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This document discusses phonetic transcription and phonemes. It defines a phoneme as the minimal distinctive sound unit of a language. Phonemes are contrastive and unpredictable, while allophones are consistent variants of phonemes that are in complementary distribution. The document also discusses phonetic transcription using the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent sounds, and provides examples of phonemic versus allophonic transcription. It gives instructions on how to transcribe words and includes transcription activities.
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This document discusses phonetics, the scientific study of human speech sounds. It covers the three branches of phonetics: articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics. It also describes the classification of consonant sounds according to their voicing, place of articulation in the mouth, and manner of articulation. Vowel sounds are described based on their tongue position and lip rounding. An activity section applies this knowledge by providing consonant sounds and their phonetic transcription, voicing, place and manner of articulation.
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This document provides an introduction to phonology, which is the study of sound systems in languages. It discusses key concepts like phonemes, allophones, and phonetic elements. The document outlines categories of phonology like vowels and consonants. It describes features of speech like stress, intonation, and rhythm. The document also discusses the importance of phonology for language learning, noting how sounds are linked and how pronunciation impacts spelling. It provides examples of classroom activities to teach pronunciation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of teachers having strong phonological knowledge to teach students.
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This document discusses the different manners of articulation in speech sounds. It describes 7 main manners: stops/plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, flaps/trills, laterals, and frictionless continuants/semi-vowels. Stops involve a complete closure of air passage, fricatives a partial closure with friction, and affricates combine a stop and fricative. Nasals allow air through the nose, flaps/trills involve tapping the tongue, and laterals release air from the sides of the tongue. Frictionless continuants like W and Y are similar to vowels. Examples are provided for each manner in English phonology.
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The document discusses phonetics, which is the study of human speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production, including the larynx, vocal cords, soft palate, and tongue. It explains the classification of sounds based on their manner of articulation (such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives), place of articulation, voicing, and other phonetic features. Key terms like pulmonic egressive airflow and voiced/voiceless are defined in the context of phonetic analysis.
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This document discusses the micro and macro functions of language. It outlines seven micro functions: physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. The physiological function releases physical and nervous energy through expressions like curse words. The phatic function facilitates sociability in communications like greeting letters. The four macro functions are ideational, interpersonal, poetic, and textual. The ideational function involves conceptual thinking, while the interpersonal function emphasizes language as a social tool to project the speaker. The poetic function manipulates language creatively, and the textual function creates cohesive and coherent long-form writing or speech. In conclusion, these are one perspective on language functions, and other approaches may identify different functions or names
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Chapter # 6- Sound patterns of language
This document discusses key concepts in phonology:
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- Phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Phones are phonetic units that can vary allophonically. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations.
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Phonetics is the scientific study of human speech sounds, how they are produced, transmitted, and received. It has three branches: articulatory phonetics studies sound production, acoustic phonetics sound transmission, and auditory phonetics sound reception. Phonology studies how sounds are organized into a language's system. It has two branches: segmental phonology examines discrete sound units, and suprasegmental phonology examines features like stress and intonation. Phonetics deals with sounds in general, while phonology deals specifically with how sounds are used in a given language. Diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds in one syllable, while monophthongs are single consistent vowel sounds.
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1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
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This document outlines the main branches of linguistics, including theoretical (general) linguistics, descriptive/applied linguistics, micro linguistics, and macro linguistics. Theoretical linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing languages, concepts and categories, and theories about universal aspects of language. Descriptive and applied linguistics describe data to confirm or refute language theories and apply concepts in areas like language teaching. Micro linguistics takes a narrow view of language structure, while macro linguistics takes a broad view relating language to other sciences and its application in daily life. Specific branches covered include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and more.
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This document provides an overview of phonetics transcription including vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. It examines various phonetic symbols and their pronunciation rules. Key sounds are defined such as plosives like p and b, fricatives like s and z, affricates like ch, and approximants like l and r. Various places and manners of articulation are also described for different consonant classes.
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This document provides an overview of neurolinguistics, which is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control language comprehension, production, and acquisition. Some key points discussed include:
- Broca's and Wernicke's areas were among the first language areas localized in the brain based on studies of patients with expressive and receptive aphasia.
