This document provides an overview of two national masonry standards:
1) The Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (MSJC Code), which provides requirements for designing masonry structures.
2) The Specification for Masonry Structures (MSJC Specification), which establishes requirements for masonry construction.
It discusses the development of these consensus standards and emphasizes revisions made in the 2002 edition, including new provisions for strength design and seismic design of masonry structures. Adoption of the standards provides benefits such as uniform design criteria and quality assurance.
This document provides an introduction to the Structural Engineer's Pocket Book. It begins with an overview of metric and imperial units commonly used in structural engineering in the UK. It describes drawing conventions, work sections, and standard conditions of engagement for structural engineers. The pocket book aims to be a concise reference for structural engineers, providing useful design data, formulas, material properties, preliminary sizing methods, and summaries of design codes.
This document provides guidelines for specifying, producing, and using self-compacting concrete (SCC) in Europe. It was prepared by five European organizations dedicated to concrete to address the lack of European standards for SCC. The guidelines define SCC and its properties. They describe requirements for SCC mixes, constituent materials, and production. Advice is provided for site preparation, placement, finishing, and precast concrete applications of SCC. The goal is to encourage increased acceptance and use of SCC by establishing best practices and facilitating standardization at the European level.
This document is the Indian Standard for prestressed concrete code of practice. It provides revisions to the code to align with changes in IS 456 for reinforced concrete and updated practices. Key changes include allowing higher strength concrete up to M80, revising durability requirements to limit maximum cement content, and updating provisions for materials, workmanship, and structural design based on the limit state method. The code is intended to guide qualified engineers in the design of prestressed concrete structures.
This document provides a concise summary of Eurocode 2 (EC2) for the design of reinforced concrete framed buildings. It aims to guide readers through the key aspects of EC2 and other relevant Eurocodes. The publication covers topics such as basis of design, materials, durability, structural analysis, bending and axial load, shear, punching shear, torsion, serviceability, detailing requirements, and design aids. It is intended to help designers transition to designing according to EC2 and the UK National Annex.
This document provides information on an Indian Standard code of practice for prestressed concrete structures. It begins with background on the development of the code and revisions made. Some key changes in the current revision include aligning provisions with IS 456, clarifying that the code does not cover bridges, adding new definitions, updating material specifications, allowing higher grade concrete, revising durability requirements, and updating design provisions. The code contains 4 sections that cover general aspects, materials and construction, general design requirements, and structural design using limit state principles. It provides specifications for materials, workmanship, inspection, testing, analysis, and design of prestressed concrete elements and structures.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
This document provides the Indian Railway Standard Code of Practice for Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete for General Bridge Construction (Concrete Bridge Code). It summarizes the history and revisions of the code. The code was first adopted in 1936 and revised in 1962 and 1997. The 1997 revision incorporated limit state design methodology and brought the code in line with international standards. It summarizes the key changes incorporated in the 1997 revision related to limit state design, fatigue criteria, units adopted, symbols used, acceptance criteria for concrete, and supplemental measures for design and durability. The document lists the main codes and standards that were referenced in revising the code.
This document provides the full text of the Indian Standard IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. Some key details include:
- It establishes standards and guidelines for the design, materials, workmanship, construction, and testing of plain and reinforced concrete structures.
- Major revisions from previous versions include expanded guidance on durability requirements, modified acceptance criteria for concrete, and the inclusion of higher strength concrete grades.
- It contains sections on materials, design considerations, structural design principles, and testing/inspection. The limit state and working stress methods for structural design are both included.
This document provides an introduction to the Structural Engineer's Pocket Book. It begins with an overview of metric and imperial units commonly used in structural engineering in the UK. It describes drawing conventions, work sections, and standard conditions of engagement for structural engineers. The pocket book aims to be a concise reference for structural engineers, providing useful design data, formulas, material properties, preliminary sizing methods, and summaries of design codes.
This document provides guidelines for specifying, producing, and using self-compacting concrete (SCC) in Europe. It was prepared by five European organizations dedicated to concrete to address the lack of European standards for SCC. The guidelines define SCC and its properties. They describe requirements for SCC mixes, constituent materials, and production. Advice is provided for site preparation, placement, finishing, and precast concrete applications of SCC. The goal is to encourage increased acceptance and use of SCC by establishing best practices and facilitating standardization at the European level.
This document is the Indian Standard for prestressed concrete code of practice. It provides revisions to the code to align with changes in IS 456 for reinforced concrete and updated practices. Key changes include allowing higher strength concrete up to M80, revising durability requirements to limit maximum cement content, and updating provisions for materials, workmanship, and structural design based on the limit state method. The code is intended to guide qualified engineers in the design of prestressed concrete structures.
This document provides a concise summary of Eurocode 2 (EC2) for the design of reinforced concrete framed buildings. It aims to guide readers through the key aspects of EC2 and other relevant Eurocodes. The publication covers topics such as basis of design, materials, durability, structural analysis, bending and axial load, shear, punching shear, torsion, serviceability, detailing requirements, and design aids. It is intended to help designers transition to designing according to EC2 and the UK National Annex.
This document provides information on an Indian Standard code of practice for prestressed concrete structures. It begins with background on the development of the code and revisions made. Some key changes in the current revision include aligning provisions with IS 456, clarifying that the code does not cover bridges, adding new definitions, updating material specifications, allowing higher grade concrete, revising durability requirements, and updating design provisions. The code contains 4 sections that cover general aspects, materials and construction, general design requirements, and structural design using limit state principles. It provides specifications for materials, workmanship, inspection, testing, analysis, and design of prestressed concrete elements and structures.
Comparision of Design Codes ACI 318-11, IS 456 2000 and Eurocode IIijtsrd
This document compares the design code specifications of ACI 318-11, IS 456:2000, and Eurocode II. It discusses some key differences between the codes, such as their stress-strain block parameters, L/D ratios, load combinations, elastic modulus of concrete, and design strength limits of concrete. The document aims to compare the broader design criteria and calculate the steel area required for structural members based on each code, in order to perform a comparative analysis. Some notable differences highlighted include Eurocode II having more stringent L/D ratios and load combinations compared to the other codes.
This document provides the Indian Railway Standard Code of Practice for Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete for General Bridge Construction (Concrete Bridge Code). It summarizes the history and revisions of the code. The code was first adopted in 1936 and revised in 1962 and 1997. The 1997 revision incorporated limit state design methodology and brought the code in line with international standards. It summarizes the key changes incorporated in the 1997 revision related to limit state design, fatigue criteria, units adopted, symbols used, acceptance criteria for concrete, and supplemental measures for design and durability. The document lists the main codes and standards that were referenced in revising the code.
This document provides the full text of the Indian Standard IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. Some key details include:
- It establishes standards and guidelines for the design, materials, workmanship, construction, and testing of plain and reinforced concrete structures.
- Major revisions from previous versions include expanded guidance on durability requirements, modified acceptance criteria for concrete, and the inclusion of higher strength concrete grades.
- It contains sections on materials, design considerations, structural design principles, and testing/inspection. The limit state and working stress methods for structural design are both included.
The document discusses the National Building Code of India (NBC). It provides an overview of the history and development of the NBC since 1970. The NBC is intended to regulate building construction activities across India by establishing uniform guidelines. It covers various aspects of building design, construction, materials, services, fire safety and more. The NBC is revised periodically to reflect new practices and standards. The latest revision was in 2005.
This document is the Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides requirements and guidelines for materials, workmanship, inspection, testing, and the general design of concrete structures. The summary highlights some key changes between this fourth revision and previous versions, including more detailed guidance on durability design, new concrete grades over M40, modified acceptance criteria, and additional recommendations for structural analysis.
This document is the Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides requirements and guidelines for materials, workmanship, inspection, testing, and the general design of concrete structures. The summary includes:
- It is the fourth revision of the Indian Standard code of practice for concrete design and construction.
- Major revisions include expanded guidance on durability design and requirements to improve the durability of concrete structures.
- Acceptance criteria for concrete have been simplified based on British Standards.
- Additional guidance is provided for higher strength concretes, workability, mix design, formwork, reinforcement, placing, compaction and curing of concrete.
- The general design considerations section provides
Plain and-reinforced-concrete(IS 456 2000)Parvez Alam
This document provides the full text of the Indian Standard IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It includes sections on materials, workmanship, inspection and testing of concrete structures. It also covers general design considerations and special design requirements for structural elements. The standard was revised in 2000 to incorporate changes related to durability, mix proportioning, environmental exposure conditions, and other aspects of concrete design and construction. It establishes requirements for the structural design of concrete structures using both working stress and limit state methods.
CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE,
Introduction to various building codes in professional practice emphasizing the importance of codes and regulations to protect public health, safety and welfare and to ensure compliance with the local authority.
This document provides a summary of IS 800:2007, the Indian Standard Code of Practice for general construction in steel. Some key points:
- IS 800 covers general steel construction using hot rolled sections joined by riveting, bolting or welding. It provides guidance on loads, analysis methods, design requirements, fabrication and erection.
