The activities of large, internationally active financial institutions have grown increasingly
Complex and diverse in recent years.This increasing complexity has necessarily been accompanied by a process of innovation in how these institutions measure and monitor their exposure to different kinds of risk. One set of risk management techniques that has attracted a great deal of attention over the past several years, both among practitioners and regulators, is "stress testing", which can be loosely defined as the examination of the potential effects on a firm’s financial condition of a set of specified changes in risk factors, corresponding to exceptional but plausible events. A concept of security analysis and portfolio management services has been very famous and old among various institutions. This report represents practices application of portfolio management techniques in the portfolio section. Portfolio management is an integrated and exhaustive of fundamental and technical methods which are used for calculation of annul return and earnings per share for the portfolio. Modern portfolio theory suggests that the traditional approach to portfolio analysis, selection and management may yield less than optimum results. Hence a more scientific approach is required, based on estimates of risk and return of the portfolio and the attitudes of the investor toward a risk-return trade-off stemming from the analysis of the individual Securities.
This document provides an introduction to reinsurance. It begins by explaining that reinsurance exists because insurance companies need ways to manage large risks that exceed their individual capacities. Reinsurance allows insurance companies to transfer portions of risks to reinsurers. The document then defines reinsurance as "insurance for insurance companies" whereby a reinsurer takes on part of the liability from an insurer for a given policy. The main purposes and functions of reinsurance are then outlined as increasing insurers' underwriting capacity, providing financial stability, and strengthening insurers' finances. The document concludes by briefly describing the main types and methods of reinsurance.
Public deposits refer to unsecured deposits that companies solicit from the public in order to finance working capital needs. Companies offer interest rates on public deposits that are higher than bank rates. There are regulations governing public deposits, including restrictions on maximum deposit amounts, interest rates that can be offered based on deposit duration, and disclosure requirements in deposit advertisements. Companies must comply with rules regarding public deposits before accepting them, such as minimum/maximum deposit periods, limits on deposit amounts, and details to include in deposit receipts.
This document provides an overview of insurance concepts and types of insurance in India. It defines insurance as a contract where one party agrees to indemnify another for financial losses from uncertain future events in exchange for premium payments. There are two main types of insurance in India - life insurance and general insurance, which includes fire, marine, and miscellaneous. Life insurance protects against risks to life, while fire insurance indemnifies for property damage or loss from fire. Marine insurance covers losses from sea perils during ocean transit.
This document discusses liquidity risk in Islamic finance. It defines liquidity risk as a bank's potential inability to meet short-term financial demands due to difficulties liquidating assets. For Islamic banks, liquidity risk is critical as they cannot borrow funds through interest or sell debt assets. The document identifies two types of liquidity risk - funding liquidity, which is the inability to raise funds for business growth, and market liquidity, which is the inability to liquidate assets quickly. It also discusses causes of liquidity risk for Islamic banks like limited Sharia-compliant money markets and differences in Islamic legal interpretations. The document recommends mitigation strategies like risk dispersal and a diversified portfolio, and notes IFSB guiding principles
This document summarizes a seminar on portfolio analysis presented to a professor. It discusses key concepts related to portfolio analysis including diversification, asset allocation, risk analysis, systematic and unsystematic risk, and risk management. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms. The document also outlines the contents, introduction, advantages and disadvantages of portfolio analysis.
The document discusses various financial resources available for new ventures, including:
1) Personal sources of funding such as personal assets that can be converted to cash like home equity or life insurance.
2) Informal risk capital from wealthy individual investors who enjoy investing in startups.
3) Venture capital which provides equity funding and managerial expertise to high-growth startups in exchange for a portion of equity.
4) Debt financing including short, intermediate, and long-term loans which are secured against collateral to assure repayment. Commercial bank loans, lines of credit, and credit cards are mentioned.
This document summarizes key concepts around insurable risk, risk management, and legal liability for injury. It defines an insurable risk as one that conforms to insurance policy standards. To be insurable, a risk must not be catastrophic, accidental, measurable, and involve a large number of similar exposures. The document outlines different risk management strategies like risk avoidance, retention, and transfer. It also discusses elements required for legal liability claims, including duty, breach of duty, causation, and harm. Tort law provides remedies for civil wrongs like negligence that cause injury.
The activities of large, internationally active financial institutions have grown increasingly
Complex and diverse in recent years.This increasing complexity has necessarily been accompanied by a process of innovation in how these institutions measure and monitor their exposure to different kinds of risk. One set of risk management techniques that has attracted a great deal of attention over the past several years, both among practitioners and regulators, is "stress testing", which can be loosely defined as the examination of the potential effects on a firm’s financial condition of a set of specified changes in risk factors, corresponding to exceptional but plausible events. A concept of security analysis and portfolio management services has been very famous and old among various institutions. This report represents practices application of portfolio management techniques in the portfolio section. Portfolio management is an integrated and exhaustive of fundamental and technical methods which are used for calculation of annul return and earnings per share for the portfolio. Modern portfolio theory suggests that the traditional approach to portfolio analysis, selection and management may yield less than optimum results. Hence a more scientific approach is required, based on estimates of risk and return of the portfolio and the attitudes of the investor toward a risk-return trade-off stemming from the analysis of the individual Securities.