- Neuroimaging techniques like PET, fMRI, EEG, and MEG have helped identify a network of language-related brain regions and study the time course of language processes.
- Studies of language acquisition have explored how brain structures relate to acquiring a first or second language at different developmental stages.
- Neurolinguistics aims
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English Pholonogy (II Bimestre)
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Inglés
English Phonology
II Bimestre
Abril-Agosto 2007
Ponente: Dra. Cármen Benitez
6. intonation
Intonation refers to the rise and fall patterns of pitch in speech that convey meaning. Intonation serves grammatical functions like distinguishing statements from questions, as well as attitudinal functions by expressing emotions. It also aids discourse by focusing listener attention and regulating conversation. To teach intonation, one must understand tone units, pitch patterns like falling tones used in statements, and how intonation conveys new versus given information through referring and proclaiming tones.
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ppt on phonology
This document provides an introduction to phonology, which is the study of sound systems in languages. It discusses key concepts like phonemes, allophones, and phonetic elements. The document outlines categories of phonology like vowels and consonants. It describes features of speech like stress, intonation, and rhythm. The document also discusses the importance of phonology for language learning, noting how sounds are linked and how pronunciation impacts spelling. It provides examples of classroom activities to teach pronunciation. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of teachers having strong phonological knowledge to teach students.
Manner of articulation
This document discusses the different manners of articulation in speech sounds. It describes 7 main manners: stops/plosives, fricatives, affricates, nasals, flaps/trills, laterals, and frictionless continuants/semi-vowels. Stops involve a complete closure of air passage, fricatives a partial closure with friction, and affricates combine a stop and fricative. Nasals allow air through the nose, flaps/trills involve tapping the tongue, and laterals release air from the sides of the tongue. Frictionless continuants like W and Y are similar to vowels. Examples are provided for each manner in English phonology.
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The document discusses phonetics, which is the study of human speech sounds. It describes the organs involved in speech production, including the larynx, vocal cords, soft palate, and tongue. It explains the classification of sounds based on their manner of articulation (such as plosives, nasals, and fricatives), place of articulation, voicing, and other phonetic features. Key terms like pulmonic egressive airflow and voiced/voiceless are defined in the context of phonetic analysis.
Function of language
This document discusses the micro and macro functions of language. It outlines seven micro functions: physiological, phatic, recording, identifying, reasoning, communicating, and pleasure functions. The physiological function releases physical and nervous energy through expressions like curse words. The phatic function facilitates sociability in communications like greeting letters. The four macro functions are ideational, interpersonal, poetic, and textual. The ideational function involves conceptual thinking, while the interpersonal function emphasizes language as a social tool to project the speaker. The poetic function manipulates language creatively, and the textual function creates cohesive and coherent long-form writing or speech. In conclusion, these are one perspective on language functions, and other approaches may identify different functions or names
Minimal pairs
The document discusses minimal pairs, which are pairs of words that differ by only one sound. Minimal pairs are useful for distinguishing between similar sounds. Some examples of minimal pairs provided are thin/thing, alive/arrive, sea/she, fan/van, fat/hat, free/three, sink/think, with/whizz, and page/pays. A minimal pair consists of two words or phrases that differ in only one phonological element, such as the onset, nucleus, or coda of a syllable.
SAPIRWHORF HYPOTHEIS
Human beings do not live alone in the world and language plays a key role in how people understand reality. According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, the language we speak completely determines how we think and perceive the world, with no true translation possible between languages. More moderate versions hold that language influences thought but does not determine it entirely, and different languages may influence how their speakers perceive some concepts like time, numbers, or colors. Many studies have investigated this hypothesis but have found both supporting and non-supporting evidence.
Suprasegmental features
Content words such as verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs carry meaning in language and are stressed when spoken. Structure words like pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and auxiliary verbs are used for correct grammar but are unstressed. The document provides examples of content and structure words in English to distinguish words that carry meaning from function words.