- The standard has been revised to update it based on the latest developments in steel construction technology and allow use of new varieties of structural steel produced in India.
- The revision was carried out by the Indian Institute of Technology Madras with support from the Institute of Steel Development and Growth. It references other Indian and international standards.
- Key changes in the revision include expanding
IS800:2007 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN
STEEL — CODE OF PRACTICE with latest amendments and bookmarks so as to facilitate the navigation through the document, to get onto a particular clause or table directly.
National structural concrete_specification_for_building_constructionhsaam hsaam
This document is the fourth edition of the National Structural Concrete Specification for Building Construction, which provides standards and requirements for structural concrete building construction in the UK. It was prepared by a technical committee and complies with BS EN 13670:2009. The specification contains three parts - the NSCS Standard Specification, NSCS Project Specification, and NSCS Guidance. The Standard Specification provides base requirements for execution, materials, and construction. The Project Specification is used to specify any project-specific requirements. The Guidance provides background information and explanations for the specification clauses. This specification, along with related drawings and documents, form the Execution Specification required by BS EN 13670 for structural concrete projects in the UK.
Condition Assessment and Evaluation of Concrete Structures by Advanced Non-de...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using non-destructive testing methods to assess the condition of a 50-year-old commercial structure in Hyderabad, India. Visual inspection, rebound hammer tests, half-cell potential tests, and chemical tests on concrete samples were used to evaluate the uniformity, strength, and corrosion of the structure. The findings from these condition assessments are reported and recommendations are provided for repair and strengthening methods, such as column jacketing and shotcreting, to extend the life of the structure.
The National Building Code of India (NBC) was established in 1970 to provide standards for building construction. It is overseen by the Indian Standards Institution and aims to standardize construction practices across government departments, municipalities, and other agencies. The NBC establishes panels of experts to draft sections covering topics like architecture, structural engineering, construction practices, building services, and more. It has been periodically updated to incorporate changes in building bye-laws, materials standards, and additional requirements.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It provides guidelines for the design, materials, construction and quality control of concrete structures. The summary highlights:
1) This is the fourth revision of the standard which was originally published in 1953 and revised in 1957, 1964, and 1978.
2) Major changes in this revision include expanded guidance on durability design, simplified acceptance criteria aligned with international standards, and additional concrete grades and exposure conditions.
3) The revision aims to keep up with developments in concrete technology and incorporate improvements based on experience using earlier versions.
The document is the Indian Standard code for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides guidelines for concrete mix design, quality control, construction practices, and structural design using both working stress and limit state methods. The 2000 revision incorporates changes to improve durability, simplify acceptance criteria, include higher concrete grades, and provide more guidance on factors affecting long-term performance of concrete structures. It aims to harmonize with international standards while addressing developments in concrete technology.
Brazos Manufacturing - Automated Punch CountChad Albert
This document discusses the evolution of seismic design considerations in model building codes. It explains how seismic design criteria have progressed from being based solely on seismic zones, to seismic performance categories that also considered building occupancy, to the current seismic design categories used in the IBC which determine requirements based on location, building use, and soil type. The process of determining a structure's seismic design category involves evaluating short and long-period ground motions, classifying the soil type, and selecting the most conservative category. This represents a more complex but comprehensive approach accounting for multiple factors that impact seismic performance.
ACI 318 - 2002
Requisitos de Reglamento para Concreto Estructural+Comentarios
En Ingles
--------------------------
Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
AISC 360-22 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.pdfluzquispe60551805
This document is the 2022 edition of the ANSI/AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings published by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). It provides requirements for the design of steel-framed buildings and other structures using allowable strength design or load and resistance factor design. This edition supersedes the 2016 version and includes numerous technical modifications and additions. It was developed through a consensus process and approved by AISC's Committee on Specifications.
This document provides information on an Indian standard for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. Some key points:
- It introduces building categories based on seismic hazard factors to determine appropriate design and construction methods.
- It provides guidelines on selecting materials and includes special design and construction features for masonry, timber, and prefabricated buildings.
- It specifies restrictions on wall openings, horizontal and vertical steel reinforcement bands, to improve earthquake resistance based on calculations and shake table tests.
- It incorporates amendments to previous versions and references other related Indian standards on concrete, masonry, fire safety, and seismic design.
This document discusses guide specifications for architectural and structural precast concrete components. It provides an overview of typical architectural elements like wall panels and column covers. It also lists many types of structural precast elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and wall panels. The document emphasizes that specifications must be customized for each project by editing out inapplicable provisions and including necessary project-specific items and requirements. It directs the reader to PCI publications for more information on specifications and quality assurance standards.
ACI 318-19 Presentation - changes to the concrete design standardssuser8685dc
This document provides information about a seminar on changes to the ACI 318 concrete design standard from ACI 318-14 to ACI 318-19. The seminar will cover major changes grouped by topic, including changes to requirements for high-strength reinforcement, development lengths, shear design, durability, shotcrete, and appendix A. Attendees will learn about the new organization of ACI 318-19 and how it is designed to make information easier to find. The seminar will also discuss provisions for evaluating existing concrete structures and changes to load and analysis requirements.
ISO 9000 Quality Standards in Construction. There is risk involved in any construction project. ... The ISO 9000 clauses most often complied with are those dealing with (1) inspection and test status; (2) inspection and testing; (3) control of nonconformance product; and (4) handling, storage, and preser- vation.
The clauses least complied with concern (1) design control; (2) internal auditing; (3) training; and (4) statistical techniques. Documentation of a quality system is scarce for the majority of the contractors.
Using fly ash as replacement of cement & aggregatehsaam hsaam
This document presents a thesis study on utilizing fly ash as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregates in concrete. The study was conducted by Mohamad Rkein under the supervision of Professor Sabaratnam Prathapan and Associate Professor Krishnan Kannoorpatti. The study aims to determine the feasibility and effects on mechanical properties of using fly ash to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete mixtures. Tests were conducted on workability and compressive strength of concrete with varying replacement levels of fly ash at 7, 28, and 56 days. The results indicate that fly ash can effectively be used as a partial replacement material in concrete and may provide benefits to strength properties and reduce environmental impacts.
Toward green concrete for better sustainable environmenthsaam hsaam
This document discusses efforts to develop green concrete as a more sustainable building material. It begins by noting that cement production currently accounts for 8-10% of global CO2 emissions. The document then discusses various approaches researchers have taken to reduce the environmental impacts of concrete, including substituting fly ash for cement, using recycled materials, and nanoengineering cement mixtures to improve performance. It emphasizes that green concrete must use waste materials, have a sustainable production process, and perform well over its lifetime. The document surveys cleaner cement production technologies and argues green concrete can help all three pillars of sustainability.
The document discusses the National Building Code of India (NBC). It provides an overview of the history and development of the NBC since 1970. The NBC is intended to regulate building construction activities across India by establishing uniform guidelines. It covers various aspects of building design, construction, materials, services, fire safety and more. The NBC is revised periodically to reflect new practices and standards. The latest revision was in 2005.
This document is the Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides requirements and guidelines for materials, workmanship, inspection, testing, and the general design of concrete structures. The summary highlights some key changes between this fourth revision and previous versions, including more detailed guidance on durability design, new concrete grades over M40, modified acceptance criteria, and additional recommendations for structural analysis.
This document is the Indian Standard code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides requirements and guidelines for materials, workmanship, inspection, testing, and the general design of concrete structures. The summary includes:
- It is the fourth revision of the Indian Standard code of practice for concrete design and construction.
- Major revisions include expanded guidance on durability design and requirements to improve the durability of concrete structures.
- Acceptance criteria for concrete have been simplified based on British Standards.
- Additional guidance is provided for higher strength concretes, workability, mix design, formwork, reinforcement, placing, compaction and curing of concrete.
- The general design considerations section provides
Plain and-reinforced-concrete(IS 456 2000)Parvez Alam
This document provides the full text of the Indian Standard IS 456:2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It includes sections on materials, workmanship, inspection and testing of concrete structures. It also covers general design considerations and special design requirements for structural elements. The standard was revised in 2000 to incorporate changes related to durability, mix proportioning, environmental exposure conditions, and other aspects of concrete design and construction. It establishes requirements for the structural design of concrete structures using both working stress and limit state methods.
CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE,
Introduction to various building codes in professional practice emphasizing the importance of codes and regulations to protect public health, safety and welfare and to ensure compliance with the local authority.
This document provides a summary of IS 800:2007, the Indian Standard Code of Practice for general construction in steel. Some key points:
- IS 800 covers general steel construction using hot rolled sections joined by riveting, bolting or welding. It provides guidance on loads, analysis methods, design requirements, fabrication and erection.
- The standard has been revised to update it based on the latest developments in steel construction technology and allow use of new varieties of structural steel produced in India.
- The revision was carried out by the Indian Institute of Technology Madras with support from the Institute of Steel Development and Growth. It references other Indian and international standards.
