Tea exports and its production and economic data , tea plantations

1. Camellia assamica / sinensis
http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/
chinese-tea/chinese-tea-art.htm

2. Tea in India
• First introduced during 1780 in the northern region
and in the southern region during 1832.
• Concentrated in two widely separated traditional
regions in the north east and south India.
• Efforts to commercialize tea in non traditional areas
of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalalya, Nagaland,
Mizoram, Sikkim, Orissa and Himachal Pradesh,
Utharanchal andTripura.

3. Darjeeling Assam
Nilgiri Kangra

4. Darjeeling
• Elevation: Teas are grown
at elevations ranging from
600 to 2000 metres above
sea level.
• Annual Rainfall: The
average annual rainfall in
Darjeeling ranges around
the 309cm mark.

5. Assam Tea
• Elevation: Teas are grown
at elevations ranging from
45 to 60 metres above sea
level.
• Annual Rainfall: 250 to
380cm.

6. Nilgiri Tea
• Elevation: Teas are grown
at elevations ranging from
1000 to 2500 metres above
sea level.
• Annual Rainfall: 150 to
230cm.

7. Kangra
• Elevation: Teas are
grown at elevations
ranging from 900 to 1400
metres above sea level.
• Annual Rainfall: 270 to
350cm.
• The first flush of
Kangra tea is known for
quality, unique aroma
and tinge of fruity flavor.

8. Munnar
• Elevation: Teas are grown
at elevations ranging from
950 to 2600 metres above
sea level.
• Annual Rainfall: 130 to
700cm.
• Clean and medium toned
fragrance of sweet biscuit
in a dip malt.

9. Dooars-Terai tea
• Elevation: Teas are
grown at elevations
ranging from 90 to 1750
metres above sea level.
• Annual Rainfall: About
350cm.
• characterized by a
bright, smooth and full-
bodied liquor that’s a
wee bit lighter than
Assam tea

10. Srilanka

11. Kenya

12. China

13. The Tea Plant

14. Climatic Factors
• Soil PH : 4.5 - 5.0
• Temperature : 16 - 32 degree C
• Rainfall : 125 – 130 cm
• Sunshine hours – 5 hrs
• Flat land /gentle slope
• Good drainage

15. Tea
• Jats
• China : Camellia .sinensis (Small leaves)
• Assam: Camellia .assamica(Large leaves)

16. Mother Leaf

17. Vegetative Propagation
Cuttings –
Single Nod Cuttings
Double Nod Cuttings

18. Preparation of Cuttings
• Collect shoots preferably
in mornings / evenings.
• 3 cm long cuttings with
healthy mother leaf
having active axillary
bud.

19. Cuttings
Single Nod Cuttings Double Nod Cuttings

20. Sieve Soil & sand
Sleeve size : 30 cm x 10 cm x150
cm gauge

22. Filling & Stacking
Top ( 10 cm) : Rooting medium
red / sub soil
1 : 1
Bottom (10 to 30cm) : Growing
medium
: Jungle / top soil
3 : 1

23. Eelworm Treatment
• Take soil sand mixture
on galvanized iron .
• Heat from below.
• While heating, sprinkle
little water .
• Turn the soil, heat up to
60 to 65 deg C.
• Stop heating when soil is
too hot to handle.

24. Club Callusing
• High Soil PH
• More Clay/Sandy texture

25. Bed Covered with Polythene Cutting Nursery bed

26. Callusing and Rooting
• Keep the budded plants inside the polythene tent.
• Callusing - 4 to 6 weeks.
• Rooting – 10-12 weeks.
• Keep the rooted plants under overhead shade for 1-2
months.

29. Overhead Shade

33. Hardening
• Prepare the plants to
face field conditions.
• Expose the plants fully
for 4-6 months.
• Use 12 months old
plants for planting.

34. Planting
• June - areas receiving
south-west monsoon.
August- north east
monsoon zones.
• The selected plants
should have 14 to 16
healthy mature leaves.