Language testing
Language testing is the practice of evaluating an individual's proficiency in using a particular language. There are two main types of assessment: formative assessment which checks student progress, and summative assessment which measures achievement at the end of a term. There are five common types of language tests: proficiency tests which measure overall ability, achievement tests related to course content, diagnostic tests which identify strengths and weaknesses, placement tests for assigning students to class levels, and direct/indirect tests. The effect of testing on teaching is known as backwash, which can be harmful if not aligned with course objectives, or beneficial if tests influence instructional changes.
History of applied linguistic
Applied linguistics began in the 1950s with the founding of the University of Edinburgh School of Applied Linguistics in 1956 and the Center of Applied Linguistics in Washington D.C. in 1957. The British Association of Applied Linguistics was formally established in 1967 to promote the study of language use, acquisition, and teaching. Applied linguistics is concerned with the role of language in people's lives and problems associated with language use, drawing from linguistics as well as other fields like education, sociology, and anthropology. It differs from linguistics in that linguistics focuses only on describing language itself, while applied linguistics seeks to address real-world language issues.
Chapter # 6- Sound patterns of language
This document discusses key concepts in phonology:
- Phonology is the scientific study of the sound system and patterns of a language. It examines phonemes, phones, allophones, minimal pairs, phonotactics, syllables, clusters, co-articulation, assimilation, and elision.
- Phonemes are the minimal meaningful units of sound that distinguish one word from another. Phones are phonetic units that can vary allophonically. Phonotactics govern permissible sound combinations.
- Other concepts covered include minimal pairs, which differ in one phoneme; minimal sets, which vary a single phoneme; assimilation, where sounds influence each other; and elision, the non-pronunciation
Phonetics and Phonology - Diphthongs and Monophthongs - Presentation Slide - ...
Phonetics is the scientific study of human speech sounds, how they are produced, transmitted, and received. It has three branches: articulatory phonetics studies sound production, acoustic phonetics sound transmission, and auditory phonetics sound reception. Phonology studies how sounds are organized into a language's system. It has two branches: segmental phonology examines discrete sound units, and suprasegmental phonology examines features like stress and intonation. Phonetics deals with sounds in general, while phonology deals specifically with how sounds are used in a given language. Diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds in one syllable, while monophthongs are single consistent vowel sounds.
Phonetic and Phonology
1/The word “ Phone” means sound and “tics” means scientific or systematic study of something. So we can say that Phonetics means scientific or systematic study of human speech sounds.
Phonetics is general study of all human speech sounds and how they are produced, transmitted and received.
2/Phonology is the study of the sound system of particulars human languages, include dialects and other language varieties.
Branches of linguistics
This document outlines the main branches of linguistics, including theoretical (general) linguistics, descriptive/applied linguistics, micro linguistics, and macro linguistics. Theoretical linguistics is concerned with frameworks for describing languages, concepts and categories, and theories about universal aspects of language. Descriptive and applied linguistics describe data to confirm or refute language theories and apply concepts in areas like language teaching. Micro linguistics takes a narrow view of language structure, while macro linguistics takes a broad view relating language to other sciences and its application in daily life. Specific branches covered include phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and more.
1. speech organs and their role
The speech organs can be divided into three main systems - respiratory, phonatory, and articulatory. The respiratory system includes the lungs and trachea and provides the air source for speech. The phonatory system includes the larynx and vocal folds, which can vibrate to produce voiced sounds. The articulators in the articulatory system, including the lips, tongue, jaw, and palate, can be moved in different positions and shapes to produce distinct speech sounds by modifying the air stream from the lungs. Each speech organ plays an important role in the production of speech.
Assimilation
This document discusses assimilation, which is when a phoneme is realized differently due to the influence of a neighboring phoneme. Assimilation is defined as a sound replacing or changing properties under the influence of an adjacent sound. Consonants and vowels are affected by their neighbors through assimilation. Assimilation can be regressive or progressive and involve place, voice, or manner of articulation. It typically occurs regressively except in suffixes like -s or -ed where it is progressive.
Forensic linguistics
This is my presentation in the Applied Linguistics module. I hope it will be helpful for all of you.