- Key changes in the revision include expanding
IS800:2007 GENERAL CONSTRUCTION IN
STEEL — CODE OF PRACTICE with latest amendments and bookmarks so as to facilitate the navigation through the document, to get onto a particular clause or table directly.
National structural concrete_specification_for_building_constructionhsaam hsaam
This document is the fourth edition of the National Structural Concrete Specification for Building Construction, which provides standards and requirements for structural concrete building construction in the UK. It was prepared by a technical committee and complies with BS EN 13670:2009. The specification contains three parts - the NSCS Standard Specification, NSCS Project Specification, and NSCS Guidance. The Standard Specification provides base requirements for execution, materials, and construction. The Project Specification is used to specify any project-specific requirements. The Guidance provides background information and explanations for the specification clauses. This specification, along with related drawings and documents, form the Execution Specification required by BS EN 13670 for structural concrete projects in the UK.
Condition Assessment and Evaluation of Concrete Structures by Advanced Non-de...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using non-destructive testing methods to assess the condition of a 50-year-old commercial structure in Hyderabad, India. Visual inspection, rebound hammer tests, half-cell potential tests, and chemical tests on concrete samples were used to evaluate the uniformity, strength, and corrosion of the structure. The findings from these condition assessments are reported and recommendations are provided for repair and strengthening methods, such as column jacketing and shotcreting, to extend the life of the structure.
The National Building Code of India (NBC) was established in 1970 to provide standards for building construction. It is overseen by the Indian Standards Institution and aims to standardize construction practices across government departments, municipalities, and other agencies. The NBC establishes panels of experts to draft sections covering topics like architecture, structural engineering, construction practices, building services, and more. It has been periodically updated to incorporate changes in building bye-laws, materials standards, and additional requirements.
This document is the Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete. It provides guidelines for the design, materials, construction and quality control of concrete structures. The summary highlights:
1) This is the fourth revision of the standard which was originally published in 1953 and revised in 1957, 1964, and 1978.
2) Major changes in this revision include expanded guidance on durability design, simplified acceptance criteria aligned with international standards, and additional concrete grades and exposure conditions.
3) The revision aims to keep up with developments in concrete technology and incorporate improvements based on experience using earlier versions.
The document is the Indian Standard code for plain and reinforced concrete. It provides guidelines for concrete mix design, quality control, construction practices, and structural design using both working stress and limit state methods. The 2000 revision incorporates changes to improve durability, simplify acceptance criteria, include higher concrete grades, and provide more guidance on factors affecting long-term performance of concrete structures. It aims to harmonize with international standards while addressing developments in concrete technology.
Brazos Manufacturing - Automated Punch CountChad Albert
This document discusses the evolution of seismic design considerations in model building codes. It explains how seismic design criteria have progressed from being based solely on seismic zones, to seismic performance categories that also considered building occupancy, to the current seismic design categories used in the IBC which determine requirements based on location, building use, and soil type. The process of determining a structure's seismic design category involves evaluating short and long-period ground motions, classifying the soil type, and selecting the most conservative category. This represents a more complex but comprehensive approach accounting for multiple factors that impact seismic performance.
ACI 318 - 2002
Requisitos de Reglamento para Concreto Estructural+Comentarios
En Ingles
--------------------------
Te invito a que visites mis sitios en internet:
_*Canal en youtube de ingenieria civil_*
https://www.youtube.com/@IngenieriaEstructural7
_*Blog de ingenieria civil*_
https://thejamez-one.blogspot.com
AISC 360-22 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.pdfluzquispe60551805
This document is the 2022 edition of the ANSI/AISC 360 Specification for Structural Steel Buildings published by the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). It provides requirements for the design of steel-framed buildings and other structures using allowable strength design or load and resistance factor design. This edition supersedes the 2016 version and includes numerous technical modifications and additions. It was developed through a consensus process and approved by AISC's Committee on Specifications.
This document provides information on an Indian standard for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings. Some key points:
- It introduces building categories based on seismic hazard factors to determine appropriate design and construction methods.
- It provides guidelines on selecting materials and includes special design and construction features for masonry, timber, and prefabricated buildings.
- It specifies restrictions on wall openings, horizontal and vertical steel reinforcement bands, to improve earthquake resistance based on calculations and shake table tests.
- It incorporates amendments to previous versions and references other related Indian standards on concrete, masonry, fire safety, and seismic design.
This document discusses guide specifications for architectural and structural precast concrete components. It provides an overview of typical architectural elements like wall panels and column covers. It also lists many types of structural precast elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and wall panels. The document emphasizes that specifications must be customized for each project by editing out inapplicable provisions and including necessary project-specific items and requirements. It directs the reader to PCI publications for more information on specifications and quality assurance standards.
ACI 318-19 Presentation - changes to the concrete design standardssuser8685dc
This document provides information about a seminar on changes to the ACI 318 concrete design standard from ACI 318-14 to ACI 318-19. The seminar will cover major changes grouped by topic, including changes to requirements for high-strength reinforcement, development lengths, shear design, durability, shotcrete, and appendix A. Attendees will learn about the new organization of ACI 318-19 and how it is designed to make information easier to find. The seminar will also discuss provisions for evaluating existing concrete structures and changes to load and analysis requirements.
ISO 9000 Quality Standards in Construction. There is risk involved in any construction project. ... The ISO 9000 clauses most often complied with are those dealing with (1) inspection and test status; (2) inspection and testing; (3) control of nonconformance product; and (4) handling, storage, and preser- vation.
The clauses least complied with concern (1) design control; (2) internal auditing; (3) training; and (4) statistical techniques. Documentation of a quality system is scarce for the majority of the contractors.
Similar to Technical notes in brick construction (20)
Using fly ash as replacement of cement & aggregatehsaam hsaam
This document presents a thesis study on utilizing fly ash as a partial replacement for cement and fine aggregates in concrete. The study was conducted by Mohamad Rkein under the supervision of Professor Sabaratnam Prathapan and Associate Professor Krishnan Kannoorpatti. The study aims to determine the feasibility and effects on mechanical properties of using fly ash to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete mixtures. Tests were conducted on workability and compressive strength of concrete with varying replacement levels of fly ash at 7, 28, and 56 days. The results indicate that fly ash can effectively be used as a partial replacement material in concrete and may provide benefits to strength properties and reduce environmental impacts.
Toward green concrete for better sustainable environmenthsaam hsaam
This document discusses efforts to develop green concrete as a more sustainable building material. It begins by noting that cement production currently accounts for 8-10% of global CO2 emissions. The document then discusses various approaches researchers have taken to reduce the environmental impacts of concrete, including substituting fly ash for cement, using recycled materials, and nanoengineering cement mixtures to improve performance. It emphasizes that green concrete must use waste materials, have a sustainable production process, and perform well over its lifetime. The document surveys cleaner cement production technologies and argues green concrete can help all three pillars of sustainability.
The document discusses sustainable design. It states that sustainable design uses green building techniques for materials, energy systems, and construction. Sustainably designed buildings are usually passively cooled and heated, requiring less energy usage. They also minimize impacts on land and resources while meeting present and future needs. The goals of sustainable design are to satisfy current needs without compromising future generations financially, environmentally, and socially.
Final report-cesticcreports fly-ash_pervious_concrete-05202016hsaam hsaam
This document is a report on a study that developed and tested a graphene oxide-modified pervious concrete using fly ash as the sole binder. The concrete was tested against control groups to evaluate its density, void ratio, mechanical strength, infiltration rate, freeze-thaw durability, and resistance to degradation. Test results found that the graphene oxide addition increased strength and durability properties while reducing void ratio and infiltration rate compared to fly ash concrete. However, further durability testing is needed on the fly ash concrete at later ages due to its slow hydration. The report provides background on pervious concrete and fly ash properties.
Experimental investigation of rap modified asphalt binder and crushed rap ag...hsaam hsaam
This document presents an experimental investigation of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) modified asphalt binder and crushed RAP aggregates. The study evaluates the physical properties of asphalt binder mixed with RAP at various proportions (10-50%) and tests the effect on properties like penetration, softening point, ductility and specific gravity. Aggregate tests like Los Angeles abrasion, crushing, shape and impact value are also conducted on crushed RAP aggregates. The results of mixing RAP with virgin binder and using crushed aggregates are discussed to analyze the recycling of RAP materials and minimize waste disposal.
The document summarizes the evaluation of different types of green concrete being investigated by the Danish Centre for Green Concrete. The center aims to reduce the environmental impact of concrete by developing new technologies. Four ways to produce green concrete are described, including using conventional and industrial residual products and cement with reduced environmental impact. Preliminary results show the green concrete types can achieve similar mechanical properties and durability as conventional concrete. A life cycle screening of a bridge found that three green concrete column designs reduced CO2 emissions by 30% or more compared to a reference design, fulfilling the center's environmental goals.
