RIBBON DEVELOPMENT

1. NAME : TANZEEL UR REHMAN
ROLL# : D -15-AR-35
SUBJECT : URBAN DESIGN
SUBMITTED TO : AR - ASIM MUBEEN

2. Ebenezer Howard
Ebenezer Howard (January 29, 1850 – May 1, 1928) was a
prominent British urban planner. He founded the English Garden
City Movement, which greatly influenced urban planning
throughout the world. Concerned about the deteriorating conditions
in large cities due to the rapid influx of large numbers of people,
Howard recognized the need to plan housing and amenities to
support the population. His personal experience in
both agricultural areas and urban environments led him to design
the "garden city," which was intended to provide comfortable,
affordable housing, arranged in ways to include nature.
In his idea of garden cities, Howard was influenced by earlier
attempts by wealthy industrialists to build healthy communities for
their employees. The most notable were those by W. H. Lever
(1851-1925) and George Cadbury (1839-1922), who built towns
near their factories. Also, in the late 1880s a new movement in
architecture was developed by John Ruskin and William Morris,
which emphasized the integration of city and country.
On the other side, there was a problem of the growth of
the Victorian industrial cities. Industrialization had drawn large
numbers of people into the cities, promising better wages, more
amusement, and more opportunities for social activities. However,
with people migrating in, the cities became overcrowded; the rent
and prices grew high, and the housing turned inadequate to
support all the people. The lack of adequate water supplies,
poor sewage systems, poverty, and slum living conditions led
to disease.
In this context, Howard developed his ideas. He published his
book in 1898, entitled To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real
Reform, which was reprinted in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-
Morrow. This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and

3. enjoying the benefits of both town—such as opportunity,
amusement and high wages, and country—such as beauty, fresh
air and low rents. He illustrated the idea with his famous Three
Magnets diagram, which addressed the question “Where will the
people go?” The three choices, or “three magnets” were “Town,”
“Country,” or “Town-Country.”
Howard called for the creation of new suburban towns of limited
size, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt
of agricultural land. Howard believed that such garden cities were
the perfect blend of city and nature. The towns would be largely
independent, and managed and financed by the citizens who had
an economic interest in them. He proposed that garden cities be
located in clusters around the central cities, interconnected and
sharing leisure facilities and services.
Howard’s ideas attracted enough attention and financial backing
to begin in early 1900s the Letchworth Garden City, a suburban
garden city north of London. A second garden city, Welwyn
Garden City, was started after World War I. His contact
with German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno Taut
resulted in the application of humane design principles in many
large housing projects built in the Weimar years.

4. RIBBON DEVELOPMENT
Ribbon development is building houses along the routes of
communications radiating from a human settlement. Such
development generated great concern in the United
Kingdom during the 1920s and the 1930s as well as in numerous
other countries.
Increasing motor car ownership meant that houses could be sold
easily even if they were remote from shops and other services. It
was attractive to developers because they did not have to waste
money or plot space constructing roads.
The practice became seen as inefficient use of resources and a
precursor to urban sprawl, so a key aim for the United
Kingdom's post-war planning system was to halt ribbon
development. It led to the introduction of green belt policies.

5. SATELLITE TOWN
A satellite town or satellite city is a concept in urban
planning that refers essentially to smaller metropolitan areas which
are located somewhat near to, but are mostly independent of larger
metropolitan areas.
Conceptually, satellite cities are miniature metro areas on the
fringe of larger ones. Satellite cities are sometimes listed as part of
the larger metro area, and sometimes listed as totally independent.
In the United States, satellite cities are often (but not always) listed
as independent Metropolitan Statistical Areas within a
single Combined Statistical Area that is unified with the larger
metropolis.
CHARACTERISTICS
Satellite cities are small or medium-sized cities near a
large metropolis, that:
 predate the metropolis' suburban expansion
 are at least partially independent from that metropolis
economically and socially
 are physically separated from the metropolis by rural territory
or by a major geographic barrier such as a large river; satellite
cities should have their own independent urbanized area, or
equivalent
 have their own bedroom communities
 have a traditional downtown surrounded by traditional "inner
city" neighborhoods
 may or may not be counted as part of the large metropolis’
combine statistical area.

6. cul de sac
 A dead end is a street with only one inlet/outlet. A dead end
is also known as a cul-de-sac from French for cul ["bottom"]
+ de ["of"] + sac ["bag, sack"]) or no exit road in certain
contexts and dialects.
 The term "dead end" is understood in all varieties of English,
but the official terminology and traffic signs include many
different alternatives. Some of these are used only
regionally. In the United States and other countries, cul-de-
sac is often not an exact synonym for dead end and refers to
dead ends with a circular end, allowing for easy turning at
the end of the road.
 Dead ends are created in urban planning to limit through-
traffic in residential areas. While some dead ends provide no
possible passage except in and out of their road entry,
others allow cyclists, pedestrians or other non-automotive
traffic to pass through connecting easements or paths, an
example of filtered permeability. Its application retains the
dead end's primary function as a non-through road, but
establishes complete pedestrian and bicycle network
connectivity

7. REFERENCE : www.wikipedia .pk
Garden city of tomorrow