Digitalization is transforming economies and societies by enabling ubiquitous connectivity and new business models. This raises challenges for international tax rules. The OECD report discusses three key characteristics of highly digitalized businesses - scale without mass, reliance on intangibles, and the role of data and user participation - and whether they require changes to tax rules regarding nexus and profit allocation. Countries disagree on these issues and whether interim measures are needed. The OECD is working towards a consensus-based global solution by 2020 to maintain a coherent international tax system in a digitalizing world.
Webinar: Economic Impact Assessment of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposal...OECDtax
As part of the work by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, the OECD has been carrying out an economic analysis and impact assessment of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals. Experts from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and Economics Department presented the methodology and estimates of the impact assessment during this webinar.
Further information: http://oe.cd/tax-challenges-digital-impact-assessment
OECD webinar: Better design of taxes on personal savings and wealth to suppor...OECDtax
Taxes are among the most effective tools governments have for reducing inequalities and bringing about more inclusive growth. Two new OECD reports released on 12 April 2018 assess how governments are using the taxation of personal savings and wealth and offer recommendations for more effective and more efficient tax policy.
OECD’s head of Tax Policy and Statistics David Bradbury, Senior Tax Economist Alastair Thomas and Tax Economist Sarah Perret presented the findings and answered questions.
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD’s international tax agenda, we invite you to join a live webinar with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on our work in the context of the COVID-19 crisis.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
Economic Analysis and Impact Assessment - Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 Proposals (Fe...OECDtax
As part of the work by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, the OECD has been carrying out an economic analysis and impact assessment of the Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 proposals. We invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the OECD’s Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and Economics Department to learn more about this work, which will include a presentation of preliminary results on the revenue and investment effects of the proposals.
More information: www.oecd.org/tax/beps/webcast-economic-analysis-impact-assessment-february-2020.htm
As the COVID-19 crisis continues to affect people's lives and force governments to take action, the international tax agenda remains highly relevant. Work has continued throughout the crisis on the pressing issue of reaching a multilateral, consensus-based solution to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, and in other areas of the OECD's tax agenda. With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax agenda, experts from the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration gave an update on our work.
Topics included:
- Update on G20
- Tax and digitalisation update on Pillar One and Pillar Two
- Tax policy
- COVID-19 response – tax treaties and transfer pricing
- BEPS implementation and tax transparency
- Tax and crime
Visit our website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy.
Topics covered:
- Package agreed by the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework on BEPS (IF)
- Next steps
Webinar: Economic Impact Assessment of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposal...OECDtax
As part of the work by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, the OECD has been carrying out an economic analysis and impact assessment of the Pillar One and Pillar Two proposals. Experts from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and Economics Department presented the methodology and estimates of the impact assessment during this webinar.
Further information: http://oe.cd/tax-challenges-digital-impact-assessment
OECD webinar: Better design of taxes on personal savings and wealth to suppor...OECDtax
Taxes are among the most effective tools governments have for reducing inequalities and bringing about more inclusive growth. Two new OECD reports released on 12 April 2018 assess how governments are using the taxation of personal savings and wealth and offer recommendations for more effective and more efficient tax policy.
OECD’s head of Tax Policy and Statistics David Bradbury, Senior Tax Economist Alastair Thomas and Tax Economist Sarah Perret presented the findings and answered questions.
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD’s international tax agenda, we invite you to join a live webinar with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on our work in the context of the COVID-19 crisis.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
Economic Analysis and Impact Assessment - Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 Proposals (Fe...OECDtax
As part of the work by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, the OECD has been carrying out an economic analysis and impact assessment of the Pillar 1 and Pillar 2 proposals. We invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the OECD’s Centre for Tax Policy and Administration and Economics Department to learn more about this work, which will include a presentation of preliminary results on the revenue and investment effects of the proposals.
More information: www.oecd.org/tax/beps/webcast-economic-analysis-impact-assessment-february-2020.htm
As the COVID-19 crisis continues to affect people's lives and force governments to take action, the international tax agenda remains highly relevant. Work has continued throughout the crisis on the pressing issue of reaching a multilateral, consensus-based solution to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, and in other areas of the OECD's tax agenda. With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax agenda, experts from the OECD Centre for Tax Policy and Administration gave an update on our work.