Effect of coconut fibre in concrete and to improve thehsaam hsaam
This document discusses the use of coconut fibre in concrete. Coconut fibre is extracted from the outer shell of coconuts and is one of the most ductile and tough natural fibres. It has high tensile strength and is capable of withstanding strains 4-6 times more than other natural fibres. The objective of the study is to enhance the strength properties of concrete by adding coconut fibre. Different tests will be conducted on fresh and hardened concrete with coconut fibre added at various percentages to determine workability and strength properties. The study will also investigate the effect of incorporating a superplasticizer to improve workability of concrete containing coconut fibre.
Design and properties of sustainable concretehsaam hsaam
The document discusses methods for designing and assessing sustainable concrete. It outlines three approaches: (1) optimizing the concrete mix to reduce environmental impact while maintaining performance and lifetime; (2) improving concrete performance at equal environmental impact and lifetime; and (3) optimizing the structure's lifetime at equal environmental impact and performance. The document then summarizes methods for evaluating a concrete's environmental impact using life cycle assessments. It notes that cement has a large influence on impact and that replacing it can reduce impact if replacements are industrial byproducts. The document concludes by presenting mix design principles for "green concretes" with reduced cement content through optimization and additive replacements while maintaining strength and durability.
Gammon Construction has been a leading construction contractor in Asia for over 50 years. It developed Gammon Green Concrete to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete through formulations that lower cement content and optimize particle packing density. This high-performance concrete has 10% lower carbon emissions, improved durability, and reduces lifetime costs of structures. Gammon also uses technologies like GPS tracking and residue concrete recycling to improve efficiency and sustainability of its concrete operations.
This document discusses concrete as a green building material. It notes that while concrete is widely used due to its low cost and versatility, its production has significant environmental impacts due to the large amounts of raw materials, energy, and CO2 emissions required. The document summarizes efforts to make concrete more sustainable through the use of cement substitutes like fly ash and slag, and recycled materials as aggregate substitutes. It argues that identifying valuable properties in waste materials can increase their commercial viability as concrete ingredients. The emerging green building movement is also changing economic factors to favor more sustainable resource use.
This document provides amendments to Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design - Part 1: General rules (EN 1997-1:2004). The amendments include modifications to sections and annexes of the original standard, such as the contents, national annex, definitions, limit state design, soil and groundwater characterization, geotechnical analysis and design situations. The purpose is to clarify provisions and incorporate technical enhancements to Eurocode 7 Part 1.
This document provides an overview of Eurocode 7 (EN 1997), which establishes the design rules for geotechnical structures. It summarizes the contents and sections of Parts 1 and 2 of Eurocode 7. Part 1 covers general geotechnical design rules, while Part 2 focuses on ground investigation and testing. The document also discusses some key aspects of Part 1, including the determination of characteristic and design values of geotechnical parameters, approaches to ultimate limit state design, and the treatment of serviceability limit states. Various workshop presentations are then listed that will provide more detailed explanations of sections of Eurocode 7 on topics like foundations, retaining structures, slope stability and embankments.
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This document provides testing methods for self-compacting concrete using the J-ring test. The J-ring test involves placing fresh concrete into a mold surrounded by a metal ring with gaps. The test determines if the concrete can flow through the gaps under its own weight without segregation or blocking. Passing the J-ring test indicates the concrete is self-compacting.
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Technical notes in brick construction
1. Technical Notes 3 - Overview of Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530-
02/ASCE 5-02/TMS 402-02) and Specification for Masonry Structures (ACI 530.1-02/ASCE 6-02/TMS
602-02)
July 2002
Abstract: This Technical Notes provides a review of the national masonry design standard, ACI 530/ASCE
5/TMS 402, and its accompanying masonry specification, ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602. New provisions
and revisions of existing standards for masonry design are emphasized. Subjects discussed pertaining to
the design standard are: allowable stress and strength design of unreinforced and reinforced masonry,
prestressed masonry, empirical design, glass block masonry, masonry veneer, quality assurance, and
seismic provisions. Items addressed for the masonry specification are: requirements checklist and
submittals, masonry quality assurance and inspection requirements, reinforcement and metal accessories,
erection tolerances, construction procedures and grouting requirements.
Key Words: adhered veneer, allowable stress design, anchored veneer, building code, design standard,
empirical design, inspection, prestressed masonry, specification, strength design.
INTRODUCTION
The American Concrete Institute (ACI), American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and The Masonry
Society (TMS) promulgate a national consensus standard for the structural design of masonry elements
and a standard specification for masonry construction. These standards are titled the Building Code
Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402) and the Specification for Masonry
Structures (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602). They were developed to consolidate and advance existing
standards for the design and construction of masonry.
This Technical Notes, the first in a series, discusses various sections of the Building Code Requirements
for Masonry Structures and the Specification for Masonry Structures in brief detail. Emphasis is placed on
the new requirements in the 2002 edition of the standards. Changes from prior masonry standards dealing
with the design of brick masonry structures are also presented. Other Technical Notes in this series
provide material and section properties of brick masonry members and more extensive discussion of the
requirements of these standards. For more information about the requirements of these standards and
examples of their application, the reader is referred to the Masonry Designer's Guide (MDG). The MDG is
published by The Masonry Society and contains an extensive number of design examples that illustrate the
proper application of the MSJC Code and Specification requirements.
In this Technical Notes, the Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures and the Specification for
Masonry Structures are referred to as the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) Code and
Specification, respectively. The pertinent section and article numbers from the MSJC Code and
Specification, are stated in parentheses following the discussion of particular topics for quick reference.
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
The development of this single masonry standard for the design and construction industry began in 1977.
At that time, there were several design standards for masonry. These standards did not have consistent
requirements. It was difficult for engineers and architects to select the appropriate design criteria for
2. masonry elements. Concerned individuals representing masonry materials and the design profession saw
the need for a single, national consensus standard for the design and construction of all types of masonry.
In 1977, ACI and ASCE agreed to jointly develop a consensus standard for masonry design with the
support of the masonry industry. The MSJC was formed with a balanced membership of building officials,
contractors, university professors, consultants, material producers and designers who are members of ACI
or ASCE. The Masonry Society joined as a sponsoring organization in 1991. Currently, the MSJC is
comprised of over eighty regular (voting) and forty associate members. The MSJC Code and Specification
are available from each of the sponsoring organizations or from the Brick Industry Association.
Changes to the MSJC Code and Specification are written, balloted and approved within the MSJC. A
review by the sponsoring organizations' technical activity committees follows. In order to obtain a national
consensus, the approved draft undergoes a public review. Approval by the MSJC of the first edition of the
MSJC Code and Specification occurred in June 1986. Public review began in 1988 with the final approval
of the 1988 MSJC Code and Specification in August 1989.
Commentaries for the MSJC Code and Specification were also developed. These documents provide
background information on the design and specification provisions. Considerations of the MSJC members
in determining requirements and references to research papers and articles are included in the
commentaries for further information.
The MSJC Code, Specification and Commentaries are revised on a three- or four-year cycle. The first
revision was issued in 1992. Most of the changes were editorial in nature or clarified intent or omissions.
In 1995 new chapters on glass unit masonry and anchored masonry veneers were added, and the MSJC
Specification was reformatted. Metric conversions were added throughout the standards in accordance
with the metrication policy of ASCE in addition to an index of key words. The 1999 edition includes a
number of significant changes. The MSJC Code and its Commentary were reformatted. A chapter on
prestressed masonry, a section on adhered veneer and a quality assurance program were added. Other
changes in the MSJC Code and Specification include new design values for elastic moduli and masonry
compressive strength and the inclusion of mortar cement. In the 2002 edition there were significant
changes to the seismic design provisions, with prescriptive requirements for specific shear wall types. A
chapter on strength design was added. Other minor changes are documented in this Technical Notes.
Building Code Acceptance
The MSJC Code is to be adopted by a model building code and, subsequently, by a local jurisdiction. State
and local building code committees are encouraged to adopt the model building codes which include the
MSJC Code for the design of masonry. With adoption of the MSJC Code, the Specification is automatically
adopted because the MSJC Code requires that materials and construction comply with the MSJC
Specification. The local jurisdiction has the responsibility for enforcement and compliance of masonry
construction to the MSJC Specification once it is adopted.
Two of the previous model building code organizations, the Standard Building Code Congress International
(SBCCI) and the Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA), chose to include the MSJC Code in
their documents. This adoption by reference began in 1988 and1989, respectively. The International
Council of Building Officials (ICBO) chose to maintain masonry design criteria within the Uniform Building
Code itself, rather than adopting the MSJC standards by reference. However, many of the masonry design
and construction requirements of the Uniform Building Code have been changed over the last several years
to be consistent with the requirements of the MSJC Code and Specification.
The International Code Council (ICC) was formed by the three existing code organizations (SBCCI),
(BOCA) and (ICBO) with the charge to produce a single set of codes, referred to as the I-codes. Two I-
codes that are important to the brick industry are the International Building Code (IBC) and International
Residential Code (IRC). The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is also developing another
building code called NFPA 5000. The I-codes and NFPA 5000 reference the 2002 MSJC Code.
