SlideShare a Scribd company logo
S&P Global Ratings View On
Global LRG Indebtedness
Felix Ejgel, Senior Director and Sector Lead,
Sovereign/International Public Finance
4 December 2020
Permission to reprint or distribute any content from this presentation requires the prior
written approval of S&P Global Ratings. Not for distribution to the public.
Copyright © 2019 by S&P Global. All rights reserved.
Australia, China And India Are Leading The
Global LRG Borrowing Uptick
To change, turn on or off footer: Inset > Header &
Footer > Enter / change text > Click Apply All.
2
COVID-19 Outbreak Leads To Higher Debt Burden
3
Key Elements of Fiscal Policy Framework
To change, turn on or off footer: Inset > Header & Footer > Enter
/ change text > Click Apply All.
4
- Restrictions on budget deficit: ‘balanced budget requirement’, ‘debt
brake rule’
- Restrictions of debt burden/debt service
- Restrictions on types of debt: ban on foreign currency borrowings, use
of bonds only, availability of treasury loans
- Control over off-balance sheet borrowings
Contact Us
5
Felix Ejgel
Senior Director, IPF Ratings, London
felix.ejgel@spglobal.com
6
Copyright © 2020 by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC. All rights reserved.
No content (including ratings, credit-related analyses and data, valuations, model, software or other application or output therefrom) or any part thereof (Content) may be modified, reverse engineered, reproduced or distributed in any
form by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC or its affiliates (collectively, S&P). The Content shall not be used for any unlawful or
unauthorized purposes. S&P and any third-party providers, as well as their directors, officers, shareholders, employees or agents (collectively S&P Parties) do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or availability of the
Content. S&P Parties are not responsible for any errors or omissions (negligent or otherwise), regardless of the cause, for the results obtained from the use of the Content, or for the security or maintenance of any data input by the user.
The Content is provided on an "as is" basis. S&P PARTIES DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, FREEDOM FROM BUGS, SOFTWARE ERRORS OR DEFECTS, THAT THE CONTENT'S FUNCTIONING WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, OR THAT THE CONTENT WILL OPERATE WITH ANY SOFTWARE OR
HARDWARE CONFIGURATION. In no event shall S&P Parties be liable to any party for any direct, indirect, incidental, exemplary, compensatory, punitive, special or consequential damages, costs, expenses, legal fees, or losses
(including, without limitation, lost income or lost profits and opportunity costs or losses caused by negligence) in connection with any use of the Content even if advised of the possibility of such damages.
Credit-related and other analyses, including ratings, and statements in the Content are statements of opinion as of the date they are expressed and not statements of fact. S&P's opinions, analyses, and rating acknowledgment decisions
(described below) are not recommendations to purchase, hold, or sell any securities or to make any investment decisions, and do not address the suitability of any security. S&P assumes no obligation to update the Content following
publication in any form or format. The Content should not be relied on and is not a substitute for the skill, judgment and experience of the user, its management, employees, advisors and/or clients when making investment and other
business decisions. S&P does not act as a fiduciary or an investment advisor except where registered as such. While S&P has obtained information from sources it believes to be reliable, S&P does not perform an audit and undertakes
no duty of due diligence or independent verification of any information it receives. Rating-related publications may be published for a variety of reasons that are not necessarily dependent on action by rating committees, including, but
not limited to, the publication of a periodic update on a credit rating and related analyses.
To the extent that regulatory authorities allow a rating agency to acknowledge in one jurisdiction a rating issued in another jurisdiction for certain regulatory purposes, S&P reserves the right to assign, withdraw, or suspend such
acknowledgement at any time and in its sole discretion. S&P Parties disclaim any duty whatsoever arising out of the assignment, withdrawal, or suspension of an acknowledgment as well as any liability for any damage alleged to have
been suffered on account thereof.
S&P keeps certain activities of its business units separate from each other in order to preserve the independence and objectivity of their respective activities. As a result, certain business units of S&P may have information that is not
available to other S&P business units. S&P has established policies and procedures to maintain the confidentiality of certain nonpublic information received in connection with each analytical process.
S&P may receive compensation for its ratings and certain analyses, normally from issuers or underwriters of securities or from obligors. S&P reserves the right to disseminate its opinions and analyses. S&P's public ratings and
analyses are made available on its Web sites, www.standardandpoors.com (free of charge), and www.spcapitaliq.com (subscription) and may be distributed through other means, including via S&P publications and third-party
redistributors. Additional information about our ratings fees is available at www.standardandpoors.com/usratingsfees.
Australia: S&P Global Ratings Australia Pty Ltd holds Australian financial services license number 337565 under the Corporations Act 2001. S&P Global Ratings' credit ratings and related research are not intended for and must not be
distributed to any person in Australia other than a wholesale client (as defined in Chapter 7 of the Corporations Act).
STANDARD & POOR'S, S&P and RATINGSDIRECT are registered trademarks of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC.
spglobal.com/ratings