Phonetics transcription
This document provides an overview of phonetics transcription including vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. It examines various phonetic symbols and their pronunciation rules. Key sounds are defined such as plosives like p and b, fricatives like s and z, affricates like ch, and approximants like l and r. Various places and manners of articulation are also described for different consonant classes.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
Psycholinguistics is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, and understand language. It investigates the three primary processes of language comprehension, language production, and language acquisition. Psycholinguistics is a branch of cognitive science that draws from fields like psychology, neuroscience, linguistics and computer science to understand how humans perceive, learn, and produce language.
Neurolinguistics
This document provides an overview of neurolinguistics, which is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control language comprehension, production, and acquisition. Some key points discussed include:
- Broca's and Wernicke's areas were among the first language areas localized in the brain based on studies of patients with expressive and receptive aphasia.
- Neuroimaging techniques like PET, fMRI, EEG, and MEG have helped identify a network of language-related brain regions and study the time course of language processes.
- Studies of language acquisition have explored how brain structures relate to acquiring a first or second language at different developmental stages.
- Neurolinguistics aims
Manner of articulation
This document describes the six main manners of articulation in phonology: plosive, nasal, fricative, affricative, lateral, and approximant. It provides details on three types of plosive sounds - bilabial (/p/ and /b/), alveolar (/t/ and /d/), and velar (/k/ and /g/). It also discusses the three nasal sounds - bilabial (/m/), alveolar (/n/), and velar (/ŋ/). For each sound, it outlines the place and manner of articulation, distinctive features, occurrences, and spelling forms.
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Phonetics and Phonology - Diphthongs and Monophthongs - Presentation Slide - ...
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English Pholonogy (II Bimestre)
Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
Inglés
English Phonology
II Bimestre
Abril-Agosto 2007
Ponente: Dra. Cármen Benitez
6. intonation
Intonation refers to the rise and fall patterns of pitch in speech that convey meaning. Intonation serves grammatical functions like distinguishing statements from questions, as well as attitudinal functions by expressing emotions. It also aids discourse by focusing listener attention and regulating conversation. To teach intonation, one must understand tone units, pitch patterns like falling tones used in statements, and how intonation conveys new versus given information through referring and proclaiming tones.
INTONATION AND ITS FUNCTIONS
Intonation refers to variations in pitch when speaking and helps convey meaning. It has several key components including pitch, sentence stress, and rhythm. Intonation patterns differ between languages like English and Ukrainian. In English, falling intonation is most common and used for statements while rising intonation expresses questions, lists, and lack of certainty. Ukrainian uses rising and falling intonation differently, with pitch changes occurring on accented syllables. Speakers must be careful not to transfer intonation patterns from their native language when speaking English.
Phonetics
The presentation is about vowels, diphthongs, suprasegmentals, intonation and tone, speech production and some common articulatory processes.
SPEAKING SKILLS
1. The document discusses speaking skills, specifically pronunciation, stress, and intonation. It provides examples of phonetic transcriptions and discusses how to correctly pronounce words.
2. Stress refers to emphasis on certain syllables in words. Primary stress is indicated by an apostrophe, while secondary stress is indicated by a comma. Stress helps differentiate words and focus attention.
3. Intonation involves pitch and tone of voice. There are falling, rising, and fall-rising tones that serve grammatical functions like statements versus questions. Proper pronunciation, stress, and intonation are important for clear communication.
Suprasegmental or prosodic properties
Suprasegmental properties refer to aspects of sound that are not properties of individual segments like vowels and consonants, and include pitch, loudness, length, tone, intonation, and stress. Tone and intonation involve controlled pitch movement, with tone distinguishing word meanings in tonal languages and intonation conveying information without changing meaning. Stress involves combining pitch, loudness, and length to emphasize certain syllables in words for purposes like marking boundaries and adding contrast.
Intro to Linguistic.pptx
This document discusses various topics related to linguistics including:
- Group 1 members Ervina Nur M, Sofiatul bahiroh, and Yenni rahmawati.
- Definitions of language including it being a system of communication using sounds and words with meaning.
- Characteristics of language including it being systematic, using signs and sounds, having meaning, and being unique yet universal.
- Descriptive and prescriptive grammar as well as subdisciplines of linguistics.
- Phonetics topics including segmental features, suprasegmental features, places and manners of articulation for consonants and vowels.