3. Benefits
The MSJC Code and Specification have had positive results; the design and construction community has
become more confident with their use. Designers have one national standard that covers nearly all types of
masonry construction. Architects are able to prepare and submit complete, concise specifications more
easily. Contractors have more consistent and better quality specifications for projects. Owners obtain
more uniform quality of masonry. Other benefits presented by the MSJC Code and Specification are:
1. Nearly all forms of masonry are covered, including unreinforced, reinforced and prestressed
masonry, glass unit masonry, and adhered and anchored veneer masonry.
2. Requirements for all masonry materials are covered, including clay and shale brick, concrete block,
stone, glass unit, mortar, grout and metal accessories.
3. Differences in material properties are recognized and quantified.
4. The same rational design procedures are utilized for clay and concrete masonry.
5. Responsibilities and duties of the owner, designer, testing agency, and contractor are clearly
established.
6. Quality assurance and inspection requirements are included.
7. Design, materials and testing are the decision of the architect or engineer.
8. Contract administration is easier.
Since the introduction of the MSJC standards in 1988, there has been a shift in the masonry design and
construction communities. Designers and contractors use the MSJC Code and Specification with more
frequency. Indicative of this growth, the MSJC Code is now a required reference for the Professional
Engineer's Principles and Practice examination. The MSJC Specification has placed greater demands on
the masonry contractor with the use of masonry as a structural material. Many requirements are
performance related, which may require more site inspection for verification of compliance. These
demands are advantageous and vital to the development of confidence that the masonry strengths
assumed by the designer are met by the constructed masonry.
THE MSJC CODE (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402)
The MSJC Code is the basis for masonry design by the architect or engineer. The provisions of the MSJC
Code will dictate the size and shape of masonry walls, beams, pilasters and columns. Further, it influences
the masonry materials the designer will require in the project specification. It consists of seven chapters,
which are listed below.
Chapter 1 - General Design Requirements for Masonry
Chapter 2 - Allowable Stress Design
Chapter 3 - Strength Design of Masonry (New Chapter)
Chapter 4 - Prestressed Masonry
Chapter 5 - Empirical Design of Masonry
Chapter 6 - Veneer
Chapter 7 - Glass Unit Masonry
Some relevant sections of the codes are discussed in this Technical Notes and are indicated in
parentheses for each of the chapters.
4. Chapter 1 - General Design Requirements for Masonry
Chapter 1 contains the scope of the minimum requirements for the design of any masonry element. In this
chapter, it states that the MSJC Code supplements the model building code enforced in a jurisdiction.
When the MSJC Code conflicts with the local building code, the local building code governs. (1.1)
Project drawings and specifications must identify the individual responsible for their preparation. Items
required by the MSJC Code must be clearly marked such as: loads used in design, specified compressive
strength of masonry, reinforcement, anchors and ties with size and spacing, size and location of all
structural elements, provisions for differential movement, and size and location of conduit, pipes and
sleeves. Contract documents must include a quality assurance program. (1.2)
The MSJC Code permits alternative design methods from those stated in the MSJC Code. This is to
recognize new applications of masonry and different structural analysis techniques. (1.3)
Chapter 1 also includes the notation and definitions contained within the MSJC Code. Capital letters are
used for permitted stresses and lower case letters are used for calculated or applied stresses. (1.5) For
example, Fa is the notation for the allowable compressive stress due to axial load, while fa denotes the
calculated compressive stress due to axial load. The definitions are specifically related to their meaning as
used in the MSJC Code. Definitions in the MSJC Code are coordinated with those in the MSJC
Specification. Definitions of terms relating to strength design of masonry and for prestressed masonry have
been added. (1.6)
The following are brief summaries, highlights, of several sections within Chapter 1.
Section 1.7 - Loading. Service loads are used as the basis of design and are governed by the building
code that adopts the MSJC Code. If a building code is not enforced in the area under consideration, then
the MSJC Code requires that the load provisions of the 1993 edition of ASCE 7 Design Loads for Buildings
and Other Structures apply to masonry structures. Allowable stresses given in the MSJC Code are based
on failure stresses with a factor of safety in the range of 2 to 5. The structural system must resist wind and
earthquake loads and accommodate the resulting deformations. (1.7.3) The effects of restraint of
movement due to prestressing, vibrations, impact, shrinkage, expansion, temperature changes, creep,
unequal settlement of supports and differential movement must also be considered in design. (1.7.4)
Section 1.8 - Material Properties. Material properties are included for both clay and concrete masonry.
The MSJC Code and Specification was the first national masonry standard to state design coefficients for
thermal expansion, moisture expansion, shrinkage and creep. For design computations, the amount of
shrinkage of brick masonry is taken as zero. The moduli of elasticity, Em, of clay and concrete masonry is
no longer based on the net area compressive strength of the brick and the type of mortar used in
construction. Em is now directly related to the specified compressive strength of masonry, f'm. For clay
masonry, Em is equal to 700 times f'm. Alternately, Em may be determined by the chord modulus of
elasticity taken between 0.05 and 0.33 of the maximum compressive strength of each prism determined by
test in accordance with Article 1.4 B.3 of the MSJC Specification. Refer to Technical Notes 18 Series for
an extensive discussion of differential movement of brick masonry elements. (1.8.2.2)
Section 1.9 - Section Properties. Section properties are used to determine stress computations.
Computations for stiffness, radius of gyration and flange design for intersecting walls are based on the
minimum net area of the section. This is normally the mortar-bedded area. When different materials are
combined in a single element, the transformed area must be used to account for differences in elastic
moduli of the dissimilar materials. Radius of gyration of the section, rather than the minimum thickness, is
used to determine the slenderness reduction for members in compression. (1.9)
Section 1.10 - Deflection. Deflection limits are imposed for beams and lintels that support unreinforced
masonry. The deflection should not exceed the span length divided by 600 or 0.3 in. (7.6 mm). Deflection
of the masonry member should be calculated based upon uncracked section properties. (1.10, 1.9.2)
Section 1.11 - Stack Bond Masonry. The MSJC Code requires that stack bond masonry be reinforced with
a prescriptive amount of horizontal reinforcement. This may be placed as joint reinforcement or in bond
beams spaced not more than 48 in. (1.2 m) on center vertically. (1.11)
5. Section 1.12 - Details of Reinforcement. The reinforcement detailing requirements given in this chapter
are similar to those for reinforced concrete under ACI 318, Building Code Requirements for Reinforced
Concrete. The maximum size of reinforcing bar permitted in masonry members, designed by the allowable
stress or empirical design methods, is a No. 11 (M #36) bar. Horizontal joint reinforcement is permitted as
structural reinforcement for the same design methods. Placement limits for reinforcement include minimum
grout spaces between the bars and masonry units of 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) and 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) for fine and
coarse grout, respectively. (1.12.2 - 1.12.3)
This section contains protection requirements for reinforcing steel. A minimum amount of masonry cover is
required, depending upon the exposure conditions. Corrosion protection is required for joint reinforcement,
wall ties, anchors and inserts in exterior walls. (1.12.4)
Minimum development lengths are stated for reinforcement. A 50 percent increase is recommended for
epoxy coated bars. (2.1.10.2) Standard hooks, minimum bend diameters, and splice requirements are
consistent with those for reinforced concrete members. (1.12.5, 1.12.6) Chapter 3 contains variations in
some of these requirements when strength design is used.
Section 1.13 - Seismic Design Requirements. These requirements apply to the design and construction of
all masonry, except glass unit masonry and masonry veneers, for all Seismic Design Categories (SDC) as
defined in ASCE 7-98. Early editions of the MSJC included seismic design information as optional
information in the Appendix and based the requirements on Seismic Zones. Since 1995, the seismic
requirements are mandatory parts of the Code. Seismic provisions for masonry veneers are found in
Chapter 6, Veneers.
Special seismic requirements in Section 1.13 are invoked by SDC. The requirements are additive for each
higher SDC. For example, buildings in category D must meet all the requirements for buildings in
categories A, B and C, plus the additional requirements stated in Section 1.13 for buildings in category D.
Five types of shear walls that serve as the lateral force-resisting system are described. Each has a
required design method and prescriptive reinforcement requirements, see Table 1. Their use is permitted
by the seismic design category applicable to the structure under design.