More Related Content

What's hot

Prophecy platinum presentation
Prophecy platinum presentationProphecy platinum presentation
Prophecy platinum presentation
Prophecy Plat
 

What's hot (11)

Traders choice brfl
Traders choice   brflTraders choice   brfl
Traders choice brfl
 
Techno Buy : TATAMOTORS
Techno Buy : TATAMOTORSTechno Buy : TATAMOTORS
Techno Buy : TATAMOTORS
 
VWE BCAC Investor Presentation (February 4, 2021)
VWE BCAC Investor Presentation (February 4, 2021)VWE BCAC Investor Presentation (February 4, 2021)
VWE BCAC Investor Presentation (February 4, 2021)
 
Daily equity report 16 april 2019
Daily equity report 16 april 2019Daily equity report 16 april 2019
Daily equity report 16 april 2019
 
Prophecy platinum presentation
Prophecy platinum presentationProphecy platinum presentation
Prophecy platinum presentation
 
ALTUM Investor presentation
ALTUM Investor presentationALTUM Investor presentation
ALTUM Investor presentation
 
ALTUM Investor presentation, September 2021 (full screen)
ALTUM Investor presentation, September 2021 (full screen)ALTUM Investor presentation, September 2021 (full screen)
ALTUM Investor presentation, September 2021 (full screen)
 
Ppt dewi bhs inggris
Ppt dewi bhs inggrisPpt dewi bhs inggris
Ppt dewi bhs inggris
 
Traders choice ramcocem
Traders choice  ramcocemTraders choice  ramcocem
Traders choice ramcocem
 
Investor presentation altum april2019_final
Investor presentation altum april2019_finalInvestor presentation altum april2019_final
Investor presentation altum april2019_final
 
Ignite your aim experiences ilika
Ignite your aim experiences ilikaIgnite your aim experiences ilika
Ignite your aim experiences ilika
 

Similar to Item viib-global-ratings-view-on-global-lrg-indebtedness-2020

Tabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&A
Tabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&ATabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&A
Tabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&A
Karan Rathod
 
Private Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Private Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNALPrivate Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Private Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Mirana Rakotoniaina
 
Investa Office Fund - Rating Action
Investa Office Fund - Rating ActionInvesta Office Fund - Rating Action
Investa Office Fund - Rating Action
Karan Rathod
 
Investment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Investment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNALInvestment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Investment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Mirana Rakotoniaina
 

Similar to Item viib-global-ratings-view-on-global-lrg-indebtedness-2020 (20)

Tabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&A
Tabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&ATabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&A
Tabcorp Acquires Tatts - M&A
 
Private Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Private Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNALPrivate Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Private Equity A4 - Marketing - EXTERNAL
 
Standard & Poor's Global's Green Evaluation Tool
Standard & Poor's Global's Green Evaluation ToolStandard & Poor's Global's Green Evaluation Tool
Standard & Poor's Global's Green Evaluation Tool
 
