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Thermoelectric phenomena involve three effects - the Seebeck effect, Thompson effect, and Peltier effect - that occur when electrically conductive materials experience temperature gradients. The Seebeck effect, discovered by Thomas Seebeck in 1821 using thermocouples, produces a voltage when two different metals are joined together with a temperature difference between the junctions. The Peltier effect explains voltage from heat absorbed or emitted at a metal junction, while the Thompson effect explains voltage from temperature gradients within wires. Proper exploitation of the Seebeck effect for temperature measurement requires combining two dissimilar metals to form a thermocouple circuit.
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The document discusses thermoelectric effects such as the Seebeck effect, Peltier effect, and Joule Thomson effect. It describes how a temperature difference between conductors or semiconductors produces a voltage (Seebeck effect), how applying a voltage between electrodes creates a temperature difference (Peltier effect), and how a current-carrying conductor with a temperature gradient absorbs or emits heat (Thomson effect). Thermoelectric generators directly convert temperature differences into electric voltage using these principles with no moving parts.
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The document summarizes three thermoelectric effects:
1) Seebeck effect - A temperature difference between two conductors produces a voltage difference. The Seebeck coefficient (S) relates this.
2) Peltier effect - Heat is generated or removed at the junction of two different conductors when current passes through. The Peltier coefficients (ΠA and ΠB) relate this.
3) Thomson effect - Heat is produced or absorbed when current passes through a conductor with a temperature gradient. The Thomson coefficient (κ) relates this. These effects allow direct conversion between temperature differences and electrical power.
Working of thermocouples
A thermocouple measures temperature by using the Seebeck effect produced between two different metals that are joined together at two points. One junction is placed at the body being measured (hot junction) while the other is placed at a reference body of known temperature (cold junction). This generates a voltage based on the temperature difference between the two junctions. The thermocouple works by using the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects - where a voltage is produced due to the temperature difference across the two junctions of dissimilar metals. The voltage produced can then be measured to determine the temperature of the hot junction relative to the cold junction.
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The document discusses various topics related to low temperature physics and thermoelectricity:
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Bigdata of technology
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Modelagem de um CSTR com reação endotermica.pdf
Modelagem em função de transferencia. CSTR não-linear.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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tc.ppt
- 1. Thermoelectric Phenomena • Electrically conductive materials exhibit three types of thermoelectric phenomena: • the Seebeck effect, • the Thompson effect, and • the Peltier effect. • The use of thermocouples is based on thermoelectric phenomenon discovered by Thomas Seebeck in 1821. • When any two metals are connected together, a voltage is developed which is a function of the temperatures of the junctions and (mainly) the difference in temperatures. • It was later found that the Seebeck voltage is the sum of two effects: the Peltier effect, and the Thompson effect. • The Peltier effect explains a voltage generated in a junction of two metal wires. • The Thompson effect explains a voltage generated by the temperature gradient in the wires.
- 2. EMF Relationships for Thermocouples • Practical exploitation of the Seebeck effect to measure temperature requires a combination of two wires with dissimilar Seebeck coefficients. • The name thermocouple reflects the reality that wires with two different compositions are combined to form a thermocouple circuit. Apply dT dE T To above figure
- 3. Misconception in Thermoelectricity The EMF generated by the Seebeck effect is due to the temperature gradient along the wire. The EMF is not generated at the junction between two dissimilar wires.
- 5. Material EMF versus Temperature With reference to the characteristics of pure Platinum emf Temperature Chromel Iron Copper Platinum-Rhodium Alumel Constantan
- 6. Standard Thermocouples • The ASTM identifies eight standard types of thermocouples.
- 7. Making of Thermocouple Junction • Any time a pair of dissimilar wires is joined to make a circuit and a thermal gradient is imposed, an emf voltage will be generated. • Twisted, soldered or welded junctions are acceptable. Welding is most common. • Keep weld bead or solder bead diameter within 110-115% of wire diameter • Welding is generally quicker than soldering but both are equally acceptable