This document provides an introduction to reinsurance. It begins by explaining that reinsurance exists because insurance companies need ways to manage large risks that exceed their individual capacities. Reinsurance allows insurance companies to transfer portions of risks to reinsurers. The document then defines reinsurance as "insurance for insurance companies" whereby a reinsurer takes on part of the liability from an insurer for a given policy. The main purposes and functions of reinsurance are then outlined as increasing insurers' underwriting capacity, providing financial stability, and strengthening insurers' finances. The document concludes by briefly describing the main types and methods of reinsurance.
Public deposits refer to unsecured deposits that companies solicit from the public in order to finance working capital needs. Companies offer interest rates on public deposits that are higher than bank rates. There are regulations governing public deposits, including restrictions on maximum deposit amounts, interest rates that can be offered based on deposit duration, and disclosure requirements in deposit advertisements. Companies must comply with rules regarding public deposits before accepting them, such as minimum/maximum deposit periods, limits on deposit amounts, and details to include in deposit receipts.
This document provides an overview of insurance concepts and types of insurance in India. It defines insurance as a contract where one party agrees to indemnify another for financial losses from uncertain future events in exchange for premium payments. There are two main types of insurance in India - life insurance and general insurance, which includes fire, marine, and miscellaneous. Life insurance protects against risks to life, while fire insurance indemnifies for property damage or loss from fire. Marine insurance covers losses from sea perils during ocean transit.
This document discusses liquidity risk in Islamic finance. It defines liquidity risk as a bank's potential inability to meet short-term financial demands due to difficulties liquidating assets. For Islamic banks, liquidity risk is critical as they cannot borrow funds through interest or sell debt assets. The document identifies two types of liquidity risk - funding liquidity, which is the inability to raise funds for business growth, and market liquidity, which is the inability to liquidate assets quickly. It also discusses causes of liquidity risk for Islamic banks like limited Sharia-compliant money markets and differences in Islamic legal interpretations. The document recommends mitigation strategies like risk dispersal and a diversified portfolio, and notes IFSB guiding principles
This document summarizes a seminar on portfolio analysis presented to a professor. It discusses key concepts related to portfolio analysis including diversification, asset allocation, risk analysis, systematic and unsystematic risk, and risk management. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms. The document also outlines the contents, introduction, advantages and disadvantages of portfolio analysis.
The document discusses various financial resources available for new ventures, including:
1) Personal sources of funding such as personal assets that can be converted to cash like home equity or life insurance.
2) Informal risk capital from wealthy individual investors who enjoy investing in startups.
3) Venture capital which provides equity funding and managerial expertise to high-growth startups in exchange for a portion of equity.
4) Debt financing including short, intermediate, and long-term loans which are secured against collateral to assure repayment. Commercial bank loans, lines of credit, and credit cards are mentioned.
This document summarizes key concepts around insurable risk, risk management, and legal liability for injury. It defines an insurable risk as one that conforms to insurance policy standards. To be insurable, a risk must not be catastrophic, accidental, measurable, and involve a large number of similar exposures. The document outlines different risk management strategies like risk avoidance, retention, and transfer. It also discusses elements required for legal liability claims, including duty, breach of duty, causation, and harm. Tort law provides remedies for civil wrongs like negligence that cause injury.
The document discusses portfolio management and outlines the key phases in the portfolio management process. It defines portfolio management as the process of creating and maintaining investment portfolios. The five phases of portfolio management are: 1) security analysis, 2) portfolio analysis, 3) portfolio selection, 4) portfolio revision, and 5) portfolio evaluation. The goal is to optimize investments and make the investment activity more rewarding and less risky.
Hedge funds typically operate as limited partnerships between investors and fund managers. The fund manager determines investment strategies and makes decisions while also investing personal capital. Investors include accredited individuals and institutions. Hedge funds employ service providers like prime brokers, auditors, and lawyers. Fees include annual management fees of 1-2% of assets as well as performance fees if the fund exceeds a high-water mark.
A mutual fund pools money from many investors to purchase stocks, bonds, and other securities. It is managed by a professional fund manager who invests the money on behalf of the investors. A mutual fund provides diversification, affordable investment options, and convenience for investors. It allows individuals to hold a diversified portfolio of securities by investing small amounts of money alongside other investors. The first mutual fund in India was launched in 1964 by the Unit Trust of India (UTI).
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio. It describes the relationship between risk and expected return and is used to price risky securities and generate expected returns.
Chapter 1[definition and nature of insurance]aaykhan
The document defines insurance as a cooperative method for spreading risk over a group of individuals exposed to the same risks. It discusses key terms like risk, chance of loss, peril, hazard, loss, and the roles of the insurer and insured. The definition section examines insurance as both a functional and contractual concept that allows individuals to receive payment in the event of a specified loss or contingency in exchange for regular premium payments.
This document provides an overview of merchant bankers/lead managers in India. It discusses:
1) The role of merchant bankers/lead managers in managing capital issues and IPOs in India, and the registration process required with SEBI.
2) The origins of merchant banking and how it evolved in India, with specialized merchant banking services starting in 1967 with the establishment of merchant banking divisions in various banks.
