The document discusses different types of tests used to measure student achievement, including true-false, multiple choice, and matching questions. It provides definitions of tests from various authors and explains the purpose and proper construction of each question type. The advantages and disadvantages of each test type are outlined. Guidance is given on writing clear instructions, ensuring questions align with learning objectives, and developing distractors or response options to effectively measure student skills and knowledge.

1. By:
• Ari Wijaya
• Muhamad Afdal
Lecture : Dr.Ir. Vina Serevina
Magister of Physics Education
State University of Jakarta
2016

2. Arikunto (2012: 67)
Test is tool or procedure that used to know or measuring something, with the rules that has been determined
Sudijono (2011: 67)
Test is the way or procedure in measurement and assessment in educational sector, that designed
with give the task or series of the tasks while questions (must be answered), or instructions (must be
done), so that (based on data from the result of the measurement) can be produced value that show
the behavior or achievement.

3. F.L. Goodeneough dalam Sudijono (2008: 67),
Test is the tasks that be given to personal or group, with the purpose to compare their skill with the
other people.
Norman dalam Djaali dan Muljono (2008: 7),
Test is the comprehensive evaluation procedures, systematic, and objective, where the results can be
used as the basic in make decision in the teaching process that be done by teacher.
Zainal Arifin (2011:118)
Test is technique or the way that used to do measurement, which include some questions, or tasks
that must done or aswered by the learners to measure the specific competency of them.

4. Synthesis
Test is tool or peocedure that used to know or measure something, that be given to personal or
group, which in include some questions or tasks that must be done or answered by the students with
the purpose to compare their skill with the other people.

5. Test
Subjective analysis
Objective
True False
Multiple Choice
Match
Stuffing
Test
Oral
Written
True Flase
Multiple Choice
Match
Tes Isian
Essay
practice
Test
Oral
Written
True False
Multiple Choice
Match
Stuffing
Essay
Behaviour
ARIKUNTO (2012: 117) BSNP ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 119)

6. • Written test : the test must be done by students in
writing
• Oral test, a test or series of test or questions that be
given to students and conducted with interview.
• Performance test, a task that is generally a practice
activity or activities which measure skills
Definition
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 119)

7. True - False
Statement that contain
two possible answers
(T-F)
The function to measure
the skill :
*Differentiate fact and
opinion
*Information
identification
*Corelate two
homogeneous case
*Cause and Effect
presented:
*Statement
* Picture
* table
*Diagram
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 119)

8. Type of question with True - Flase
Perhatikan pernyataan mengenai Hukum Newton Tentang Gerak Berikut, lalu berilah tanda (X) pada
jawaban (B – S) yang disediakan.
Look at the statements below about Newtons law (motion), and then give mark (X) at the space has
been provided (T or F)
T : F : the first newton’s law is about inertia
T : F : The static’s object or object that motion with the constant’s velocity will be remain static or
motion with the constant’s velocity if the resultant of force is zero.
T : F : Action and reaction’s force will turn up when the object in moving condition
T : F : At the third newton’s law, the resultant of action and reaction’s force is not zero.
True – Fales at the answer can change with YES – NO or Agree-Disagree

9. Test Advantages Disadvantages
True or
False 1. Suitable for the question where
there are two alternative
answers
2. The requirement of this test is
not about the ability to read.
3. Some of questions relatively can
be answered in periodic’s scale.
4. Assesement’s procedure is easy,
objective, and can be trusted
1. It so difficult to write the question
out of the knowledge level that
dont have dual purposes.
2. The answer not describe that the
students know with well.
3. There are not the diagnostic
information from the wrong answer
4. it is possible for the students or
stimulate them to guess the answer.
ARIKUNTO (2012: 181) ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 137)
Advantages and Disadvantages

10. Preparation Instructions
Number of the question should be a lot, so that it can be accountable.
number of the true items is same with the number of false item
Give the simple and clearly instruction to answer the questions.
avoid the general statements, complex, and negative.
 Avoid using words that can give clues about the desired answer.
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 137)

11. The Way to Resolve the Weakness of True – False
Question
To resolve the weakness of true – false question, the question’s maker can adding correction column at the item
of true – false. Here, the student not just choice true or false, but also give correction if the student choice false.
Example:
Look at the statements below about newtons law about motion. And then give mark (X) at the answer (T – F)
T – F : the first newton’s law is about inertia ………………………………
T – F : The static’s object or object that motion with the constant’s velocity will be remain static or motion with
the constant’s velocity if the resultant of force is zero.. …………………………
T – F : Action and reaction’s force will turn up when the object in moving condition …………………………
T – F : At the third newton’s law, the resultant of action and reaction’s force is not zero.. ………………………
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 137)