TABLE 1
Requirement for Masonry Shear Walls Based on Shear Wall Designation
Shear Wall Designation Reinforcement Requirements Permitted SDC
Empirically Designed None SDC A
Ordinary Plain (unreinforced) None SDC A and B
Detailed Plain (unreinforced) Section 1.13.2.2.2.1 and 1.13.2.2.2.2 SDC A and B
Ordinary Reinforced Section 1.13.2.2.2.1 and 1.13.2.2.2.2 SDC A, B, and C
Intermediate Reinforced Section 1.13.2.2.4 SDC A. B, and C
Special Reinforced Section 1.13.2.2.5 SDC A, B, C, D, E and F
In category A, the provisions of Chapters 2, 3, 4, or 5 of the MSJC Code apply. There is a calculated story
drift limit of 0.007 times the story height. Anchorage of masonry walls must meet a minimum design force
of 1000 times the effective peak velocity-related acceleration. (1.13.3)
For buildings in category B, the lateral force-resisting system must comply with the requirements of Chapter
2, 3, or 4 of the MSJC Code. It cannot be designed in accordance with the empirical requirements of
Chapter 5. The lateral force-resisting system includes structural masonry members such as columns,
6. beams and shear walls. It does not include non-loadbearing elements, such as partition walls. (1.13.4)
Masonry buildings in category C must meet more stringent requirements. Members that are not part of the
main lateral force-resisting system must be isolated so that they do not adversely affect the response of the
lateral force-resisting system. Connections are strengthened and minimum amounts of reinforcement are
required for shear walls and non-loadbearing masonry members in order to provide more ductility to the
structure. (1.13.5) Partition walls, screen walls and other elements that are not designed to resist vertical
or lateral loads other than their own weight must be isolated from receiving these loads and designed to
accommodate drift.
The special seismic provisions for categories D and E are still more restrictive. Minimum reinforcement
requirements are increased for all members. Type N mortar and masonry cement mortars are not
permitted for the lateral force-resisting system. (1.13.6, 1.13.7)
Section 1.14 - Quality Assurance. This section defines a quality assurance program with different
requirements based on the type of facility and method of design. Minimum tests, submittals and inspection
requirements are defined for three levels of quality assurance. (1.14.1)
The quality assurance program must include procedures for reporting, review and resolution of
noncompliances. (1.14.5) Qualifications for testing laboratories and for inspection agencies must also be
defined. (1.14.6)
The quality assurance program requires that each wythe of masonry and the grout, if present, must meet or
exceed the specified compressive strength of masonry, f'm. Compressive strength of masonry must be
verified in accordance with the provisions of the MSJC Specification. (1.14.2)
Section 1.15 - Construction. Construction of masonry must comply with the MSJC Specification.
Requirements for grouting are introduced in Section 1.15. The type of grout, either fine or coarse,
determines the minimum grout space dimensions and maximum grout pour height permitted. New in the
2002 edition is the inclusion of a grout demonstration panel. The limits can be exceeded if the panel
indicates that the spaces are filled and adequately consolidated. Grout must attain a minimum
compressive strength of 2000 psi (13.8 MPa) at 28 days. (Table 1.15.1)
In addition, Section 1.15 contains provisions for pipes and conduits embedded in masonry elements. The
effect on structural performance of the opening caused by the embedded item must be considered.
Limitations on location, size, relative area and materials contained within pipes and conduit are included.
(1.15.2)
Chapter 2 - Allowable Stress Design
Allowable stress design (ASD) methodology has been used in masonry design for many years. The ASD
provisions of the MSJC Code are the most advanced to date for masonry members and are reflective of the
extensive amount of research and experience gained over the last century.
Chapter 2 of the MSJC Code states general provisions and establishes the scope of the rational design
requirements. The rational design provisions are based upon a few assumptions inherent in the ASD
approach, which are as follows:
1. Masonry materials are linearly elastic under service loads (materials rebound to original position
when unloaded, rather than deforming permanently).
2. Stress is directly proportional to strain (applied load is directly proportional to displacement).
3. Masonry materials behave homogeneously (brick, mortar and grout behave as one element rather
than separately).
4. Sections plane before bending remain plane after bending (flexural members do not warp).
Service loads are used as the basis of allowable stress design. Allowable stresses given in the MSJC
Code are based on failure stresses with a factor of safety in the range of 2 to 5. Section 2.1.2 contains the
loading combinations to be used for allowable stress design. For moment strength design under Section
4.5.3.3.2, factored loads shall be combined as required by the general building code. When the general
7. building code does not provide load combinations, structures or members shall use the most restrictive
combinations of loads. (2.1.2)
The specified compressive strength of masonry, f'm, must be determined by the designer and clearly stated
in the contract documents. The specified compressive strength must be verified by the contractor as
required by the methods stipulated in the MSJC Specification. (2.1.3)
Anchor bolts consist of plate, headed and bent bar assemblies. Allowable loads for tension, shear and
combined tension and shear are given. Provisions for minimum embedment length are provided to ensure
proper transfer of load between the masonry and the anchor bolt. (2.1.4) Refer to Technical Notes 44 for
further discussion of the design of anchor bolts.
The MSJC Code requirements differentiate between multiwythe walls with respect to composite or non-
composite action. Composite action requires a rigid transfer of stress between wythes so that the wythes
act as a single element in resisting loads. The wythes must be bonded with a filled collar joint and metal
ties or with masonry headers. Prescriptive size and spacing limitations for metal wall ties are taken from
previous masonry standards. For multiwythe, composite walls, criteria for allowable shear stresses at the
interface between a wythe and a collar joint have been introduced that were not included in previous
masonry standards. These allowable shear stresses are: a) 5 psi (34.5 kPa) for mortared collar joints, b)
10 psi (69.0 kPa) for grouted collar joints, and c) the square root of the unit compressive strength of the
header. (2.1.5.2.2)
When non-composite action occurs, each wythe is designed to individually resist the effects of imposed
loads. Loads are apportioned to wythes based upon their relative stiffnesses. As with composite walls,
prescriptive requirements for metal wall ties are based on past experience. (2.1.5.3 ) Wall ties with drips
are now prohibited.
Columns are isolated vertical members whose horizontal dimension at right angles to the thickness does
not exceed 3 times its thickness. Also, the member's height must be at least 3 times its thickness. The
minimum dimension of a column is 8 in. (203 mm) and the maximum ratio of effective height to least
nominal dimension (slenderness ratio) of a column is 25. Columns must contain a minimum of four vertical
reinforcing bars and a minimum amount of lateral ties. (2.1.6)
Pilasters are thickened elements of a wall which provide resistance to lateral loads or a combination of axial
and lateral loads. Design procedures consider the pilaster and wall to act integrally, provided the two are
properly bonded. Vertical reinforcement that is intended to resist axial loads must be laterally tied in the
same manner that is required for columns. (2.1.7)
Concentrated loads must be distributed over a prescribed length of wall. Requirements depend on bond
pattern, presence of bond beams and the width of the wall. The allowable bearing stress is one-fourth of
the specified compressive strength of masonry, but may be increased for smaller bearing areas. (2.1.9)
Provisions for development of reinforcement are included. (2.1.10) Bars, hooks, welded wire fabric, and
splices are covered.
Section 2.2 - Unreinforced Masonry. Section 2.2 covers requirements for the design of masonry structures
in which tensile stresses in masonry are taken into consideration. This is known as unreinforced (plain)
masonry. Such members may, in fact, contain reinforcement for shrinkage or other reasons, but this
reinforcement is neglected in the structural design process.
The allowable axial compressive stress equation uses a different slenderness reduction factor from that
used in earlier masonry standards. The factor is a function of the radius of gyration of the member's cross
section, rather than its thickness. Additionally, the factor of safety changed from 5 in previous masonry
standards to 4 in the MSJC Code. Unlike previous masonry design standards, the MSJC Code does not
place an arbitrary limit on the slenderness ratio of walls. Rather, the slenderness reduction factor becomes
very small for more slender walls. An equation limiting the applied axial load to one-quarter of a modified
Euler buckling load is included. The classic Euler buckling load has been modified to reflect a member with
negligible tensile strength. The unity equation has been used to limit the combination of bending and axial
load in masonry design for many years. (2.2.3, 2.3.3)
8. Variables affecting flexural tension of masonry include the plane on which the stress acts, mortar materials,
unit cross-section, and presence of grout. The allowable flexural tension stresses for grouted masonry
normal to bed joints were modified in the 2002 edition. (2.2.3.2)
Allowable shear stresses are based upon a parabolic shear stress distribution rather than an average shear
stress distribution, as used in previous masonry standards. Consequently, allowable shear stresses are
approximately 1.5 times those in previous masonry standards. Four allowable shear stresses for in-plane
shear must be evaluated. No allowable shear stress values are given for out-of-plane shear, but typically
these same values for in-place shear are applied. (2.2.5)
Section 2.3 - Reinforced Masonry. Section 2.3 contains requirements for the allowable stress design of
masonry elements neglecting the tensile strength of masonry. This is commonly termed reinforced
masonry. In this procedure, steel reinforcement is used to resist all tensile forces. Reinforcement may also
be required to resist shear forces. The MSJC Code does not prescribe a minimum amount of
reinforcement, except for masonry columns and for buildings in Seismic Design Categories as given in
Chapter 1. The size and placement of compressive, flexural and shear reinforcement is determined by
design requirements. (2.3.1) Allowable steel stresses are taken from previous masonry standards.
