Thermoelectric phenomena involve three effects - the Seebeck effect, Thompson effect, and Peltier effect - that occur when electrically conductive materials experience temperature gradients. The Seebeck effect, discovered by Thomas Seebeck in 1821 using thermocouples, produces a voltage when two different metals are joined together with a temperature difference between the junctions. The Peltier effect explains voltage from heat absorbed or emitted at a metal junction, while the Thompson effect explains voltage from temperature gradients within wires. Proper exploitation of the Seebeck effect for temperature measurement requires combining two dissimilar metals to form a thermocouple circuit.

1. Thermoelectric Phenomena
• Electrically conductive materials exhibit three types of
thermoelectric phenomena:
• the Seebeck effect,
• the Thompson effect, and
• the Peltier effect.
• The use of thermocouples is based on thermoelectric
phenomenon discovered by Thomas Seebeck in 1821.
• When any two metals are connected together, a voltage is
developed which is a function of the temperatures of the
junctions and (mainly) the difference in temperatures.
• It was later found that the Seebeck voltage is the sum of two
effects: the Peltier effect, and the Thompson effect.
• The Peltier effect explains a voltage generated in a junction of
two metal wires.
• The Thompson effect explains a voltage generated by the
temperature gradient in the wires.

2. EMF Relationships for Thermocouples
• Practical exploitation of the Seebeck effect to measure temperature
requires a combination of two wires with dissimilar Seebeck
coefficients.
• The name thermocouple reflects the reality that wires with two
different compositions are combined to form a thermocouple
circuit.
Apply  
dT
dE
T 
 To above figure

3. Misconception in Thermoelectricity
The EMF generated by the Seebeck effect is due to the temperature
gradient along the wire.
The EMF is not generated at the junction between two dissimilar wires.

4. Reference Junction

5. Material EMF versus Temperature
With reference to
the characteristics
of pure Platinum
emf
Temperature
Chromel
Iron
Copper
Platinum-Rhodium
Alumel
Constantan

6. Standard Thermocouples
• The ASTM identifies eight standard types of thermocouples.

7. Making of Thermocouple Junction
• Any time a pair of dissimilar wires is
joined to make a circuit and a thermal
gradient is imposed, an emf voltage
will be generated.
• Twisted, soldered or welded junctions
are acceptable. Welding is most
common.
• Keep weld bead or solder bead
diameter within 110-115% of wire
diameter
• Welding is generally quicker than
soldering but both are equally
acceptable