12. Multiple Choice
statement that have
some alternative answer
(A,B,C,D,E)
According to Grondlund
(1981) , more
alternative answer, so
more difficult for student
tu guess
The function is to
measure the ability of :
* memory
* understanding
* Aplication
* Synthesis
* Evaluation
Presented by :
* Distractor
* Cause and effect
* Multiple answer
* Multiple variations
* Incomplete variations
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 119)

13. Example of Multiple Choice Question
CAUSE AND EFFECT : Type of the question that used to measure the ability to analysis corelation
between statement and reason
when the goalkeeper kick the ball with the certain angle, balls velocity at the highest point is zero
BECAUSE
at the highest point the potential energy is maximum
Choice answers:
A. If the statement right, reason right, and the reason is because of the statement.
B. If the statement right, reason right, and the reason isn’t because of the statement.
C. if the statement right, the reason wrong
D. If the statement wrong, the question right
E. If both of statement and qusetion is wrong

14. Example of Multiple Choice Question
MULTIPLE ANSWER
There are some alternative answer, where there are
some right answer
A carnot machine has efficiency 40%, the right
statement is... ….
(1) difference between of the temperature of the heat
in and the heat out has comparison 2/5
(2) comparison of heat out and heat in is 3/5
(3) comparison of work and heat in is 2/5
(4)comparison of work and heat out is 2/3
Alternative answer:
A. if (1),(2) and (3) right
B. if (1) and (3) right
C. if (2) and (4) right
D. If only (4) right
E. All odf the statements right

15. Example of Multiple Choice Question
MULTIPLE VARIATIONS: choice some possibility from the answer, where all of them is right, but
just only one answer most correct. Task of the student is choice the most correct answer
the students should be respect to….
A. Friend
B. Teacher
C. Parents
D. Teacher and Parents
E. Friend, Teacher, and Parents

16. Example of Multiple Choice Question
INCOMPLETE VARIATION: is question or statement that have some possibility of incomplete
answer. Task of the student is find the possibility of the right answer and complete it
number of planet in our solar system is...
A. 5 planets that consist of .....
B. 6 planets that consist of .....
C. 7 planets that consist of .....
D. 8 planets that consist of .....
E. 9 planets that consist of .....

17. Test Advantages Disadvantages
Multiple
Choice 1. can measure the result of study
from the simple until the
complex
2. structured and clear instruction
3. Wrong alternative answer can
give diagnostic information
4. Impossible to guess the answer
5. The assessment is easy, objective,
and can be trusted
1. Need longer time to set the question
2. It so difficult to find the troublemaker
3. Less effective to measure some type
of the problem solving, the ability to
organize and express the idea.
4. The result can be influenced by the
good reading skill
Advantages and Disadvantages

18. Preparation Instructions
Must be based on the basic competency and indicator of question
Give the clear instructions
Dont include the question that not relevant with the matery that has been learned
 the statement in the question formulate the problem with celarly and meaningful
 the statement and the choice should be show the unity of sentence that unbroken.
 the alternative answer must have function, homogeneous, and logical
The choices must be shorter than its item
Try to make so that the statement and the choices its not easy to be associated.
The right alternative answer should be dont systematically
To be believed that there are only one the right answer
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 143)

19. Match
Consits of set of the
question and set of the
answer, where both of
them be gathered in the
difference column.
Number of the answer
more than the question
The function to measure
the ability of :
*identification the
simple information
based on the simple
corelation
* Identification the
ability to corelate two
objects
Presented by:
* Premise
* Responses
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 144)

20. Example of Match
intructions: jmatch the statement at the column A with the right answer at the column B. Fill in
your answer in the designated place.
Column A
a. Pull or Push that work in the object
b. the straight line drawn from the
starting position to the end position
c. Inertia level of an object
d. The length of the path taken by an
object
e. A change of velocity of the object
Column B
a. Position
b. movement
c. distance
d. velocity
e. acceleration
f. Force
g. Mass
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………

21. Test Advantages Disadvantages
Match
1. Efficient
2. shorter time to read and
response
3. Its easy to make it
4. The assessment is easy,
objective , and can be trusted
1. Only suitable for Simple matery,
cann’t be used to measure the
control understanding
2. it so difficult to make the question
that including some of homogeneous
response
3. It so easy influenced by the irrelevant
instructions.
ARIKUNTO (2012: 181) ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 137)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Match

22. Preparation Instructions of Match
Make the test instructions with clearly, simple, and easy to understand
 matching with the basic competence and indicators
Questions at the left column and answer at the right column
Number of aswer more little than number of questions
Set the item and alternative answer systematically
Group of questions and answers at the same page
Use the simple sentence and focused on the subject
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 145)