Teachpron todo
Teaching pronunciation involves teaching the sounds, stress, rhythm, and intonation patterns of a language. It includes identifying phonemes - the smallest units of sound that distinguish meaning. Teachers should provide authentic models, encourage listening practice, and integrate pronunciation into other lessons. They should also teach recognition before production and be aware of how a student's first language may influence their pronunciation in a second language. Effective techniques include using phonetic scripts, minimal pairs, and awareness of universal processes of pronunciation acquisition.
Introduction to Suprasegmental Features
Suprasegmental features are prosodic elements of speech such as intonation, rhythm, stress and tone that operate over longer stretches of speech rather than individual sounds. They affect the pronunciation of segments and can change or clarify the meaning of words and sentences. Examples given include vowel length changing meaning in some languages, intonation conveying emotion, and stress and pausing altering sentence meaning in English. Tone languages also use pitch at the syllable level to distinguish word meanings.
Presentation 1 (1) (4).pdf
Intonation refers to the patterns of pitch used in speech to convey meaning. There are four main types of tones used in intonation: fall-rise, rise-fall, rise, and falling. Intonation serves four functions: attitudinal, accentual, grammatical, and discourse. The attitudinal function conveys emotions, the accentual function determines stress placement, the grammatical function distinguishes statements from questions, and the discourse function focuses attention and regulates conversation. Intonation is measured acoustically by frequency, amplitude, and duration/fluctuation.
Conceps about vocabulary and pronunciation
Conceps about vocabulary and pronunciationEduardo Hernández Rangel, MCC, PMP, ITIL Cer, Scrum Master
This document discusses concepts related to pronunciation for English learners whose first language is Spanish. It covers several areas that can cause problems for Spanish speakers learning English pronunciation, including vowel sounds, consonants, stress and intonation patterns. Examples are provided to illustrate minimal word pairs that differ by just one sound, as well as examples of stressed and unstressed syllables. An overview of phonology and the physics of speech production is also presented.Functions of stress and intonation pres
Intonation serves several important linguistic functions in spoken language. It helps convey meaning through attitudes, marks a speaker's identity, determines stress patterns, clarifies grammar and syntax, and aids in segmenting information for listeners. Intonation allows speakers to express attitudes, regional identities, and indicates new information through stress. It also helps distinguish statements from questions and different types of sentences.
Suprasegmental features and Prosody
The document discusses several topics related to prosody and suprasegmental features in language:
- It defines prosody and suprasegmental features, and gives examples like pitch, loudness, duration.
- It describes the three main prosodic systems in English: stress, rhythm, and intonation. Stress operates at the word level, rhythm at the phrase level, and intonation spans entire utterances.
- It also discusses topics like word stress patterns, compounds words, and the rhythmic nature of English as being stress-timed.
- Intonation is defined as the melody of an utterance, with elements like pitch accents and their meaning determined by context.
REpresentation of Speech Sound.pptx
This document discusses the representation of speech sounds in three paragraphs:
1) It defines a phonological representation as the mental representation of sounds and combinations of sounds in a spoken language, which can be described at the acoustic, linguistic, or cognitive level.
2) It describes speech sounds as the vocal sounds used to form words, differentiated from letters, and notes that understanding speech sounds benefits speech development.
3) It outlines three levels of phonological structure: constituent structure, melodic structure, and A-structure, and discusses symbolic phonetic representation forms which represent sounds with symbols and diacritics.
Cebuano Language Objectives
This document provides an overview of the Cebuano language, including its alphabet, pronunciation, and common greetings. It begins by covering the Cebuano alphabet and pronunciation of vowels, consonants, diphthongs, and other sounds. It then discusses reading and writing Cebuano words according to a three-step rule. The next sections cover common greetings like "Good morning" and asking "How are you?". It expands on greetings by providing ways to ask about someone's name, how they are doing, and questions about where they are going or coming from. The document aims to teach basic pronunciation and conversational skills in Cebuano.
Sound Structure
The document discusses several key concepts in phonology:
1) Speech sounds can be decomposed into articulatory features that distinguish consonants and vowels across languages.
2) Phonemes are the basic sound units of a language and can be identified through minimal pairs.