US Leveraged Loan Market Analysis - May 2013
US Leveraged Loan Market Analysis - May 2013US Leveraged Loan Market Analysis - May 2013
US Leveraged Loan Market Analysis - May 2013
 
2015-06 S&P event
2015-06 S&P event2015-06 S&P event
2015-06 S&P event
 
Investa Office Fund - Rating Action
Investa Office Fund - Rating ActionInvesta Office Fund - Rating Action
Investa Office Fund - Rating Action
 
Investment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Investment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNALInvestment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNAL
Investment Banking - Marketing - EXTERNAL
 
June 2013, European Leveraged Loan Market Analysis
June 2013, European Leveraged Loan Market Analysis June 2013, European Leveraged Loan Market Analysis
June 2013, European Leveraged Loan Market Analysis
 
Eur sld shr_may_2013_v3
Eur sld shr_may_2013_v3Eur sld shr_may_2013_v3
Eur sld shr_may_2013_v3
 
Wood cmd-presentationpdf.pdf
Wood cmd-presentationpdf.pdfWood cmd-presentationpdf.pdf
Wood cmd-presentationpdf.pdf
 
OKYO Investors Slides 2020
OKYO Investors Slides 2020OKYO Investors Slides 2020
OKYO Investors Slides 2020
 
OKYO Corporate Presentation May 2022
OKYO Corporate Presentation May 2022 OKYO Corporate Presentation May 2022
OKYO Corporate Presentation May 2022
 
20131105_Project Urja Roadshow Presentation_vINR_vF.pdf
20131105_Project Urja Roadshow Presentation_vINR_vF.pdf20131105_Project Urja Roadshow Presentation_vINR_vF.pdf
20131105_Project Urja Roadshow Presentation_vINR_vF.pdf
 
Beat FDs with US Treasuries | Century Financial
Beat FDs with US Treasuries | Century FinancialBeat FDs with US Treasuries | Century Financial
Beat FDs with US Treasuries | Century Financial
 
Beat FDs with US Treasuries | Century Financial
Beat FDs with US Treasuries | Century FinancialBeat FDs with US Treasuries | Century Financial
Beat FDs with US Treasuries | Century Financial
 
Raging Capital Management's "Crestwood Comeback" Plan
Raging Capital Management's "Crestwood Comeback" PlanRaging Capital Management's "Crestwood Comeback" Plan
Raging Capital Management's "Crestwood Comeback" Plan
 
federal reserve.
federal reserve.federal reserve.
federal reserve.
 
AlphaCrest - India Campus Recruitment Presentation.pptx
AlphaCrest - India Campus Recruitment Presentation.pptxAlphaCrest - India Campus Recruitment Presentation.pptx
AlphaCrest - India Campus Recruitment Presentation.pptx
 
Norwood Systems Investor Presentation February 2016
Norwood Systems Investor Presentation February 2016Norwood Systems Investor Presentation February 2016
Norwood Systems Investor Presentation February 2016
 
Celsius Network - NOAH19 Berlin
Celsius Network - NOAH19 BerlinCelsius Network - NOAH19 Berlin
Celsius Network - NOAH19 Berlin
 

More from OECDtax

More from OECDtax (20)

Convention multilatérale pour la mise en œuvre des mesures relatives aux conv...
Convention multilatérale pour la mise en œuvre des mesures relatives aux conv...Convention multilatérale pour la mise en œuvre des mesures relatives aux conv...
Convention multilatérale pour la mise en œuvre des mesures relatives aux conv...
 
Multilateral instrument for BEPS tax treaty measures - Overview
Multilateral instrument for BEPS tax treaty measures - Overview Multilateral instrument for BEPS tax treaty measures - Overview
Multilateral instrument for BEPS tax treaty measures - Overview
 
Presentation: Economic impact assessment of the Two-Pillar Solution (January ...
Presentation: Economic impact assessment of the Two-Pillar Solution (January ...Presentation: Economic impact assessment of the Two-Pillar Solution (January ...
Presentation: Economic impact assessment of the Two-Pillar Solution (January ...
 