23. Stuffing
the test requiring an
answer in the form of
numbers and or
sentence that only can
be rated right or wrong.
The function is to:
* identification of
definition
* memory
* understanding
Presented by the
question in the form
complete the
interrogative sentence
with the short words,
phrase, name of the
place, name of the
character, and etc.
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 144)

24. Example of Fill in
Complete the statement below with the short and right answer
1. A lot of heat is needed to increase the temperature amount one degree celcius is definition
of....
2. phase transition from liquid to solid is called....
3. 100 degree celcius = …… degree Fahreinheit
4. ideal gas processes that take place at a constant pressure is called....
5. name of the initiator of thermodynamics law is....

25. Test Advantages Disadvantages
Stuffing/
complete 1. easy to make the qusetion
2. it so difficult to guess the answer
3. Suitable for the arithmetics
question
4. The result of knowledge can be
measured widely
1. it so difficult to set the word of
answer with one word.
2. Not suitable to measure the result
of the learning complex
3. The assessment is boring and take
time.
Advantages and Disadvantages Stuffing

26. Preparation Instruction of Stuffing
Question
Make the test instructions with clearly, short, and easy to understand.
Not using question with the open aswer types
Dont take the statement with text book
the place to answer the question should be placed at the last of sentence.
Dont using the empty place too much
 the statement should be only has one alternative answer
 using the picture, so that make it simple and clear.
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 146)

27. Essay
Statement that include
some alternative answer
and are open
The function to measure:
* memory
* understanding
* application
* Synthesis
* Evaluation
Presented by :
* Distractor
* Cause and effect
* Multiple Choice
* Multiple variation
* Incomplete variation
ZAINAL ARIFIN (2011: 119)

28. Indicator :
The students can calculate the volume of geometry (block) and
convertion the units.
Question:
A bathtub with the block shape with length 150 cm, wwidth 80 cm,
and height 75 cm. How much the volume of the bathtub in liter?
(to answer the question, write the steps)
EXAM
PLE

29. Steps Answer Key Score
1
2
3
4
5
Blocks Volume = Length x width x height
= 150 cm x 80 cm x 75 cm
= 900.000 cm3
Volume the bathtub in liter:
900.000
= -------------------- liter
1.000
= 900 liter
1
1
1
1
1
Maximum score 5
Description Objective Guidance Table scoring

30. EXAM
PLE
Indicator :
The student can description the reason why the Indonesians
citizens proud being Indonesians
question:
Write the reasons that make you proud being Indonesians
citizens !

31. Criteria answers Range of
scores
Relating with the natural wealth of Indonesia
0 - 2
The pride associated with the beauty of the homeland
Indonesia
0 - 2
The pride associated with cultural diversity, ethnicity,
customs, and traditions but united
0 - 2
The pride associated with the hospitality of the people of
Indonesia
0 - 2
Maximum Score
8
Description Non-Objective Guidance Table scoring

32. Weighting the question is give value (numbers or letters) to the question
with comparing with the other question at the same test instrument.
therefore, weighting the essay can be done in setting the test instrument.
If the question stand alone , so we cann’t determine the weight.. (Asep Jihad
dan abdul Haris: 2010)

33. No. Initial Score Initial Max.
Score
Subtantion Subtantion
Score
a b c (SBS)
01 30 60 20 10,00
02 20 40 30 15,00
03 10 20 30 15,00
04 20 20 20 20,00
Sum 80 140 100 60,00
Example : Same Weight Question, Scale from 0 - 100

34. Advantages Disadvantages
• measuring the ability of
higher order thinnking with
more freely.
• enable to do checking
• There are not chance to
cheating
• enable to happen the unfair
• Allows teachers to deviate
from the scope of teaching
materials tested
• Longer time
• It requires a lot of
instruments format.
• Opportunities subjectivity in
the assessment of more open

35. Advantages Disadvantages
• Suitable to measure the
aspect of psychomotor
behavior
• Can be used to check
suitability about
knowledge, theory, and
skills performance.
• There are not chance to
cheating.
• Difficult to do the
measurement.
• Costs more (relatively)
• Longer time (relatively)

36. Reference
Arifin, Zainal. 2011. Evaluasi Pembelajaran. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosda Karya.
Arikunto, Suharsimi.2012. Dasar-Dasar Evaluasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Kemendikbud. 2007. Teknik-Teknik Penilaian. Jakarta: BNSP.
Mudjijono. 2008. Evaluasi Pendidikan. Bandung: Rosda Karya.
Sudjijono. 2008. Evaluasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Salemba Grafika.