3) The key responsibilities of lead managers, including entering agreements with issuing companies and minimum underwriting obligations.
4) The differences in approach between commercial banks and merchant banks, with merchant banks focusing on equity/risk capital rather than debt financing.
Alm objective & scope and other related mattersniteshsharmam
This document provides an overview of asset liability management (ALM) objectives and processes. It discusses the evolution of ALM practices in response to deregulation and increased competition. The key objectives of ALM are to manage liquidity risk and interest rate risk through balancing a bank's assets and liabilities. This involves analyzing maturity gaps and interest rate sensitivities across time buckets. Critical roles in the ALM process include the ALCO committee which sets pricing and balance sheet strategies, and ALM support groups which monitor and report on risk profiles. The document also outlines various ALM reports, policies, and regulatory requirements.
Portfolio management involves matching investment choices to financial goals through diversification of assets. A portfolio manager advises clients on managing and administering portfolios of securities and funds. The objectives of portfolio management include stability of income, capital growth, liquidity, safety, and tax incentives. The portfolio management process involves security analysis, portfolio analysis, selection, revision, and evaluation. An investment policy statement outlines the objectives, duties, and guidelines for managing the portfolio. Successful investment rules include buying value, diversifying, remaining flexible, and not panicking.
This document outlines 8 key principles of insurance:
1) Insurable interest requires the insured to have a financial stake in the insured property/subject.
2) Uberrima fidei requires utmost good faith, where fraud or misrepresentation can void the contract.
3) Material facts must be disclosed about the insured property/subject.
4) Indemnity provides compensation to return the insured to their pre-loss status, without the potential for profit.
5) Contribution prevents double recovery where multiple insurance applies to the same loss.
6) Subrogation allows the insurer to recover costs from liable third parties.
7) Loss minimization requires the insured take reasonable steps to reduce
Value at Risk (VaR) is a statistical technique used to measure and quantify the level of financial risk within a firm, portfolio, or position over a specific time frame. It aims to quantify, with a single number, the maximum potential loss that could occur over a given time period at a given confidence level. There are different approaches to calculating VaR such as variance-covariance, historical simulation, and Monte Carlo simulation. VaR is widely used by banks and other financial institutions to monitor and control their risk exposure and capital adequacy. However, it does have some weaknesses as the results can vary depending on the underlying assumptions and there are costs associated with maintaining a VaR system.
This presentation include Introduction, Origin, Indian scenario, Definition, Growth, category ,Prospectus, Function, Quality Problem and Guideline for Merchant Banking.
The document discusses liquidity risk, which can be defined as a bank's ability to meet its short-term obligations. It is measured over a specific time horizon and depends on factors like a bank's cash inflows and outflows. Liquidity risk is affected by both external market characteristics and internal factors specific to a bank's positions. Reporting on liquidity risk involves reconciling accounting and liquidity data, projecting contractual cash flows, and analyzing liquid assets, funding sources, and leading indicators of liquidity issues.
IOSCO is the international body that brings together the world's securities regulators and sets global standards for securities regulation. It was created in 1983 when regulators from North and South America agreed to expand their cooperation internationally. IOSCO now has 215 members and seeks to protect investors, reduce market risk, and promote efficiency and transparency in financial markets globally.
Directors and Officer's Liability InsuranceMeri Planning
This document discusses Directors and Officers (D&O) liability insurance. It notes the need for D&O policies given that directors can be held personally liable for negligent decisions or actions. It outlines the duties and potential liabilities of directors. The document then discusses what a typical D&O insurance policy covers, including legal defense costs, damages payouts, and exclusions from coverage. It also provides an overview of the underwriting process for these policies.
Directors are responsible for governing and controlling a company. A board of directors makes policy decisions and oversees company management. A company must have a minimum of 3 directors for a public company and 2 for a private company. Directors have duties to act in good faith and in the company's best interests. They can be appointed at general meetings, must have a Director Identification Number, and can be removed by an ordinary resolution of shareholders.
Liability-side liquidity risk arises when a financial institution's (FI's) depositors withdraw funds immediately. This can be addressed through purchased liquidity management, where the FI borrows funds, or stored liquidity management, where it sells assets. Asset-side liquidity risk occurs when borrowers draw on loan commitments, requiring the FI to fund new loans immediately using similar approaches. Overall, purchased liquidity allows an FI to maintain its asset size but at a higher funding cost, while stored liquidity contracts both sides of the balance sheet but avoids new interest costs.
The five stage model of mergers and acquisitions includes corporate strategy development to determine how acquisitions can help business portfolios, organizing effectively for acquisitions, structuring deals through valuation, due diligence, and negotiations, integrating acquisitions through change management, and conducting post-acquisition audits and organizational learning to archive experiences for future deals.
This document defines risk and return in investments. Return is the expected profit from an investment based on current information, while risk refers to the chance of losing some or all of the original investment. Generally, investments with higher risk like equity shares have higher expected returns around 10%, while lower risk debt instruments average 3-4% returns. However, equity shares also experience more volatile short-term returns. The relationship between risk and return is such that higher risk investments offer higher potential returns. Diversifying investments across a portfolio can help reduce overall risk.