Topics included:
- Update on G20
- Tax and digitalisation update on Pillar One and Pillar Two
- Tax policy
- COVID-19 response – tax treaties and transfer pricing
- BEPS implementation and tax transparency
- Tax and crime
Visit our website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy.
Topics covered:
- Package agreed by the G20/OECD Inclusive Framework on BEPS (IF)
- Next steps
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD’s international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
On 9 October 02019, the OECD Secretariat published a proposal to advance international negotiations to ensure large and highly profitable Multinational Enterprises, including digital companies, pay tax wherever they have significant consumer-facing activities and generate their profits. This presentation gives a breakdown of the Secretariat Proposal for a "Unified Approach" under Pillar One.
For more information: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
Join senior members from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for a webcast as they give the latest update on the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
View the webcast: http://www.oecd.org/ctp/webcast-update-on-beps-project.htm
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, in view of the upcoming G20 Finance Ministers meeting.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
Denmark - Measuring productivity and effectiveness of local governments (Ite...OECDtax
Presentation delivered during the 13th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government, 23-24 November 2017, Paris, France.
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, the latest on BEPS Implementation and our work on transfer pricing and tax transparency.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD’s international tax work, we invite you to join experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for a live webcast. Topics will include:
- Taxation of the digitalised economy.
- BEPS – including progress on the Multilateral Instrument and the latest on mutual agreement procedures.
- Tax policy – update on revenue statistics
- Tax certainty and the latest on the International Compliance Assurance Programme.
- Public discussion draft on mandatory disclosure rules.
With a number of important recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for the latest tax update. Topics include:
- The BEPS Project: Outcomes from the inaugural meeting of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS, including the latest discussion drafts and progress on implementation.
- The upcoming G20 Tax Policy Symposium.
- The months ahead: Our work programme, and how you can be involved.
BEPS Webcast #8 - Launch of the 2015 Final ReportsOECDtax
Senior members from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) commented on the final outputs of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Project Shifting Project, including the next steps and the involvement of developing countries.
On 7 June 2017, over 65 countries signed a ground-breaking multilateral tax convention that will close loopholes in thousands of tax treaties worldwide, reducing opportunities for tax avoidance by multinational enterprises.
This presentation shows some of the key features of the multilateral instrument, and presents the available tools that will facilitate the application of the convention by taxpayers and tax administrations.
For more information, visit http://oe.cd/mli
Join senior members from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for a webcast as they give the latest update on the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
View the webcast: http://www.oecd.org/ctp/beps-webcast-update-on-2014-deliverables.htm
With a number of important recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for the latest tax update.
More information: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
The OECD's new work program would fundamentally change the way multinationals are taxed in the digital age, raising numerous questions of economic effects, compliance costs, and coordination between countries.
The four elements necessary for the OECD to be successful:
1.Identification of the scope and magnitude of the issues being addressed and how they are left unresolved by previous BEPS efforts.
2.A clear set of recommendations on both taxing rights and anti-base erosion policies that do the least amount of harm to economic growth.
3.Economic assessment of the potential impact of the policies on cross-border investment, cost of capital, foreign direct investment, compliance and administration costs, and countries’ tax revenue.
4.Commitment from countries to remove policies that conflict with the recommendations
Over the years, tax competition has led some countries to adopt more neutral, pro-growth business tax policies. This project could directly undermine that progress.
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD’s international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
On 9 October 02019, the OECD Secretariat published a proposal to advance international negotiations to ensure large and highly profitable Multinational Enterprises, including digital companies, pay tax wherever they have significant consumer-facing activities and generate their profits. This presentation gives a breakdown of the Secretariat Proposal for a "Unified Approach" under Pillar One.
For more information: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
Join senior members from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for a webcast as they give the latest update on the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
View the webcast: http://www.oecd.org/ctp/webcast-update-on-beps-project.htm
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, in view of the upcoming G20 Finance Ministers meeting.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
Denmark - Measuring productivity and effectiveness of local governments (Ite...OECDtax
Presentation delivered during the 13th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government, 23-24 November 2017, Paris, France.
