heat
changes the liquid component (water) to vapor
(water vapor) collected in the delivery tube also
called condenser then condensation takes place
as it changes the vapor back again to liquid by
cooling. The liquid recovered after the vapor
has condensed is called distillate.

18. To recover salt in seawater, the remaining
seawater in the test tube was transferred to
the evaporating dish then heat was applied
until it totally dries up. The solid substance left
behind in the evaporating dish is called
residue.
If potable water is a problem in your
community, you may think of a project that
will employ the principles you have just
learned. Remember water with large amount
of dissolved solids is not good for your health.

19. For mixtures whose boiling points vary within a
small range, fractional distillation is recommended.
The volatile components are separated one after
another in a decreasing order of boiling points.
Components of crude oil are separated into
fractions through this process.

20. Products such as LPG, kerosene, gasoline, bunker
fuel oil, and asphalt are fractions from crude oil.
In industrial scale, fractional distillation is done in
a fractionating still or column. The most volatile
component is obtained at the bottom.

21. Question
1. Name the two opposite
processes that take place
in simple distillation.

22. Question
2. Seawater is composed of salt
and water. Which component is
the distillate? Which is the
residue?

23. Question
3. What is the difference
between distillate and
residue?

24. Question
4. Differentiate simple
from fractional
distillation?

25. CRYSTALLIZATION
is a process in which
the soluble components
crystallize out of a hot
solution by cooling.

26. the process which uses a magnet
to separate a magnetic material
usually a metal from non-metal
components of a mixture.
MAGNETIC
SEPARATION

27. EVAPORATION
 is used to separate volatile
substances mixed with nonvolatile
one.
 Volatile substances (easily
evaporate) evaporate at a
temperature lower than the boiling
point of water.
 In evaporation the liquid that absorbs
heat changes to vapor leaving the
dissolved particles as a residue.

28. Rapid evaporation
used to separate components of a
nonflammable solution. This method
requires the application of heat on the
sample until all the liquid evaporates.
Evaporation of flammable
solutions uses a heated water bath
as a source of indirect heat, instead of
an open flame. (An electric heater is
used to heat water.)

29. Slow evaporation relies
on the natural tendency of liquids
to evaporate, usually in the
presence of sun, in well-
ventilated area.