Literacy refers to the ability to read and write, which involves encoding and decoding written symbols. Teaching literacy skills is important as it allows students to effectively communicate, explore subjects in depth, and gain a deeper understanding of the world. The key literacy skills are reading, writing, listening and speaking. Reading involves different skills like skimming, scanning, intensive reading and extensive reading. Writing skills include punctuation, spelling, sentence structure and handwriting. The main components of reading are phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension. Oral language provides the foundation for developing these reading skills. There are five phases of reading development from pre-reading to advanced reading.

1. Teaching of literacy skill
Literacy: Literacy refers to the ability of people to read and write (UNESCO, 2017).
▪ Reading and writing in turn are about encoding and decoding information between written symbols and sound (Resnick, 1983; Tyner, 1998).
▪ More specifically, literacy is the ability to understand the relationship between sounds and written words such that one may read, say, and understand them (UNESCO, 2004; Vlieghe,
2015).
Teaching literacy: Teaching literacy is the ability to communicate clearly and
effectively and form the foundation of modern life. Students that can’t
read effectively fail to understanding important concepts, score poorly
on tests and finally, fail to meet educational milestones. Literacy skills
allow students to seek out information, explore subjects in-depth and
gain a deeper understanding of the world around them. When they can
not read well, they become discouraged by school, which can result in
high school dropouts, poor performance on uniform tests, increased
nonattendance and other negative reactions, all of which can have
major and long-lasting effects. By teaching students to communicate
effectively, you help create engaged students who learn to love the act
of learning. This is why it is so important to think about your approaches
for teaching literacy skills in your classroom.

2. Literacy Skills:
Reading, writing, listening and speaking,
Reading : Is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and
getting meaning from them.
Types of Reading Skills:
1 Skimming
2 Scanning
3 Intensive reading
4 Extensive Reading.
• 1 Skimming : Skimming means reading a text quickly to get the main
ideas. At this stage, you don’t need to know every detail of the text—
you just want to know what it is about. If you are taking a school
course and you need to read a chapter of your textbook, it is a good
idea to skim it first to see what it’s about. You can (and should!) go
back later to read it more carefully.
• Example: If you are writing an assignment for a course, you might find a
book or website that you think will be useful. Before you read the material
in detail, you should skim it first. You may find that it is not useful after all,
and you have saved yourself a lot of time

3. • Scanning: Scanning is a useful reading
strategy to use when you want to find a
specific piece of information. Example look for
your best friend's phone number in your cell
phone.

4. Intensive Reading:
Reading in detail with specific
learning aims and tasks.
Example :This is what we will do in class.
Extensive Reading: Reading longer
texts for enjoyment and to develop general reading skills.
Example: You will do this by yourself outside of class

5. Skill of writing
Writing skills are specific abilities which help writers put their thoughts
into words in a meaningful form and to mentally interact with the
message.
• There are some basic writing skills include punctuation , spelling,
capitalization, handwriting and keyboarding, and sentence structure.

7. Comprehension
Phonemic
awareness
Phonics
Vocabulary
Fluency
Components of
Reading

8. • Phonemic awareness: phonemic awareness is the
understanding that words are created from
phonemes. Phonemes are sounds only. Example ( A
phoneme is a single sound, such as /m/ or /a/. The
word ''sit'' is composed of three phonemes, or
sounds: /s/, /i/, /t/.
• Phonics : Is the connection between sounds and
letter symbols. It is also the combination of these
sound symbol connections to create words.
Without phonics, words are only a group of doodles
and lines on a page. Example: when a child is taught
the sounds for the letters t, p, a and s, they can start
to build up the words: “tap”, “taps”, “pat”, “pats”
and “sat”.

9. • Vocabulary :Is the process of learning new words and
increasing one’s understanding of their meanings. It is
an important component of reading because a strong
vocabulary is essential for good reading
comprehension. Example: collection of words.
• Fluency: It is a ability to read with speed, accuracy and expression.
Thus, it requires him to combine and use multiple reading skills at the
same time. While fluency is most often measured through oral
readings, good readers also exhibit this skill when they are reading
silently. Example: to-read stories, poems, jokes and reading passage
etc.
• Comprehension : comprehension is understanding what a
text is all about. It is more than just understanding words in
isolation. It is putting them together and using prior knowledge
to develop meaning. Example , chapter titles, section
headings.

10. Oral language as the foundation of reading
• Oral language plays a important in development of
different reading skills including
1 .phonological awareness
2.Vocabulary
3.Fluency
4.Syntax and grammar
1. phonological awareness :The ability to recognize
and manipulate the sounds of spoken language, such
as rhyming, segmenting words into syllables, and
identifying individual sounds .Children learn the
correct pronunciations of words and letters by
listening other. Example family.

11. 2.Vocabulary:
• Being connected to rich and diverse oral language
environment helps build a strong foundation of words,
increase a child vocabulary, which is essential for
reading comprehension.
3.Fluency:
• Child learn and read fluency by listening words through
oral language which helps him/her to develop a sense
of natural rhythm ,pace and expression, contributing to
improved reading fluency.
4.Syntax and grammar:
• Oral language also contributes to understanding of
sentence structure, grammar and syntax, which are
essential for decoding written language.

12. Phases of reading development:
Stage Zero. Pree reading( 6 month to 6 years):The child
understand thousand of words of words but can read
few if any of them.
Stage 1. Initial reading decoding(6 years to 7 years
old):Child learns relation between letters and sounds
printed and spoken words and can read simple text,sound
out new syllable words .

13. Stage 2. Confirmation and fluency( 7 years to 8 years
old):The child can read simple, familiar and selection with
increasing fluency listening is still more effective than reading.
Stage 3.Reading for learning the new (9 to 13 years old):A
learner learns idea given new knowledge and experiences new
feelings at the beginning of this stage listening is more
comprehensive and at the end ,reading is comprehensive .

14. Stage 4.Reading at multiple view point(15 to 17
years):Readers read from board range of complex materials.
Reading comprehension at this stage is better than listening
comprehension.
Stage 5.Construction reconstruction(18 years and up):Readers
read for ones own purposes. Reading at this stage is more
efficient that listening.