Tax Transparency in Latin America 2022
Tax Transparency in Latin America 2022Tax Transparency in Latin America 2022
Tax Transparency in Latin America 2022
 
Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2022
Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2022Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2022
Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2022
 
Fiscal sustainability and healthcare
Fiscal sustainability and healthcareFiscal sustainability and healthcare
Fiscal sustainability and healthcare
 
Will health spending and revenues be sustainable in the long-term?
Will health spending and revenues be sustainable in the long-term?Will health spending and revenues be sustainable in the long-term?
Will health spending and revenues be sustainable in the long-term?
 
The Latest Progress of China’s Property Tax Reform
The Latest Progress of China’s Property Tax ReformThe Latest Progress of China’s Property Tax Reform
The Latest Progress of China’s Property Tax Reform
 
Housing Policy and Fiscal Tools
Housing Policy and Fiscal ToolsHousing Policy and Fiscal Tools
Housing Policy and Fiscal Tools
 
OECD Regional Recovery Platform
OECD Regional Recovery PlatformOECD Regional Recovery Platform
OECD Regional Recovery Platform
 
How do you assess your country’s response during the crisis?
How do you assess your country’s response during the crisis?How do you assess your country’s response during the crisis?
How do you assess your country’s response during the crisis?
 
Intergovernmental relations and the covid-19 crisis: early lessons
Intergovernmental relations and the covid-19 crisis: early lessonsIntergovernmental relations and the covid-19 crisis: early lessons
Intergovernmental relations and the covid-19 crisis: early lessons
 
Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2021: Informe de Progreso de la Declar...
Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2021: Informe de Progreso de la Declar...Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2021: Informe de Progreso de la Declar...
Transparencia Fiscal en América Latina 2021: Informe de Progreso de la Declar...
 
Tax Transparency in Latin America 2021: Punta del Este Declaration Progress R...
Tax Transparency in Latin America 2021: Punta del Este Declaration Progress R...Tax Transparency in Latin America 2021: Punta del Este Declaration Progress R...
Tax Transparency in Latin America 2021: Punta del Este Declaration Progress R...
 
Transparence fiscale en Afrique 2021 : Rapport de progrès de l'Initiative Afr...
Transparence fiscale en Afrique 2021 : Rapport de progrès de l'Initiative Afr...Transparence fiscale en Afrique 2021 : Rapport de progrès de l'Initiative Afr...
Transparence fiscale en Afrique 2021 : Rapport de progrès de l'Initiative Afr...
 
Tax Transparency in Africa 2021: Africa Initiative Progress Report
Tax Transparency in Africa 2021: Africa Initiative Progress ReportTax Transparency in Africa 2021: Africa Initiative Progress Report
Tax Transparency in Africa 2021: Africa Initiative Progress Report
 
OECD Tax Talks #18 (4 March 2021)
OECD Tax Talks #18 (4 March 2021)OECD Tax Talks #18 (4 March 2021)
OECD Tax Talks #18 (4 March 2021)
 
Independent oversight bodies lessons from fiscal productivity and regulatory ...
Independent oversight bodies lessons from fiscal productivity and regulatory ...Independent oversight bodies lessons from fiscal productivity and regulatory ...
Independent oversight bodies lessons from fiscal productivity and regulatory ...
 
Item viiib-funding-devolved-government-in-the-uk-scotland-2020
Item viiib-funding-devolved-government-in-the-uk-scotland-2020Item viiib-funding-devolved-government-in-the-uk-scotland-2020
Item viiib-funding-devolved-government-in-the-uk-scotland-2020
 
Item viiia-investments-in-local-and-regional-sector-in-finland-2020
Item viiia-investments-in-local-and-regional-sector-in-finland-2020Item viiia-investments-in-local-and-regional-sector-in-finland-2020
Item viiia-investments-in-local-and-regional-sector-in-finland-2020
 

Recently uploaded

Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino Caucus
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusLatino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino Caucus
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino Caucus
Danay Escanaverino
 
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
ydubwyt
 
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
DOT TECH
 
一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
zsewypy
 
655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf
655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf
655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf
morearsh02
 
PD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdf
PD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdfPD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdf
PD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdf
JerrySMaliki
 

Recently uploaded (20)

How can I sell my Pi coins in Vietnam easily?
How can I sell my Pi coins in Vietnam easily?How can I sell my Pi coins in Vietnam easily?
How can I sell my Pi coins in Vietnam easily?
 