Reinforcement used to resist compressive stresses must be laterally tied. (2.3.2.2)
When the applied shear stress exceeds the given allowable shear stress for reinforced masonry without
shear reinforcement, shear reinforcement is required. For reinforced masonry containing shear
reinforcement, allowable shear stresses are increased by a factor of 3.0 for flexural members and 1.5 for
shear walls. To use the increased allowable shear stresses, shear reinforcement must be provided to
resist 100 percent of the shear force. (2.3.5)
Chapter 3 - Strength Design of Masonry
This chapter is new in the 2002 edition of the MSJC Code. This chapter was developed from research
funded by the National Science Foundation and the masonry industry.
Strength design identifies the possible failure modes that the masonry element can exhibit. By performing
this type of analysis the engineer can preclude an undesirable failure. Strength design provides for design
of inelastic performance of masonry. The loads and stresses considered are similar to those used in
allowable stress design, but service level loads are replaced with strength design loads and allowable
stresses are replaced with nominal values based on research. The required strength of the masonry must
be greater than its nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor, Ø. The strength reduction
factors selected are similar to those used in concrete.
Strength design of masonry shall comply with the minimum requirements of this chapter. In addition, the
requirements of Chapter 1, Section 3.1, and either Section 3.2 or 3.3 also apply. (3.1.1) The strength
requirements are in accordance with the legally adopted building code. When this information is not
defined in the building code then the requirements of ASCE 7-98 govern. (3.1.2) Notations and definitions
used in strength design are found in Sections 1.5 and 1.6, respectively.
The remainder of Chapter 3 covers design strength (3.1.3), strength reduction factors (3.1.4), deformation
requirements (3.1.5), headed and bent-bar anchor bolts (3.1.6), material properties (3.1.7), reinforced
masonry (3.2), and unreinforced (plain) masonry (3.3). Design equations are similar to those for allowable
stress design when possible. Perhaps the most significant difference is in the development length. The
strength design formula includes cover, bar size, and masonry specified compressive strength as
variables. This formula also applies to splices.
This chapter includes maximum reinforcement ratios chosen to prevent brittle failure of shear walls. These
are applied with specific limits on strain in the masonry and steel. There are also dimensional limits for
beams, piers, and columns.
It must be pointed out that Strength Design of Masonry may not be practical in many situations and may in
fact not provide the results a designer may seek.
Chapter 4 - Prestressed Masonry
9. Prestressed masonry is used to eliminate tensile stresses in masonry due to externally applied loads. A
controlled amount of precompression is applied to the masonry to offset the tensile forces created under
service loads. The use of prestressing is well documented in concrete design and construction; however its
use in masonry construction in the United States is limited. The United Kingdom has a history of
successful prestressed masonry construction for over two decades.
The equipment for prestressed masonry is similar to that used in concrete construction. Some proprietary
systems have been developed specifically for use in prestressed masonry. Types of structures that have
utilized prestressed masonry in the United States include freestanding walls, such as fences, bearing walls
and masonry veneers designed to span between columns, rather than span floor-to-floor.
Prestressing tendons placed in openings in the masonry may be grouted or ungrouted. The tendons may
be pre-tensioned or post-tensioned. Pre-tensioned tendons are stressed against external abutments prior
to placing the masonry. Post-tensioned tendons are stressed against the masonry after it has been
placed. Most construction applications to date have been post-tensioned, ungrouted masonry because of
the ease of construction and overall economy. As a result, the MSJC Code focuses primarily on post-
tensioned masonry.
Chapter 4 provides minimum requirements for the design of structures that are prestressed with bonded or
unbonded prestressing tendons. The general design requirements found in Chapter 1, including seismic
provisions, apply to prestressed masonry with a few modifications. (4.1) Prestressed members are
designed using elastic analysis and allowable stress design. A new term, f'mi, is defined as the specified
compressive strength of masonry at the time of transfer of the prestress force. (4.2)
The remainder of Chapter 4 covers permissible stresses in the prestressing tendons, effective prestress,
axial compression and flexure, axial tension, shear, deflection, prestressing tendon anchorages, couplers,
end blocks, protection of prestressing tendons and accessories, and development of bonded tendons.
Chapter 5 - Empirical Design of Masonry
Chapter 5 presents empirical requirements for masonry structures. These requirements are based on past
proven performance. Configuration of masonry structures for compliance with empirical limits is a
technique that predates rational design methods. The empirical provisions of previous masonry standards
have been modified and advanced in Chapter 5 to reflect contemporary construction materials and
methods. The requirements are essentially unchanged from the 1999 edition.
The empirical requirements in Chapter 5 may be applied to the following masonry elements:
1. The lateral force-resisting system for buildings in Seismic Design Categories (SDC) A, and for
other building elements in SDC A through C, as defined in ASCE 7-98. (5.1.2)
2. Buildings subject to basic wind speed of 110 mph (145 km/hr) or less as defined by the ASCE 7-98
standard. (5.1.2.2)
3. Buildings not exceeding 35 ft (10.67 m) when the masonry walls are part of the main lateral force-
resisting system. (5.2)
The empirical requirements may not be applied to structures resisting horizontal loads other than those due
to wind or seismic events, except that foundation walls may be as permitted in Section 5.6.3. The empirical
requirements for foundation walls include limits on the height of backfill. There are a number of restrictions
on the backfill soil and the configuration of cross walls. (5.6.3.1) The 2002 Code also requires foundation
piers to be a minimum of 8 in. (203 mm) in thickness. (5.6.4) The empirical requirements of the MSJC
Code are discussed in Technical Notes 42 Revised.
Chapter 6 - Veneers.
The requirements of Chapter 6 apply to masonry veneers. In the 2002 MSJC Code, provisions address
anchored masonry veneer and adhered masonry veneer. The requirements of this chapter are especially
important to the brick industry as the majority of brick produced in the United States is used as veneer.
Section 6.2 - Anchored veneer. The majority of this chapter contains prescriptive requirements for masonry
10. veneer, but alternative design methods are permitted. (6.2.1) The prescriptive requirements cannot be
used in areas where the wind speed exceeds 110 mph (145 km/hr) as given in ASCE 7-98. (6.2.2.1) Many
of the requirements are based upon those found in Technical Notes 28 Series on brick veneer walls and
Technical Notes 44B on wall ties. (6.2.2.3-6.2.2.9) Seismic requirements are included for buildings in SDC
C, D, and E. (6.2.2.10)
Section 6.3 - Adhered veneer. Adhered veneer can be designed by the prescriptive requirements
contained in this section or by alternative design methods. (6.3.1) Prescriptive requirements found in the
2002 MSJC Code are based on similar requirements that have been used in the Uniform Building Code for
over 30 years. These requirements limit unit size to no more than 2 5/8 in. (66.7 mm) in specified
thickness, 36 in. (914 mm) in any face dimension and 5 ft
2
(0.46 m
2
) in total face area. The weight of
adhered veneer units is limited to15 lbs/ft
2
(718 Pa). (6.3.2)
Adhesion between the veneer units and the backing must have a shear strength of 50 psi (345 kPa) or
greater based on gross unit surface area when tested in accordance with ASTM C 482. Alternatively,
adhered units may be applied using the procedure found in MSJC Specification Article 3.3C. (6.3.2.4)
Chapter 7 - Glass Unit Masonry
Chapter 7 applies to glass unit masonry. The 2002 edition contains few changes from the 1999 version.
The provisions are largely based upon those in the three previous model building codes. Requirements are
primarily prescriptive and empirical.
Maximum wall areas are imposed by a design wind pressure graph for standard units, 3 7/8 in. (98.4 mm)
thick. When 3 in. (76.2 mm) thick units are used, a maximum wind pressure of 20 psf (958 Pa) is imposed
and the maximum wall area is reduced. The size of interior wall panels is limited to 250 ft2 (23.22 m2) and
150 ft2 (13.94 m2) for standard and thin units, respectively. (7.1, 7.2) Provisions regarding lateral support
for panels limited to one unit wide or one unit high are included. (7.3)
The MSJC Code also imposes requirements for expansion joints. (7.4)
Base surface treatment requires the surface on which glass unit masonry panels are placed to be coated
with an elastic waterproofing material. (7.5)
Glass unit masonry shall be built with Type S or N mortar. (7.6)
Glass unit masonry panels must contain a minimum amount of horizontal joint reinforcement. The MSJC
Code requires a minimum of two parallel W1.7 (MW11) wires spaced at 16 in. (406 mm) o.c. vertically.
Joint reinforcement is very important because the limitations on wall panel size are based upon the failure
of the reinforced section, rather than the first cracking strength of panels. (7.7)
THE MSJC SPECIFICATION (ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602)
The MSJC Specification is a reference standard that an architect or engineer may cite in the contract
documents for any project. The MSJC Specification contains requirements for the contractor regarding
materials, construction and quality assurance. The MSJC Code requires compliance of construction of the
masonry with the MSJC Specification, so it is an integral part of the MSJC Code. The language is in
imperative voice for ease of interpretation and enforcement. The MSJC Specification should be referenced
in the contract documents and may be modified as required for the particular project.