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join a live webcast with experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for an update on the work relating to the tax challenges arising from the digitalisation of the economy, the latest on BEPS Implementation and our work on transfer pricing and tax transparency.
Website: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
With a number of recent and upcoming developments in the OECD’s international tax work, we invite you to join experts from the Centre for Tax Policy and Administration for a live webcast. Topics will include:
- Taxation of the digitalised economy.
- BEPS – including progress on the Multilateral Instrument and the latest on mutual agreement procedures.
- Tax policy – update on revenue statistics
- Tax certainty and the latest on the International Compliance Assurance Programme.
- Public discussion draft on mandatory disclosure rules.
With a number of important recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for the latest tax update. Topics include:
- The BEPS Project: Outcomes from the inaugural meeting of the Inclusive Framework on BEPS, including the latest discussion drafts and progress on implementation.
- The upcoming G20 Tax Policy Symposium.
- The months ahead: Our work programme, and how you can be involved.
BEPS Webcast #8 - Launch of the 2015 Final ReportsOECDtax
Senior members from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) commented on the final outputs of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Project Shifting Project, including the next steps and the involvement of developing countries.
On 7 June 2017, over 65 countries signed a ground-breaking multilateral tax convention that will close loopholes in thousands of tax treaties worldwide, reducing opportunities for tax avoidance by multinational enterprises.
This presentation shows some of the key features of the multilateral instrument, and presents the available tools that will facilitate the application of the convention by taxpayers and tax administrations.
For more information, visit http://oe.cd/mli
Join senior members from the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for a webcast as they give the latest update on the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
View the webcast: http://www.oecd.org/ctp/beps-webcast-update-on-2014-deliverables.htm
With a number of important recent and upcoming developments in the OECD's international tax work, we invite you to join the OECD's Centre for Tax Policy and Administration (CTPA) for the latest tax update.
More information: http://oe.cd/taxtalks
The OECD's new work program would fundamentally change the way multinationals are taxed in the digital age, raising numerous questions of economic effects, compliance costs, and coordination between countries.
The four elements necessary for the OECD to be successful:
1.Identification of the scope and magnitude of the issues being addressed and how they are left unresolved by previous BEPS efforts.
2.A clear set of recommendations on both taxing rights and anti-base erosion policies that do the least amount of harm to economic growth.
3.Economic assessment of the potential impact of the policies on cross-border investment, cost of capital, foreign direct investment, compliance and administration costs, and countries’ tax revenue.
4.Commitment from countries to remove policies that conflict with the recommendations
Over the years, tax competition has led some countries to adopt more neutral, pro-growth business tax policies. This project could directly undermine that progress.
Tax management within multinational enterprises (MNEs) has never been more challenging. 'Getting to grips with the BEPS Action Plan' is the latest Grant Thornton report exploring the OECD’s planned overhaul of the international tax system, what it means for businesses and how they can prepare.
Bloomberg Tax - Transfer Pricing Forum - The NetherlandsNavita Parwanda
The Summer 2019 Issue of the Transfer Pricing Forum issue contains country insights on “Taxation and digitalization of the economy” and forms an interesting update on the progress so far from 23 geographically spread out nations. The TP forum was showcased at the IFA London Congress in September 2019.
The Country report from the Netherlands focuses on practical questions posed by guidance and case law, including some practical recommendations.
WSIS+10 Overall Review of the Implementation of the WSIS OutcomesDr Lendy Spires
This document presents a review of the progress made in the implementation of Action Line C7 (E-business) since the first World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in 2003. It is based on the 10-Years Review Report Template contained in the WSIS Forum 2012: Outcome Document. As Action Line facilitators, the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU) have supported eight facilitation meetings in Geneva, since 2009 as part of the annual WSIS Forum.