1-INSURANCE COMPANY OPERATIONS
The most important insurance company operations consist of the following:
Ratemaking
Underwriting
Production
Claim settlement
Reinsurance
Insurers also engage in other operations, such as accounting, legal services, loss control, and information systems.
2-RATING AND RATEMAKING
Ratemaking refers to the pricing of insurance and the calculation of insurance premiums .
A rate is the price per unit of insurance.
An exposure unit is the unit of measurement used in insurance pricing, which varies by line of insurance.
The person who determines rates and premiums is known as an actuary . An actuary is a highly skilled mathematician who is involved in all phases of insurance company operations, including planning, pricing, and research.
3-UNDERWRITING
Underwriting refers to the process of selecting, classifying, and pricing applicants for insurance . The underwriter is the person who decides to accept or reject an application.
Statement of Underwriting Policy:Underwriting starts with a clear statement of underwriting policy.
An insurer must establish an underwriting policy that is consistent with company objectives.
4-PRODUCTION
The term production refers to the sales and marketing activities of insurers. Agents who sell insurance are frequently referred to as producers .
Life insurers have an agency or sales department. This department is responsible for recruiting and training new agents and for the supervision of general agents, branch office managers, and local agents.
Property and casualty insurers have marketing departments. To assist agents in the field, special agents may also be appointed.
A special agent is a highly specialized technician who provides local agents in the field with technical help and assistance with their marketing problems.
5-CLAIMS SETTLEMENT
Every insurance company has a claims division or department for adjusting claims. This section of the chapter examines the basic objectives in adjusting claims, the different types of claim adjustors, and the various steps in the claim-settlement process.
Basic Objectives in Claims Settlement:
Verification of a covered loss
Fair and prompt payment of claims
Personal assistance to the insured
6-REINSURANCE
Reinsurance is an arrangement by which the primary insurer that initially writes the insurance transfers to another insurer (called the reinsurer) part or all of the potential losses associated with such insurance .
The primary insurer that initially writes the insurance is called the ceding company .
The insurer that acceptspart or all of the insurance from the ceding com pany is called the reinsurer .
The amount of insurance retained by the ceding company for its own account is called the retention limit or net retention .
The amount of insurance ceded to the reinsurer is known as the cession
What is Seed EIS?
Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS) is the most
generous, tax-advantaged venture capital scheme ever
introduced that offers investors enhanced income tax
and Capital Gains Tax (CGT) reliefs.
Higher rate tax payers and profitable business owners now have a low hurdle threshold to recover up to £50,000 income tax annually.
The 2014 Budget has made this a permanent feature of UK tax savings schemes and this Guide highlights the main conditions that need to be satisfied, but the conditions are complex and you should take professional advice before making an investment.
Exeter - Essential 6-monthly Finance Directors' Update - November 2019PKF Francis Clark
This round of seminars will, as always, provide you with key updates and issues affecting FDs and business owners as shown in the programme below. We will also endeavour to include any relevant Brexit updates and will take questions from the audience.
The document discusses portfolio management and outlines the key phases in the portfolio management process. It defines portfolio management as the process of creating and maintaining investment portfolios. The five phases of portfolio management are: 1) security analysis, 2) portfolio analysis, 3) portfolio selection, 4) portfolio revision, and 5) portfolio evaluation. The goal is to optimize investments and make the investment activity more rewarding and less risky.
Hedge funds typically operate as limited partnerships between investors and fund managers. The fund manager determines investment strategies and makes decisions while also investing personal capital. Investors include accredited individuals and institutions. Hedge funds employ service providers like prime brokers, auditors, and lawyers. Fees include annual management fees of 1-2% of assets as well as performance fees if the fund exceeds a high-water mark.
A mutual fund pools money from many investors to purchase stocks, bonds, and other securities. It is managed by a professional fund manager who invests the money on behalf of the investors. A mutual fund provides diversification, affordable investment options, and convenience for investors. It allows individuals to hold a diversified portfolio of securities by investing small amounts of money alongside other investors. The first mutual fund in India was launched in 1964 by the Unit Trust of India (UTI).
The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio. It describes the relationship between risk and expected return and is used to price risky securities and generate expected returns.
Chapter 1[definition and nature of insurance]aaykhan
The document defines insurance as a cooperative method for spreading risk over a group of individuals exposed to the same risks. It discusses key terms like risk, chance of loss, peril, hazard, loss, and the roles of the insurer and insured. The definition section examines insurance as both a functional and contractual concept that allows individuals to receive payment in the event of a specified loss or contingency in exchange for regular premium payments.
This document provides an overview of merchant bankers/lead managers in India. It discusses:
1) The role of merchant bankers/lead managers in managing capital issues and IPOs in India, and the registration process required with SEBI.
2) The origins of merchant banking and how it evolved in India, with specialized merchant banking services starting in 1967 with the establishment of merchant banking divisions in various banks.
3) The key responsibilities of lead managers, including entering agreements with issuing companies and minimum underwriting obligations.
4) The differences in approach between commercial banks and merchant banks, with merchant banks focusing on equity/risk capital rather than debt financing.