The 2002 edition of the MSJC Specification consists of three components: a) Part 1 - General, b) Part 2 -
Products and c) Part 3 - Execution. The format was changed to the present one in 1995 to be more
consistent with the Construction Specifications Institute's MASTERFORMAT.
Major changes in the 2002 edition relate to quality assurance and ease of use. Quality assurance is
established in conjunction with the MSJC Code and the MSJC Specification contains specific instructions
for the parties involved. The phrase “When required” was eliminated. Inclusion of this phrase in earlier
11. editions made it necessary for the user to extensively edit the MSJC Specification for application to a
particular project.
Requirements Checklists and Submittals
The requirements checklists help the designer to choose and specify the necessary products and
procedures found in the contract documents. Building codes set minimum requirements to protect property
and life safety. However, written contract documents may have more restrictive requirements than
provided in the building code. Adjustments for the particular project should be made by the designer by
reviewing the requirements checklists.
There are two checklists, mandatory and optional, that alert the designer to issues that must be addressed.
The mandatory list requires a choice on inspection, testing, material selection and items not provided on
the drawings or details of the project. The most significant change from the 1999 MSJC Specification in the
mandatory checklist is exclusion of determining specified compressive strength compliance. In addition,
the 1999 MSJC Specification required that the level of quality assurance be specified.
Part 1 - General
In Part 1 it is stated that the MSJC Specification covers requirements for materials and construction of
masonry elements. The provisions govern any project unless other requirements are specifically stated in
the contract documents. (1.1)
Definitions are provided and are coordinated with those found in the MSJC Code. (1.2) All standards
referenced in the MSJC Specification are listed. These standards include material specifications, sampling
procedures, test methods, detailing requirements, construction procedures and classifications. The
references are updated to the most current edition at the time of the MSJC Code and Specification
approval. (1.3)
The compressive strength of each wythe of masonry must equal or exceed that specified by the engineer or
architect. The compressive strength must be verified by the contractor by one of two methods: unit
strength or prism test. The unit strength method is a means to evaluate the strength of masonry based
upon the tested compressive strength of individual units and the mortar type specified. The prism test
method requires the sampling and testing of masonry prisms built with the same types of materials that are
used in the masonry construction. The MSJC Specification specifies prism testing to be done in
accordance with ASTM C 1314, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms.
(1.4B) Adhesion of adhered veneer units to their backing is to be determined in accordance with ASTM C
482, Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement. (1.4C)
Part 1 provides a list of items to be included in project submittals. Submittals should include mortar and
grout mix designs and test results, masonry unit samples and certificates, samples of metal items such as
reinforcement and wall ties. This also includes construction procedures for cold- and hot-weather
construction. (1.5)
Quality assurance is required by the MSJC Specification. The duties and services of the testing agency,
inspection agency and contractor are specified and are dependent upon the level of quality assurance
required. Article 1.6A outlines the responsibilities of the testing agencies. Article 1.6B specifies the
responsibilities of the inspection agency. Article 1.6C contains the contractor's services and duties. The
contractor must employ an independent testing laboratory to perform required tests, to document
submittals, certify product compliance, establish mortar and grout mix designs, provide supporting data for
changes requested by the contractor, or appeal rejection of material found to be defective. The contractor
must include in the submittals the results of all testing performed to qualify the materials and to establish
mix designs. Quality assurances are actions taken by the owner or the owner's representative. They
provide assurance that actions of the contractor and supplier are in accordance with applicable standards
of good practice. Quality assurances are administrative policies and responsibilities related to quality
control measures that meet the owner's quality objectives. Quality control is the action taken by the
producer or contractor. This is simply systematic performance of construction, testing and inspection to
verify that proper materials and methods are used.
Quality assurance involves inspection and testing, preparation and erection of the masonry structure.
12. Inspection is assumed for every masonry project under the MSJC Code, a change from previous masonry
standards. The level of inspection and the amount of testing depend upon the level of quality assurance
specified. The level of quality assurance is determined according to facility function, as defined by the
general building code, and the method of design. The MSJC Specification contains the same Quality
Assurance tables that are found in the MSJC Code. (1.6)
Sample panels for masonry walls are required for Level 2 or 3 quality assurance. The construction of a
grout demonstration panel, used to depart from the requirements of Articles 3.5 C-E is also a part of quality
assurance. (1.6D)
Requirements for delivery, storage and handling of masonry materials are stated in order to avoid
contamination that might reduce the quality of the constructed masonry. (1.7) Project-specific conditions
such as support of construction loads by the masonry and shoring and weather exposure during
construction must be addressed. Cold- and hot-weather construction requirements are included and are
mandatory when they apply. The provisions for cold-weather construction have been revised in the 2002
MSJC Specification. Provisions for both cold-and hot-weather construction are separated into preparation,
and construction protection. In most cases the methods to achieve the requirements are left to the
discretion of the contractor. (1.8)
Part 2 - Products
This section lists the available American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for masonry
materials, including masonry units, mortar, grout, reinforcement and metal accessories. Specific
requirements are given if an appropriate ASTM standard does not exist. Referenced ASTM standards for
brick and tile are C 34, C 56, C 62, C 126, C 212, C 216, C 652, and C 1088. There are provisions for
spacing of cross wires in joint reinforcement that are not included in standard for this material. Minimum
corrosion protection requirements for metal items are stated including galvanized and epoxy coatings.
Requirements for corrosion protection of bonded and unbonded prestressing tendons are also included.
Criteria are specified for prestressing anchorages, couplers and end blocks. An accessories section
provides requirements on contraction joint material, expansion joint material, asphalt emulsions, masonry
cleaners and joint fillers. (2.1-2.5)
The MSJC Specification contains requirements for the mixing of mortar and grout. Time of mixing and
additives to mortar are limited. The grout must meet ASTM C 476 and be furnished and placed with a
slump between 8 in. (200 mm) and 11 in. (275 mm). (2.6)
Standard fabrication limits are stated for reinforcement and for prefabricated masonry panels. These
include bend and hook requirements for reinforcing bars. Prefabricated masonry panels must conform to
the provisions of ASTM C 901. (2.7)
Part 3 - Execution
The execution of the work includes initial inspection; preparation; masonry erection; reinforcement, tie and
anchor installation; grout placement; prestressing tendon installation and stressing procedure; field quality
control; and cleaning. Dimensional tolerances for foundations on which masonry is placed are provided
and should be measured prior to the start of masonry work. (3.1) As part of the preparation requirements,
clay or shale masonry units having initial absorption rates in excess of one gram per minute per in
2
, as
measured with ASTM C 67 must be pre-wetted, so the initial rate of absorption will not exceed one gram
per minute per in
2
when the units are used. Cleanouts are required at the base of masonry to be grouted
whenever pour heights exceed 5 ft (1.5 m). (3.2)
Standard requirements for good workmanship are required by the MSJC Specification. These include the
requirement for completely filled mortar joints and grouted spaces. Proper support of masonry and bracing
during construction is required but is not prescribed. Dimensional tolerances for the masonry are listed to
ensure structural performance. The tolerances should not be used to establish appearance criteria, unless
specifically noted as such by the project specifications. (3.3)
Inspection of reinforcement and metal accessories is required to ensure that they have been properly
placed and are free of materials that hinder bond. Tolerances for locating and placing reinforcing steel, wall
ties, and veneer anchors are prescribed. Criteria for adjustable wall ties, which are repeated from the
13. MSJC Code, are included. Placement requirements for veneer anchors have been added (3.4)
Prior to grout placement, debris must be removed from grout spaces. The grouting requirements found in
the MSJC Code are repeated in the MSJC Specification. Maximum grout pour heights are determined by
the type of grout used and the dimensions of the grout space. Consolidation of grout is required to fill voids
created by the loss of water from grout by absorption into the masonry. Alternate grout placement
requirements, established through the use of a grout demonstration panel, are permitted. (3.5)
Prestressing tendon installation and stressing requirements include: tolerances; application and
measurement of the prestressing force; grouting bonded tendons; and burning and welding operations.
(3.6)
As part of field quality control, the specified compressive of masonry f'm is verified in accordance with
Article 1.6, Quality Assurance; grout is sampled and tested in accordance with Articles 1.4B and 1.6.
Provisions for cleaning exposed masonry surfaces complete the MSJC Specification. (3.8)
SUMMARY
This Technical Notes provides an overview to the criteria contained in the MSJC Code and Specification.
The discussion centers on the design requirements to be followed by architects and engineers and the
masonry specifications to be implemented by the contractor during construction. Changes to the Code and
Specification in the 2002 editions are emphasized. The MSJC Code and Specification provide the designer
with coordination between the design and construction phases of all masonry buildings.
The information and suggestions contained in this Technical Notes are based on the available data and the
experience of the engineering staff of the Brick Industry Association. The information contained herein
must be used in conjunction with good technical judgment and a basic understanding of the properties of
brick masonry. Final decisions on the use of the information contained in this Technical Notes are not
within the purview of the Brick Industry Association and must rest with the project architect, engineer and
owner.