These meetings have provided a venue for different stakeholders to exchange views and experiences with regard to trends, impact and policies related to e-business (box 1). Box 1. Action line facilitation meetings related to E-business, 2006-2013 E-business action line meetings have focused on a number of issues since 2005, covering the various aspects highlighted in the Geneva Plan of Action under e-business. The meetings have occasionally been organized jointly with other action lines. 2006: E-Business and and E-employment (with e-employment action line) 2007: ICTs, Global Supply Chains and Development (with e-employment action line) 2008: E-Commerce as a Key Facilitator for SME Competitiveness 2009: E-Business and Poverty Alleviation 2010: ICT and Rural Enterprise (with e-agriculture action line) 2011:
The Promise of Mobile Technology (with e-agriculture action line) 2012: Promoting the Domestic ICT Sector 2013: E-Commerce and Development Source: UNCTAD, ITC and UPU. In 2012-2013, the facilitators jointly organized an open consultation on the e- business action line. A wide range of stakeholders, such as trade bodies, international organizations, businesses, governments and civil society across the globe took part in the consultation. The findings of this process were presented at the WSIS+10 Review meeting held in Paris at the UNESCO Headquarters in February 2013.
In between the annual WSIS Forums and related meetings, the respective work programmes of the three co-facilitators have continuously supported the implementation of the action line on e-business. The International Labour Organization (ILO) was among the original co-facilitators of this action line but has not been active after 2008.
In this era of technology intertwined lifestyle, e-commerce has become a way of life. E-commerce seemingly facilitates every other aspect of our lives at a click of a button,
The BEPS Project and Developing Countries - From Consultation to ParticipationOECDtax
Taxation plays a central role in promoting sustainable development, and developing countries face significant challenges in developing their tax capacities and mobilising domestic resources. Engagement of developing countries in the international tax agenda, including on BEPS, is therefore important, in particular to ensure they receive appropriate support to address the specific challenges they face.
More information: www.oecd.org/tax/developing-countries-and-beps.htm
► Digital economy is raising complex issues for VAT systems
► OECD (November 2015): “International VAT/GST Guidelines” published with a heavy
focus on the place of supply of cross-border supplies of services and intangibles and the
application of the principles of destination and neutrality
► Trend toward digital supplies becoming taxable in the country of consumption
► Businesses increasingly needing to make VAT decisions in real time (at the point
of sale)
► Policymaking is developing – typical developments:
► Joint and several liability for online marketplaces
► Active searches for non-established ESS suppliers
► Removal of low value import thresholds
► Tax authorities are going digital
► Plus increasing inter-governmental cooperation
► Reputational risk rising
OECD - Fiscal Network Work Programme (Item5)OECDtax
Presentation delivered during the 13th Annual Meeting of the OECD Network on Fiscal Relations Across Levels of Government, 23-24 November 2017, Paris, France.
The digitalization of the global economy has amplified the problem of tax avoidance and tax fairness and led to a rise in digital taxes around the world. This webinar seeks to discuss ways for East Africa to address two crucial issues:
Linking taxation rights to where value is created
Reforming the current corporate income tax system to disincentivize transfer pricing to the jurisdiction with the lowest tax rate.
Convention multilatérale pour la mise en œuvre des mesures relatives aux conv...OECDtax
Cet instrument transposera les résultats du Projet sur l'érosion de la base d'imposition et le transfert de bénéfices (BEPS) dans plus de 2 000 conventions fiscales à l'échelle mondiale.
Multilateral instrument for BEPS tax treaty measures - Overview OECDtax
The Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent BEPS will implement minimum standards to counter treaty abuse and to improve dispute resolution mechanisms while providing flexibility to accommodate specific tax treaty policies. It will also allow governments to strengthen their tax treaties with other tax treaty measures developed in the OECD/G20 BEPS Project.
Version January 2023.
Learn more about the BEPS MLI: https://oe.cd/mli
Presentation: Economic impact assessment of the Two-Pillar Solution (January ...OECDtax
The OECD provided an update on its ongoing work to assess the economic impact of the Two-Pillar Solution to Address the Tax Challenges Arising from the Digitalisation of the Economy, including new estimates of the revenue impacts of implementing Pillar One and Pillar Two. These estimates are based on updated data and incorporate many recently agreed design features of Pillar One and Pillar Two, many of which have not been accounted for in other studies.