Alm objective & scope and other related mattersniteshsharmam
This document provides an overview of asset liability management (ALM) objectives and processes. It discusses the evolution of ALM practices in response to deregulation and increased competition. The key objectives of ALM are to manage liquidity risk and interest rate risk through balancing a bank's assets and liabilities. This involves analyzing maturity gaps and interest rate sensitivities across time buckets. Critical roles in the ALM process include the ALCO committee which sets pricing and balance sheet strategies, and ALM support groups which monitor and report on risk profiles. The document also outlines various ALM reports, policies, and regulatory requirements.
Portfolio management involves matching investment choices to financial goals through diversification of assets. A portfolio manager advises clients on managing and administering portfolios of securities and funds. The objectives of portfolio management include stability of income, capital growth, liquidity, safety, and tax incentives. The portfolio management process involves security analysis, portfolio analysis, selection, revision, and evaluation. An investment policy statement outlines the objectives, duties, and guidelines for managing the portfolio. Successful investment rules include buying value, diversifying, remaining flexible, and not panicking.
This document outlines 8 key principles of insurance:
1) Insurable interest requires the insured to have a financial stake in the insured property/subject.
2) Uberrima fidei requires utmost good faith, where fraud or misrepresentation can void the contract.
3) Material facts must be disclosed about the insured property/subject.
4) Indemnity provides compensation to return the insured to their pre-loss status, without the potential for profit.
5) Contribution prevents double recovery where multiple insurance applies to the same loss.
6) Subrogation allows the insurer to recover costs from liable third parties.
7) Loss minimization requires the insured take reasonable steps to reduce
Value at Risk (VaR) is a statistical technique used to measure and quantify the level of financial risk within a firm, portfolio, or position over a specific time frame. It aims to quantify, with a single number, the maximum potential loss that could occur over a given time period at a given confidence level. There are different approaches to calculating VaR such as variance-covariance, historical simulation, and Monte Carlo simulation. VaR is widely used by banks and other financial institutions to monitor and control their risk exposure and capital adequacy. However, it does have some weaknesses as the results can vary depending on the underlying assumptions and there are costs associated with maintaining a VaR system.
This presentation include Introduction, Origin, Indian scenario, Definition, Growth, category ,Prospectus, Function, Quality Problem and Guideline for Merchant Banking.
The document discusses liquidity risk, which can be defined as a bank's ability to meet its short-term obligations. It is measured over a specific time horizon and depends on factors like a bank's cash inflows and outflows. Liquidity risk is affected by both external market characteristics and internal factors specific to a bank's positions. Reporting on liquidity risk involves reconciling accounting and liquidity data, projecting contractual cash flows, and analyzing liquid assets, funding sources, and leading indicators of liquidity issues.
IOSCO is the international body that brings together the world's securities regulators and sets global standards for securities regulation. It was created in 1983 when regulators from North and South America agreed to expand their cooperation internationally. IOSCO now has 215 members and seeks to protect investors, reduce market risk, and promote efficiency and transparency in financial markets globally.
Directors and Officer's Liability InsuranceMeri Planning
This document discusses Directors and Officers (D&O) liability insurance. It notes the need for D&O policies given that directors can be held personally liable for negligent decisions or actions. It outlines the duties and potential liabilities of directors. The document then discusses what a typical D&O insurance policy covers, including legal defense costs, damages payouts, and exclusions from coverage. It also provides an overview of the underwriting process for these policies.
Directors are responsible for governing and controlling a company. A board of directors makes policy decisions and oversees company management. A company must have a minimum of 3 directors for a public company and 2 for a private company. Directors have duties to act in good faith and in the company's best interests. They can be appointed at general meetings, must have a Director Identification Number, and can be removed by an ordinary resolution of shareholders.
Liability-side liquidity risk arises when a financial institution's (FI's) depositors withdraw funds immediately. This can be addressed through purchased liquidity management, where the FI borrows funds, or stored liquidity management, where it sells assets. Asset-side liquidity risk occurs when borrowers draw on loan commitments, requiring the FI to fund new loans immediately using similar approaches. Overall, purchased liquidity allows an FI to maintain its asset size but at a higher funding cost, while stored liquidity contracts both sides of the balance sheet but avoids new interest costs.
The five stage model of mergers and acquisitions includes corporate strategy development to determine how acquisitions can help business portfolios, organizing effectively for acquisitions, structuring deals through valuation, due diligence, and negotiations, integrating acquisitions through change management, and conducting post-acquisition audits and organizational learning to archive experiences for future deals.
This document defines risk and return in investments. Return is the expected profit from an investment based on current information, while risk refers to the chance of losing some or all of the original investment. Generally, investments with higher risk like equity shares have higher expected returns around 10%, while lower risk debt instruments average 3-4% returns. However, equity shares also experience more volatile short-term returns. The relationship between risk and return is such that higher risk investments offer higher potential returns. Diversifying investments across a portfolio can help reduce overall risk.
1-INSURANCE COMPANY OPERATIONS
The most important insurance company operations consist of the following:
Ratemaking
Underwriting
Production
Claim settlement
Reinsurance
Insurers also engage in other operations, such as accounting, legal services, loss control, and information systems.