36. Vertical Drains

37. Contour Planting
Single hedge - 1.3 x 0.75 m
- 10,800 Pl/ha
Double hedge -1.35 x 0.75 x0.75
m
13,200 Pl/ha

38. Training of Young Tea
• Good spread of the bushes
• Proper development of frames
• High density of plucking points

39. Training
• Centering
• First Tipping
• Second Tipping

40. Centering
• Cutting the leader stem
of the plants with a
secateur.
• Leave 8-10 mature
leaves below the cut.
• Induce the formation of
secondary branches.

41. Types of Tipping
• First Tipping – Removal
of shoot at 35 cm height
to induce tertiary‘s
• Second Tipping – 50 cm
ht for increasing the
density of plucking points

42. Plucking Table
• The tea bush is well
trained so that the top
of the bush is flat or
dome shape.
• Such flat well trained
surface of tea bush is
called the plucking
table

43. Hand Plucking
• Yield at 9-11 days interval in
shear plucking.
• 13-15 days under machine
plucking,
• Hand plucking at 7 days
interval.

44. Plucking
• First Harvest – 4 yrs
• Peak Plucking Season – July to
October
• South India – through out the
year.
• North India – Nine month-break
from Dec to March

45. Shear Harvesting

46. Machine Harvesting
• Single Men
• Double Men operated
Ochai Machines

47. Teas based on Plucking
Spring Tea or First Flush
Season – Winter
Bushes - Delicate, green and glazed shoots
Tea -Clear bright and floral scent

48. Summer Tea or Seasoned Flush
Season: May to June
Succulent leaves & sparkling of silvery buds
Tea: mellow and muscatel
flavour

49. Shade Trees
South India -
Grevillea robusta
North East India - Albizzia
chinenesis

50. Shade Management
• Lopping :
• Unwanted lower branches should be removed.
• Pollarding:
• Cutting the main stem when the tree attains ht of
8-9m.

51. Pruning

53. Pruning

54. Pruning
• Type Pruning ht
• Rejuvenation 20 - 30 cm
• Hard 30 - 45 cm
• Medium 45 - 60 cm
• Light 60- 65 cm
• Skiffing 65 cm

55. Pruning
• Type Reasons
• Rejuvenation : Bushes affected with canker and
• wood rot.
• Hard : Normative pruning to young tea.
•
• Medium : Pruning wherever frames are healthy.
•
• Light : Pruning wherever frames are healthy.
•
• Skiffing : Encourage better frame development.

56. Light Skiff

57. Tea after a deep skiff

58. Level of Skiff

59. Heavy Pruned Tea Bush

60. Nutrient Management
• More Application of N and K
Eg: Mature plantations ( 3 yrs)
• 300:450 N:K /ha/annum – 6 app
• 90 Kg P/ann - Single
• Micronutrients – Sulphur and Zinc

61. Important Pest in Tea
• Pink Mite
• Purple Mite
• Red Spider Mite
• Tea Mosquito Bug

62. Important Disease in Tea
• Blister Blight
• Black and Brown Root Disease
• Collar Canker

63. The Pink Mite
• Symptoms: Leaves
turn pale, curl
upwards and
become leathery.

64. Purple Mite
• Damaged leaves
Characterized by the
coppery brown
discoloration

65. The Red Spider Mite
• Symptoms:
• Ruddy Bronze Foliage

66. Tea Mosquito Bug
• Symptoms:
• Leaf Curl, deformation
& shoots dry up

67. Blister Blight
• Symptoms:
• Infects tender leaves and
develops translucent spot.

68. Black root disease
• Symptoms:
• Infected roots show black
mycelium on the roots.
• White star shaped mycelium
between bark and wood.

69. Charcoal stump rot
• Symptoms:
• White fan shaped mycelium between
• Bark and wood.

70. Collar Canker
• Symptoms:
• Chlorosis, cessation of growth, profuse flowering and
canker on stem.

71. Diversification
• Black pepper
• Fruits – Litchi
• Medicinal and Aromatic plants - Patchouli