Up the Ratios Bylaws - a Comprehensive Process of Our Organizationuptheratios
Up the Ratios is a non-profit organization dedicated to bridging the gap in STEM education for underprivileged students by providing free, high-quality learning opportunities in robotics and other STEM fields. Our mission is to empower the next generation of innovators, thinkers, and problem-solvers by offering a range of educational programs that foster curiosity, creativity, and critical thinking.
At Up the Ratios, we believe that every student, regardless of their socio-economic background, should have access to the tools and knowledge needed to succeed in today's technology-driven world. To achieve this, we host a variety of free classes, workshops, summer camps, and live lectures tailored to students from underserved communities. Our programs are designed to be engaging and hands-on, allowing students to explore the exciting world of robotics and STEM through practical, real-world applications.
Our free classes cover fundamental concepts in robotics, coding, and engineering, providing students with a strong foundation in these critical areas. Through our interactive workshops, students can dive deeper into specific topics, working on projects that challenge them to apply what they've learned and think creatively. Our summer camps offer an immersive experience where students can collaborate on larger projects, develop their teamwork skills, and gain confidence in their abilities.
In addition to our local programs, Up the Ratios is committed to making a global impact. We take donations of new and gently used robotics parts, which we then distribute to students and educational institutions in other countries. These donations help ensure that young learners worldwide have the resources they need to explore and excel in STEM fields. By supporting education in this way, we aim to nurture a global community of future leaders and innovators.
Our live lectures feature guest speakers from various STEM disciplines, including engineers, scientists, and industry professionals who share their knowledge and experiences with our students. These lectures provide valuable insights into potential career paths and inspire students to pursue their passions in STEM.
Up the Ratios relies on the generosity of donors and volunteers to continue our work. Contributions of time, expertise, and financial support are crucial to sustaining our programs and expanding our reach. Whether you're an individual passionate about education, a professional in the STEM field, or a company looking to give back to the community, there are many ways to get involved and make a difference.
We are proud of the positive impact we've had on the lives of countless students, many of whom have gone on to pursue higher education and careers in STEM. By providing these young minds with the tools and opportunities they need to succeed, we are not only changing their futures but also contributing to the advancement of technology and innovation on a broader scale.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
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A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
What is the point of small housing associations.pptxPaul Smith
Given the small scale of housing associations and their relative high cost per home what is the point of them and how do we justify their continued existance
Canadian Immigration Tracker March 2024 - Key SlidesAndrew Griffith
Highlights
Permanent Residents decrease along with percentage of TR2PR decline to 52 percent of all Permanent Residents.
March asylum claim data not issued as of May 27 (unusually late). Irregular arrivals remain very small.
Study permit applications experiencing sharp decrease as a result of announced caps over 50 percent compared to February.
Citizenship numbers remain stable.
Slide 3 has the overall numbers and change.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
2. BEPS results in a loss of revenue for governments which is conservatively estimated at between 4% and 10% of global
corporate income tax i.e. USD 100 to 240 billion annually based on 2014 figures (OECD, 2015a).
The ambitious 15-point Action Plan to tackle BEPS was structured around three key pillars:
Improve coherence in the domestic rules that affect cross-border activities.
Reinforce substance requirements to ensure alignment of taxation with the location of economic activity and
value creation.
Enhance transparency and certainty for businesses and governments.
The final package of BEPS measures was delivered in October 2015, providing a comprehensive toolkit for governments,
consisting of four new minimum standards on: (i) country-by-country reporting; (ii) treaty shopping; (iii) harmful
tax practices; and (iv) effective mutual agreement procedures. It also revised the existing Transfer Pricing Guidelines
(OECD, 2017b) and the OECD Model Tax Convention (OECD, 2017d), and set out a series of common approaches
and best practices to guide governments committed to introducing measures to prevent BEPS in their domestic laws.
The Inclusive Framework on BEPS
With the delivery of the BEPS package, the G20 called for its timely implementation and requested that the OECD
develop a more inclusive framework with the involvement of interested non-G20 countries and jurisdictions,
including developing economies. As a result, the Inclusive Framework on BEPS was established in June 2016 to
monitor and support the implementation of the BEPS package and take forward any ongoing work arising from the
Project, including on the international tax implications of digitalisation.