2-RATING AND RATEMAKING
Ratemaking refers to the pricing of insurance and the calculation of insurance premiums .
A rate is the price per unit of insurance.
An exposure unit is the unit of measurement used in insurance pricing, which varies by line of insurance.
The person who determines rates and premiums is known as an actuary . An actuary is a highly skilled mathematician who is involved in all phases of insurance company operations, including planning, pricing, and research.
3-UNDERWRITING
Underwriting refers to the process of selecting, classifying, and pricing applicants for insurance . The underwriter is the person who decides to accept or reject an application.
Statement of Underwriting Policy:Underwriting starts with a clear statement of underwriting policy.
An insurer must establish an underwriting policy that is consistent with company objectives.
4-PRODUCTION
The term production refers to the sales and marketing activities of insurers. Agents who sell insurance are frequently referred to as producers .
Life insurers have an agency or sales department. This department is responsible for recruiting and training new agents and for the supervision of general agents, branch office managers, and local agents.
Property and casualty insurers have marketing departments. To assist agents in the field, special agents may also be appointed.
A special agent is a highly specialized technician who provides local agents in the field with technical help and assistance with their marketing problems.
5-CLAIMS SETTLEMENT
Every insurance company has a claims division or department for adjusting claims. This section of the chapter examines the basic objectives in adjusting claims, the different types of claim adjustors, and the various steps in the claim-settlement process.
Basic Objectives in Claims Settlement:
Verification of a covered loss
Fair and prompt payment of claims
Personal assistance to the insured
6-REINSURANCE
Reinsurance is an arrangement by which the primary insurer that initially writes the insurance transfers to another insurer (called the reinsurer) part or all of the potential losses associated with such insurance .
The primary insurer that initially writes the insurance is called the ceding company .
The insurer that acceptspart or all of the insurance from the ceding com pany is called the reinsurer .
The amount of insurance retained by the ceding company for its own account is called the retention limit or net retention .
The amount of insurance ceded to the reinsurer is known as the cession
What is Seed EIS?
Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme (SEIS) is the most
generous, tax-advantaged venture capital scheme ever
introduced that offers investors enhanced income tax
and Capital Gains Tax (CGT) reliefs.
Higher rate tax payers and profitable business owners now have a low hurdle threshold to recover up to £50,000 income tax annually.
The 2014 Budget has made this a permanent feature of UK tax savings schemes and this Guide highlights the main conditions that need to be satisfied, but the conditions are complex and you should take professional advice before making an investment.
Exeter - Essential 6-monthly Finance Directors' Update - November 2019PKF Francis Clark
This round of seminars will, as always, provide you with key updates and issues affecting FDs and business owners as shown in the programme below. We will also endeavour to include any relevant Brexit updates and will take questions from the audience.
A review of the 2017 Spring Budget and the impact it may have on individuals and businesses in the South West. Plus, an insight into HMRC's Making Tax Digital initiative.
The seminar agenda included presentations on the 2017 Budget Briefing covering personal tax, property tax, business tax, Making Tax Digital (MTD), and tax administration. Key points included increases to tax allowances and limits, relief for first-time home buyers, changes to R&D tax credits and venture capital schemes, the delay of MTD for businesses, and consultation on late payment sanctions. Presenters Dale Simpson and Michael Marsh took questions at the end.
This document provides tax planning strategies for individuals in the current climate. It discusses simple steps that can be taken before April 5th, such as maximizing pension contributions and making charitable donations. It also covers incorporation of businesses and distributing profits as dividends versus salary. The document then discusses reducing estate value through making gifts and using agricultural property relief. It provides an example of transferring land to a trust to save inheritance tax. Finally, it discusses entrepreneurs' relief and using a trust to remove business shares from an individual's estate while still qualifying for the relief.
GROWING AND PRESERVING ASSETS THROUGH TAX AND ESTATE PLANNING - Tina Davis, C...IFG Network marcus evans
Presentation by Tina Davis Milligan, CPA, Managing Director, Family Office Services, CTC | myCFO - Speaker at the IFG Wealth Management Forum Oct 2015 at the Trump Doral in FL
AWD Chase De Vere Presentation 03 11 09Creaseys LLP
The document summarizes various tax planning opportunities for individuals, including Enterprise Investment Schemes (EIS), Venture Capital Trusts (VCTs), and offshore bonds. EIS and VCTs provide income tax relief of up to 20-30% and can reduce capital gains tax liability. Offshore bonds allow tax-deferred withdrawals of up to 5% annually. The document stresses the importance of incorporating tax strategies into an overall financial plan to reduce tax burden, while cautioning not to prioritize tax savings over sound investments. It concludes by inviting questions.
Saving With A Tax Advantage - May 2012 - Active Business Seriesnevillebeckhurst
The document discusses various tax-advantaged savings opportunities in the UK, including pensions, Individual Savings Accounts (ISAs), Junior ISAs, Enterprise Investment Schemes (EIS), Seed Enterprise Investment Schemes (SEIS), Venture Capital Trusts (VCTs), and investment bonds. It notes that pensions provide income tax relief on contributions and tax-free growth. ISAs allow tax-free investment income and gains up to an annual limit. EIS and SEIS provide income tax relief and capital gains tax exemptions for investing in small companies. VCTs also provide tax reliefs for investing in small businesses. Investment bonds can defer capital gains tax until withdrawals are made.