3) Syllables group speech sounds and are important units for phonological rules and well-formed words. Languages vary in permissible syllable structures.
Pronounciation problems(final) copy
1) Pronunciation problems arise due to a lack of focus on pronunciation in teaching, influence of mother tongue, and inability to hear certain sounds.
2) In English, there are 44 sounds but only 26 letters, so spellings are not always a reliable guide to pronunciation. Certain letters have multiple sounds and some are sometimes silent.
3) Getting the schwa sound correct is important for accurate pronunciation. The schwa is the most common sound in English and occurs in unstressed syllables.
Phonology333
Phonology is the study of sound patterns in language. It examines how speech sounds are organized and interact within and across words. Phonology analyzes phonological processes such as assimilation, deletion, and stress assignment. It also considers phonological units like phonemes, allophones, and phonotactic constraints. Phonological knowledge allows speakers to produce and understand the sounds of their language.
Teaching phonetics
1. Pronunciation teaching involves working on sounds, stress, rhythm and intonation. The goal should be intelligibility rather than perfection.
2. Teachers should make students aware of pronunciation issues without using phonetic symbols. Using minimal pairs and demonstration can help students perceive sounds not in their native language.
3. Pronunciation can be taught in short discrete lessons or integrated into other lessons. Opportunistic teaching when issues come up is also effective. The focus should be on features that impact comprehensibility.
The features of the connected speech final
The document presents a presentation on the features of connected speech given to Sir Nazir Ahmad Malik. It discusses key features such as assimilation, rhythm, juncture, informal contractions like "wanna", compression, elision, and weak forms. Assimilation refers to one sound becoming similar to an adjacent sound. Languages have either stress-timed or syllable-timed rhythm. Juncture concerns the relationship between sounds. Informal contractions are shortened casual forms like "gonna". Compression reduces the number of syllables. Elision omits sounds and weak forms involve reduced pronunciation.
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Tania ppt
- 1. PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION Name of the Teacher- Tania John Course Title- Language and Linguistics
- 2. PHONEMES Phoneme - The minimal distinctive sound unit of a language. Minimal- It cannot be subdivided. Distinctive - When one phoneme is substituted by another meaning change. For example bat and cat. Phonemic symbols are enclosed within slant bars.
- 4. ALLOPHONES Consistent variants of the same phoneme. Non-contrastive. Complementary distribution. The substitution of one allophone in the place of another does not alter the meaning of the word.
- 7. Phonetic Transcription Transcription of all distinguishable segments of speech sound in an utterance using specific symbols. In English there is an incongruity between spelling and pronunciation. To overcome this linguists have evolved International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) IPA can be used to represent in writing all the sounds, words, phrases and sentences of any language. This type of graphic representation is known as Phonetic transcription.
- 8. Different Types of Phonetic Transcription Phonemic Transcription Allophonic Transcription Also called Broad transcription. Based on the assumption that each symbol represented the phoneme. Phonemic transcriptions are enclosed within slant bars. Also called Narrow transcription. Allophonic variations of the phonemes can be represented. Allophonic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets.
- 9. How to Transcribe using IPA Enclose the words transcribed in slant bars. All common punctuation marks are to be avoided. Even where capital letters are used in writing, use only the corresponding IPA symbols. In connected speech, begin with a single slant bar and end the sentence with double slant bars. Two tone groups may be separated by a single slant bar. Generally the content words are stressed while the function class words are unstressed.
- 10. ACTIVITY- 1 Transcribe the following words and mark the stress: Popular Silence Brother Quiet Century Business Furniture Yesterday Usual Successful
- 11. ACTIVITY- 2 Transcribe the paragraph given below and mark the stress: Tomorrow will be another fine day with temperatures reaching the mid twenties. A bit cool early in the morning with some showers likely but this will clear up towards midmorning and most areas will have prolonged sunshine for most of the afternoon. Wednesday’s not looking so good, rather dull and overcast with winds light to moderate and rain and drizzle spread over much of the south of the country. Temperatures around 15 to 17 degrees Celsius dropping as low as 12 degrees overnight in hilly areas, possibly a few patches of fog in lowlying areas. (taken from Advanced Conversation Practice – Teacher’s Book – p. 101)