Now with more than 115 countries and jurisdiction members, working together on an equal footing, the Inclusive
Framework carries out its mandate to:
Complete the remaining follow-up work required under the BEPS Action Plan.
Review the implementation of the four BEPS minimum standards through a peer-review process.
Monitor new developments relating to the other BEPS measures and gather data on the impact of those measures.
Support jurisdictions in the implementation of the BEPS package, working with them to develop further guidance
as well as practical toolkits that target the BEPS priority issues identified by low capacity developing countries.
More details on the BEPS package and the Inclusive Framework is available at www.oecd.org/tax/beps.
The final package of BEPS measures, which was delivered in October 2015, consisted of a comprehensive toolkit for
governments to tackle. With the delivery of the BEPS package, the G20 called for its timely implementation and requested
that the OECD develop a more inclusive framework with the involvement of interested non-G20 countries and jurisdictions,
including developing economies. As a result, the Inclusive Framework on BEPS was established in June 2016 (see Box 1).
From the perspective of the digital transformation, an important component of the BEPS Project included the work carried
out under Action 1 on Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy. In delivering the 2015 BEPS Action 1 Report,
the Task Force on the Digital Economy (TFDE)1 built upon previous work on this topic, including the 1998 “Ottawa report
on Electronic Commerce: Taxation Framework Conditions” (OECD, 2001) and considered the challenges raised by
digitalisation for both direct and indirect taxation (see Box 2).
Notwithstanding the progress made in tackling profit shifting as part of the BEPS package, ongoing concerns around the
ability of the existing tax rules to meet the needs of a rapidly digitalising economy led the G20 Finance Ministers, at their
meeting in Baden Baden in March 2017, to request that the TFDE deliver an interim report by early 2018 (G20 Finance
Ministers, 2017). Drawing on consultations with business, academia and civil society, the TFDE has been working to identify
the key issues and possible solutions.
In March 2018, the Inclusive Framework responded to the G20’s request and issued the “Interim Report on the Tax
Challenges Arising from Digitalisation” (OECD, 2018). Building on the 2015 Action 1 Report, the Interim Report presents
an in-depth analysis of value creation across different digitalised business models, and describes the main characteristics
of digital markets. These have significantly evolved, especially for some enterprises. In particular, it identified three
characteristics that are frequently observed in certain highly digitalised business models: (i) scale without mass; (ii)
reliance on intangible assets; and (iii) data and user contributions (see Box 3). Further, it was acknowledged that these
characteristics are expected to become common features of an even wider number of businesses as digitalisation continues.
4. Box 3. Three factors frequently observed
in certain highly digitalised business models
1. Cross-jurisdictional scale without mass. Digitalisation has allowed businesses in many sectors to locate various
stages of their production processes across different countries, and at the same time access a greater number of
customers around the globe. Digitalisation also allows some highly digitalised enterprises to be heavily involved
in the economic life of a jurisdiction without any, or any significant, physical presence, thus achieving operational
local scale without local mass (referred to as “scale without mass,” hereafter).
2. Reliance on intangible assets, including intellectual property (IP). The analysis also shows that digitalised
enterprises are characterised by the growing importance of investment in intangibles, especially IP assets which
could either be owned by the business or leased from a third party. For many digitalised enterprises, the intense
use of IP assets such as software and algorithms supporting their platforms, websites and many other crucial
functions are central to their business models.
3. Data, user participation and their synergies with IP. Data, user participation, network effects and the provision
of user-generated content are commonly observed in the business models of more highly digitalised businesses.
The benefits from data analysis are also likely to increase with the amount of collected information linked to a
specific user or customer. The important role that user participation can play is seen in the case of social
networks, where without data, network effects and user-generated content, the businesses would not exist as we
know them today. However, the degree of user participation does not necessarily correlate with the degree of
digitalisation: for example, cloud computing can be considered as a more highly digitalised business that involves
only limited user participation.