Bournemouth - Essential 6-monthly Finance Directors' Update - November 2019PKF Francis Clark
This document provides a directors' update for Bournemouth Essential covering the 6-month period of November 2019. It discusses navigating turbulent times amid political and economic uncertainty. The document announces new appointments to the firm and provides an agenda for an upcoming seminar covering various financial and tax topics, including property tax matters, financial reporting, VAT updates, and risks to businesses. It aims to help clients make sense of the current chaotic environment.
The document summarizes the agenda and key topics covered in a tax planning seminar. The seminar focused on strategies to avoid high marginal tax rates approaching 50-60% and discussed options for tax-efficient investments, trusts, pensions, transferring income among family, and choosing optimal business structures. It provided examples and comparisons of tax implications for companies, limited liability partnerships, dividends vs bonuses, and more.
The document discusses different options - salary, dividend, or pension contribution - for an individual to receive £20,000 of pre-tax profit from their company. It analyzes the tax implications of each option, finding that a pension contribution of £20,000 provides the largest benefit to the individual of £14,000 after tax. The other options of receiving the £20,000 as salary or dividend provide less benefit of £10,193.50 and £10,800 respectively after tax.
Another tax year has started and, as always in the world of tax, nothing stays the same. There are a number of methods of
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The Universal Account Number (UAN) by EPFO centralizes multiple PF accounts, simplifying management for Indian employees. It streamlines PF transfers, withdrawals, and KYC updates, providing transparency and reducing employer dependency. Despite challenges like digital literacy and internet access, UAN is vital for financial empowerment and efficient provident fund management in today's digital age.
Tax effective structuring of an overall investment portfolio - 2017-18
1. Think Efficient. Realise potential
Tax-effective structuring of an
investment portfolio
28 February 2018
2. 2
Tax evasion versus Tax avoidance
1) Evasion
Do not bank income from product sales.
Declare higher salaries and wages than what was really paid.
Criminal transgression that can lead to prosecution.
2) Avoidance
Declared income agrees with actual circumstances.
Use legal measures that SARS provides to avoid a high tax assessment.
Not an offense and an individual will not be prosecuted.
3. 3
Different stages of tax structuring
1) Pre-retirement
Combining different investment vehicles with different tax characteristics to
provide a tax-sheltered capital base in future.
Examples of these strategies include:
Reduction of annual taxable income.
Tax-free compound income, dividends and capital growth.
Limiting future exposure to estate duty.
2) During retirement
Implementation of a dynamic income-withdrawal strategy to address
income needs from the most tax-exposed investments first and then
from less tax-exposed investments.
The ideal situation is to die with as little investments in your own estate
as possible.
4. 4
Case study
Mr Smith
(48 years old)
Mrs Smith
(46 years old)
Engineer with his own
consultation company,
SmithCon (Pty) Ltd.
He also has a
successful commercial
cattle farm in his own
name.
Physiotherapist with her
own practice.
She also handles all the
administrative issues of
the cattle farm (financial
statements, labour
issues, tax compliance, et
cetera).
Married outside community of property
5. 5
Case study
The Smiths currently have interests in the following investments (in
their own names and as beneficiaries of the Smith Family Trust):
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith Smith F/T
Unit Trust R5,000,000 - R6,000,000
Cash in bank R100,000 R25,000 -
Pension fund R500,000 - -
Retirement annuity R250,000 - -
Total R5,850,000 R25,000 R6,000,000
6. 6
Case study
The Smiths and the Smith Family Trust’ gross income for the
2017/18 tax year is as follows:
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith Smith F/T
Salary R1,000,000 - -
Net profit from practice - R100,000 -
Net profit from cattle farm R300,000 - -
Realised capital gains - Unit trust R200,000 - R150,000
Dividends received - SmithCon (Pty) Ltd R1,500,000
Dividends received - Unit trust R250,000 - R130,000
Interest received - Unit trust R150,000 - R220,000
Interest received - Bank account R7,000 R1,750 -
Total R3,407,000 R101,750 R500,000
7. 7
Case study
The Smiths and the Smith Family Trust’ tax liability for the
2017/18 tax year is as follows:
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith Smith F/T
Taxable income before retirement funds R1,433,200 R100,000 R220,000
Contributions to pension fund (R100,000) - -
Contributions to retirement annuity (R25,000) - -
Taxable capital gains R80,000 - R120,000
Net taxable income R1,388,200 R100,000 R340,000
Tax payable R470,033 R4,365 R153,000
Effective tax rate 33.86% 4.37% 45.00%
8. 8
Case study
How can the Smiths restructure
their and the Smith Family Trust’
investments more effectively for
tax purposes?
9. 9
Case study
1) There is no donations tax applicable between spouses and
individuals younger than 65 can receive interest income of R23,800
tax free. Mr Smith can therefore donate R2,500,000 of his unit trust
and R37,500 of his cash in the bank to Mrs Smith to invest in her
own name.