National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)
National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)
National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA)
 
Jio Financial service Multibagger 2024 from India stock Market
Jio Financial service  Multibagger 2024 from India stock MarketJio Financial service  Multibagger 2024 from India stock Market
Jio Financial service Multibagger 2024 from India stock Market
 
Introduction to Economics II Chapter 25 Production and Growth.pdf
Introduction to Economics II Chapter 25 Production and Growth.pdfIntroduction to Economics II Chapter 25 Production and Growth.pdf
Introduction to Economics II Chapter 25 Production and Growth.pdf
 
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino Caucus
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusLatino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino Caucus
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino Caucus
 
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版BCU毕业证伯明翰城市大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
 
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.what is the future of Pi Network currency.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.
 
Digital Finance Summit 2024 Partners Brochure
Digital Finance Summit 2024 Partners BrochureDigital Finance Summit 2024 Partners Brochure
Digital Finance Summit 2024 Partners Brochure
 
is it possible to sell pi network coin in 2024.
is it possible to sell pi network coin in 2024.is it possible to sell pi network coin in 2024.
is it possible to sell pi network coin in 2024.
 
how can I transfer pi coins to someone in a different country.
how can I transfer pi coins to someone in a different country.how can I transfer pi coins to someone in a different country.
how can I transfer pi coins to someone in a different country.
 
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYChow can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYC
 
一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
一比一原版Adelaide毕业证阿德莱德大学毕业证成绩单如何办理
 
655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf
655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf
655264371-checkpoint-science-past-papers-april-2023.pdf
 
9th issue of our inhouse magazine Ingenious May 2024.pdf
9th issue of our inhouse magazine Ingenious May 2024.pdf9th issue of our inhouse magazine Ingenious May 2024.pdf
9th issue of our inhouse magazine Ingenious May 2024.pdf
 
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024
 
How can I sell my pi coins in Indonesia?
How can I  sell my pi coins in Indonesia?How can I  sell my pi coins in Indonesia?
How can I sell my pi coins in Indonesia?
 
how to sell pi coins on Binance exchange
how to sell pi coins on Binance exchangehow to sell pi coins on Binance exchange
how to sell pi coins on Binance exchange
 
PD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdf
PD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdfPD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdf
PD ARRAY THEORY FOR INTERMEDIATE (1).pdf
 
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Introduction to Indian Financial System ()
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()
 
what is a pi whale and how to access one.
what is a pi whale and how to access one.what is a pi whale and how to access one.
what is a pi whale and how to access one.
 