In assessing the implications of the digital transformation for the international tax rules relating to “nexus” and “profit
allocation”, the Interim Report considered the relationship between the three characteristics frequently observed in highly
digitalised businesses and value creation in new and evolving business models. With respect to the first two characteristics,
scale without mass and reliance on intangible assets, there is broad agreement amongst members of the Inclusive
Framework that they exist and that they are relevant for tax purposes. Equally, however, it is recognised that they can also
be found to varying degrees in more traditional business models and have gained greater prominence as a function of
globalisation more generally.
In contrast, with respect to the third characteristic (i.e. data, user participation and their synergies with IP), there is no
consensus on whether, and to what extent, this factor should be considered as contributing to a firm’s value creation. In
this context, there were divergent perspectives on whether the presence of this third characteristic requires any amendments
to the international tax rules. Additionally, since the degree of user participation may not closely correlate with the degree
of a firm’s digitalisation, a pure focus on data and user participation without reference to other factors may imply that the
tax challenges affect only a specific, more limited group of digitalised businesses.
In describing the potential implications for the international tax rules, the Interim Report identifies in Chapters 2 and 5
the positions that different countries hold, which drive their approach to possible solutions. These approaches range from
those countries that consider no action is needed to those that consider there is a need for action that would take into
account user contributions, through to others that consider that any changes should apply to the economy more broadly.
Towards a global, consensus-based solution
While acknowledging these divergent perspectives, members of the Inclusive Frameworkhave agreed that they share a common
interest in maintaining a single set of relevant and coherent international tax rules, to promote, inter alia, economic efficiency
and global welfare. As such, they have agreed to undertake a coherent and concurrent review of the two key aspects of the
existing tax framework (i.e. the profit allocation and nexus rules) that would consider the impacts of digitalisation on the
economy, relating to the principle of aligning profits with underlying economic activities and value creation.
The Inclusive Framework, through the TFDE, has now commenced this important next phase of the work and is working
towards a consensus-based, global solution by 2020, with an update to be provided by the OECD Secretariat to the G20 in 2019.
Interim measures
While work on a global, consensus-based solution is underway, a number of jurisdictions are considering the introduction
of interim measures. In the Inclusive Framework, there is no consensus on either the merit or need for interim measures
and the Interim Report does not make a recommendation for their introduction. A number of countries consider that an
6. carried on as a business. Going beyond this, for example, by introducing special tax regimes for activities facilitated through
the use of platforms may not be optimal: such activity will be in direct competition with existing activity (e.g. taxi services).
This may result in different tax outcomes for substantially similar activities. On the other hand, there may be a case for
considering simplified transitional measures to encourage existing and new activities into the formal economy, and for also
taking into account the likely lack of experience with tax matters of some platform users.
Improving the effective taxation of activities facilitated by online platforms
Where a transaction involves payment from one individual to another, rather than being based on altruism or a cost
sharing arrangement (for example contributing to petrol costs in a shared ride), then there can be tax consequences for the
parties involved.
For tax administrations, the challenges raised by online platforms, particularly in the case of peer-to-peer transactions,
include a lack of information about the identity of users and the amount of payments made for the activities facilitated by
the platform. Difficulties with access to that information will be exacerbated where the platform is not located in the same
jurisdiction as the person receiving payment for the transaction and where the tax liability is due. There are a number of
options to address this challenge, including targeted taxpayer education campaigns and gathering information from the
platforms themselves as well as other third parties.
i. Improving taxpayer education and self-reporting
Lack of self-reporting by taxpayers can be exacerbated by uncertainty among platform users about their tax liabilities,
including whether the activity is taxable. This can be a difficult area, with particular challenges arising over determining
the correct employment status, any relevant income thresholds, and whether an activity is carried on as a business.