2) Mr Smith can contribute 27.5% of his total taxable income to
retirement funds and receive it as a tax deduction (subject to a limit
of R350,000 per year). He currently only contributes approximately
9.0% of his total taxable income. He can therefore contribute
another R225,000 to his retirement annuity and receive a tax
deduction for it.
3) Mr Smith currently doesn’t pay a salary to Mrs Smith for the administrative
duties that she performs for the farming activities. He can start paying her a
market related salary of R15,000 per month (R180,000 per year) and claim
it as an expense against the farming income.
10. 10
Case study
4) If Mr Smith donates half of the unit trust investment as discussed earlier
and he pays her a salary of R180,000 per year she can also contribute
27.5% of her total taxable income to a retirement annuity (limited to
R350,000 per year).
5) The first R40,000 capital gains that an individual receives in a tax year is
exempt from capital gains tax. If Mr Smith donates half of the unit trust
investment as discussed earliers his taxable capital gains will reduce from
R160,000 to R60,000 and Mrs Smith will now also have taxable capital gains
of R60,000.
6) Mr and Mrs Smith can both contribute R33,000 per year to tax free savings
accounts. By contributing to these investments they will reduce their future
exposure to income tax, capital gains tax and dividend tax significantly.
11. 11
Case study
8) The Smith Family Trust unit trust of R6,000,000 can be liquidated and the
funds can be invested in a sinking fund. By doing this the income tax on
future income will be limited to 30% (currently 45%) and capital gains tax
on realised capital gains to 12% (currently 36%).
7) There is a general perception that dividend tax is only 20%. However, if it is
taken into account that dividends are declared from after-tax income the
effective combined tax rate for a company that declares dividends is
42.40% (28% + (20% of 72%)).
Up until a taxable income of R1,500,000 the marginal tax rate for
individuals is 41%. Any income that exceeds R1,500,000 will be taxed at
45%. Mr Smith must structure his salary and dividends from SmithCon (Pty)
Ltd in such a way that his combined tax rate is as low as possible.
12. 12
Case study
After all this restructuring, have
the Smiths’ overall tax situation
changed materially?
13. 13
Case study
The Smiths’ interests in their investments are now as follows:
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith Smith F/T
Unit trust R2,500,000 R2,500,000 -
Sinking fund - - R6,000,000
Cash in bank R62,500 R62,500 -
Pension fund R500,000 - -
Retirement annuity R250,000 - -
Total R3,262,500 R2,562,500 R6,000,000
14. 14
Case study
The Smiths and Smith Family Trust’ gross income for the
2017/18 tax year is now as follows:
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith Smith F/T
Salary R1,096,652 R180,000 -
Net profit from practice - R100,000 -
Net profit from farming activities R120,000 - -
Realised capital gains - Unit trust R100,000 R100,000 -
Realised capital gains - Sinking fund - - R150,000
Dividends received - SmithCon (Pty) Ltd R1,403,348 - -
Dividends received - Unit trust R75,000 R75,000 -
Dividends received - Sinking fund - - R130,000
Interest received - Unit trust R75,000 R75,000 -
Interest received - Cash in bank R4,875 R4,875 -
Interest received - Sinking fund - - R220,000
Total R2,874,875 R534,875 R500,000
15. 15
Case study
The Smiths and Smith Family Trust’ tax liability for the
2017/18 tax year is now as follows:
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith Smith F/T
Taxable income before retirement funds
contributions R1,272,727 R336,075 R220,000
Contributions to pension fund (R100,000) - -
Contributions to retirement annuity (R250,000) (R92,421) -
Taxable income after retirement funds
contributions R922,727 R243,654 R220,000
Taxable capital gains R60,000 R60,000 R150,000
Net taxable income R982,727 R303,654 R370,000
Tax payable R303,789 R50,409 R84,000
Effective tax rate 23.87% 16.60% 22.70%The effective tax rate above is calculated by dividing the “Tax payable” by the “Taxable income after
retirement fund contributions”.
16. 16
Case study
Conclusion:
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith Smith F/T
Total tax payable before restructuring R470,033 R4,365 R153,000
Total tax payable after restructuring (R303,789) (R50,409) (R84,000)
Total tax saving R166,244 (R46,044) R69,000
Retirement annuity value before
restructuring R250,000 -
Retirement annuity value after
restructuring R500,000 R92,421
Additional provision for retirement R250,000 R92,421The Smiths not only save net total tax of R120,200 for the tax year, but they have also invested an
additional 342,421 for retirement in their retirement annuities which makes the total benefit for the
year R462,621.
The Smith Family Trust saves total tax of R69,000 for the tax year.
17. 17
Case study
- Last thought - What was Mr and Mrs Smith’s guaranteed
returns on their retirement annuity contributions?
Description Mr Smith Mrs Smith
Gross contributions to retirement
annuities R250,000 R92,421
Marginal tax rate on income 41.00% 31.00%
Refund from SARS (R102,500) (R28,650)
Net contributions to retirement annuities R147,500 R63,770
Guaranteed returns 69.49% 44.93%
19. Contact me:
E: henri@efw.co.za
T: +27 (0)51 447 6094
S: +27 (0)79 515 2306
19
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Disclaimer: Although every effort has been
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