Item viib-global-ratings-view-on-global-lrg-indebtedness-2020

  • 1. S&P Global Ratings View On Global LRG Indebtedness Felix Ejgel, Senior Director and Sector Lead, Sovereign/International Public Finance 4 December 2020 Permission to reprint or distribute any content from this presentation requires the prior written approval of S&P Global Ratings. Not for distribution to the public. Copyright © 2019 by S&P Global. All rights reserved.
  • 2. Australia, China And India Are Leading The Global LRG Borrowing Uptick To change, turn on or off footer: Inset > Header & Footer > Enter / change text > Click Apply All. 2
  • 3. COVID-19 Outbreak Leads To Higher Debt Burden 3
  • 4. Key Elements of Fiscal Policy Framework To change, turn on or off footer: Inset > Header & Footer > Enter / change text > Click Apply All. 4 - Restrictions on budget deficit: ‘balanced budget requirement’, ‘debt brake rule’ - Restrictions of debt burden/debt service - Restrictions on types of debt: ban on foreign currency borrowings, use of bonds only, availability of treasury loans - Control over off-balance sheet borrowings
  • 5. Contact Us 5 Felix Ejgel Senior Director, IPF Ratings, London felix.ejgel@spglobal.com
  • 6. 6 Copyright © 2020 by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC. All rights reserved. No content (including ratings, credit-related analyses and data, valuations, model, software or other application or output therefrom) or any part thereof (Content) may be modified, reverse engineered, reproduced or distributed in any form by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC or its affiliates (collectively, S&P). The Content shall not be used for any unlawful or unauthorized purposes. S&P and any third-party providers, as well as their directors, officers, shareholders, employees or agents (collectively S&P Parties) do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, timeliness or availability of the Content. S&P Parties are not responsible for any errors or omissions (negligent or otherwise), regardless of the cause, for the results obtained from the use of the Content, or for the security or maintenance of any data input by the user. The Content is provided on an "as is" basis. S&P PARTIES DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR USE, FREEDOM FROM BUGS, SOFTWARE ERRORS OR DEFECTS, THAT THE CONTENT'S FUNCTIONING WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, OR THAT THE CONTENT WILL OPERATE WITH ANY SOFTWARE OR HARDWARE CONFIGURATION. In no event shall S&P Parties be liable to any party for any direct, indirect, incidental, exemplary, compensatory, punitive, special or consequential damages, costs, expenses, legal fees, or losses (including, without limitation, lost income or lost profits and opportunity costs or losses caused by negligence) in connection with any use of the Content even if advised of the possibility of such damages. Credit-related and other analyses, including ratings, and statements in the Content are statements of opinion as of the date they are expressed and not statements of fact. S&P's opinions, analyses, and rating acknowledgment decisions (described below) are not recommendations to purchase, hold, or sell any securities or to make any investment decisions, and do not address the suitability of any security. S&P assumes no obligation to update the Content following publication in any form or format. The Content should not be relied on and is not a substitute for the skill, judgment and experience of the user, its management, employees, advisors and/or clients when making investment and other business decisions. S&P does not act as a fiduciary or an investment advisor except where registered as such. While S&P has obtained information from sources it believes to be reliable, S&P does not perform an audit and undertakes no duty of due diligence or independent verification of any information it receives. Rating-related publications may be published for a variety of reasons that are not necessarily dependent on action by rating committees, including, but not limited to, the publication of a periodic update on a credit rating and related analyses. To the extent that regulatory authorities allow a rating agency to acknowledge in one jurisdiction a rating issued in another jurisdiction for certain regulatory purposes, S&P reserves the right to assign, withdraw, or suspend such acknowledgement at any time and in its sole discretion. S&P Parties disclaim any duty whatsoever arising out of the assignment, withdrawal, or suspension of an acknowledgment as well as any liability for any damage alleged to have been suffered on account thereof. S&P keeps certain activities of its business units separate from each other in order to preserve the independence and objectivity of their respective activities. As a result, certain business units of S&P may have information that is not available to other S&P business units. S&P has established policies and procedures to maintain the confidentiality of certain nonpublic information received in connection with each analytical process. S&P may receive compensation for its ratings and certain analyses, normally from issuers or underwriters of securities or from obligors. S&P reserves the right to disseminate its opinions and analyses. S&P's public ratings and analyses are made available on its Web sites, www.standardandpoors.com (free of charge), and www.spcapitaliq.com (subscription) and may be distributed through other means, including via S&P publications and third-party redistributors. Additional information about our ratings fees is available at www.standardandpoors.com/usratingsfees. Australia: S&P Global Ratings Australia Pty Ltd holds Australian financial services license number 337565 under the Corporations Act 2001. S&P Global Ratings' credit ratings and related research are not intended for and must not be distributed to any person in Australia other than a wholesale client (as defined in Chapter 7 of the Corporations Act). STANDARD & POOR'S, S&P and RATINGSDIRECT are registered trademarks of Standard & Poor's Financial Services LLC. spglobal.com/ratings