Improving taxpayer education aimed at providers of goods and services could make an important impact to ensure effective
taxation of activities facilitated by online platforms. Combined with improving access to information by tax administrations,
it is likely that significant progress can be made to improve effective self-reporting of tax obligations in respect of these
types of activities.
ii. Obtaining tax data about transactions facilitated through platforms
Addressing the lack of information available to tax administrations about the identity of taxpayers using platforms would
be an important step forward in improving tax compliance in this sector. Where such powers are not already available to the
tax administration, introducing legislative measures which require platforms or other third parties to report payment and
identification data of users and/or which allow information requests on group information, could provide tax administrations
with information needed to improve compliance or to enhance selection of cases for audit. However, domestic legislative
requirements may not be directly effective where the data is located in a jurisdiction other than the jurisdiction of the
platform seller. In that context, there is a strong case for collective discussions between tax administrations and platforms
about possibilities for cross-border access.
In this regard, it may also be appropriate to explore further the possibility of a multilateral agreement between countries
to facilitate access and exchange of such information on a more consistent basis. Such an agreement, along the lines of the
OECD’s Common Reporting Standard (OECD, 2017c) for the automatic exchange of financial account information, might
require all platforms carrying out particular types of activity to provide information in a standardised format on platform
users, transactions and income to the tax authority in their jurisdiction of residence for exchange, through appropriate
legal gateways, to the jurisdiction of tax residency of the user.3
Tax compliance
Technology is in fact expanding the capabilities of tax administrations in a wide range of ways, to enhance the effectiveness
of compliance activities, improve taxpayer services, and reduce compliance burdens. Some potential risks arising from
digitalisation have also been identified, and it will be important to ensure that tax administrations remain cognisant of
these risks.
i. Enhancing the effectiveness of tax compliance activities
Recent years have seen a large increase in the amount of third-party data available to tax authorities coupled with lower
storage costs and advances in analytics techniques. This data include transaction and income data, behavioural data generated
from taxpayers’ interactions with the tax administration, operational data on ownership, identity and location, and open
source data such as social media and advertising. This data can be used as individual sources or in combination to enable
partial or full reporting of taxable income and to uncover under-reporting, evasion or fraud. It can also be used to better
understand taxpayer behaviour, to measure the impact of activities and to identify the most effective interventions, both
proactive and reactive.
8. Notes
1. The Task Force on the Digital Economy (TFDE) is a subsidiary body of the OECD’s Committee on Fiscal Affairs in its Inclusive
Framework format. The TFDE consults extensively with stakeholders from business, civil society, and academia, and led the development
of the 2015 BEPS Action 1 Report and the 2018 Interim Report on the tax challenges arising from digitalisation.
2. The term “gig economy” indicates a labour market characterised by the prevalence of short-term and often non-standard contracts or
freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs and standard labour contracts. The term “sharing economy” refers to a market in which
assets or services are shared between private individuals, either for free or for a fee. Both the gig economy and the sharing economy have
become increasingly prominent as a result of digitalisation, and in particular, the use of the Internet, which has allowed a rapid expansion
of such activities on a global scale.
3. An online platform may not always have access to all of the relevant information. Other third parties, for example payment service
providers, may also hold relevant information about transactions facilitated by a platform.
G20 Finance Ministers (2017), Communique March 2017, www.g20.utoronto.ca/2017/170318-finance-en.html.
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OECD (2017a), International VAT/GST Guidelines, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264271401-en.
OECD (2017b), OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations 2017, OECD
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OECD (2017c), Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters, Second Edition,
OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264267992-en.
OECD (2017d), Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital: Condensed Version 2017, OECD Publishing,
Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/mtc_cond-2017-en.
OECD (2015a), Explanatory Statement, OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, OECD, Paris,
www.oecd.org/tax/beps-explanatory-statement-2015.pdf.
OECD (2015b), Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy, Action 1 - 2015 Final Report, OECD/G20 Base
Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264241046-en.
OECD (2013), Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, OECD Publishing, Paris,
https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264202719-en.
OECD (2001), Taxation and Electronic Commerce: Implementing the Ottawa Taxation Framework Conditions, OECD
Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264189799-en.
Please cite this note as:
OECD (2018), “Tax and digitalisation”, OECD Going Digital Policy Note, OECD, Paris, www.oecd.org/going-digital/topics/tax.
This document, as well as any data and any map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory,
to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.
www.oecd.org/going-digital – goingdigital@oecd.org – @OECDInnovation – @OECDtax – #GoingDigital – http://oe.cd/stinews
Further reading