The document discusses various types of greener solvents, including unconventional solvents. It describes ionic liquids, liquid polymers, and switchable solvents as potential green alternatives to conventional organic solvents. Switchable solvents can change their hydrophilicity and polarity in response to carbon dioxide, allowing extraction and separation in a single step. The document also discusses using carbon dioxide as an expansion fluid to modify solvent properties and enhance mass transfer, as in supercritical CO2. Overall the document evaluates options for reducing the environmental and health impacts of solvents in chemical processes.
Pretreatment of wheat straw using deep eutectic solvents and ultraoundEuropeanPaper
By Andrea Skulcova, Slovak University of Technology. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
Deep Eutetic Solvents for Biomass Activation by Sauli Vuoti, Jaakko Hiltunen et al., VTT
ACel Programme Seminar June 5, 2015
http://fibic.fi/events/acel-program-seminar-jun-5-cellulose-reactivity-and-recycling-of-ionic-liquids
Decolorization potential of immobilized pseudomonas putida mtcc 1194 with low...eSAT Journals
Abstract A simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation method for removal of reactive blue-4 is reported here. The mustard stalk activated carbon (MSAC) using Pseudomonas putida MTCC1194 was applied to decolorize reactive blue-4. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various parameters; initial pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial concentration, on removal of reactive blue-4. Optimum conditions for reactive blue -4 removals were found to be pH 7, adsorbent dose10g/l, temperature 32°C at equilibrium time 360 min for 150 mg/l of dye concentration. Experimental data were analyzed by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of reactive blue 4 onto MSAC were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R). The results show that experimental data follow pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Out of four isotherms, Langmuir was found to be best fit with experimental data (R2 > 0.97), with 70.2% removal of reactive blue 4. Keywords: activated carbon mustard stalk, reactive blue 4, simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation (SAB), Pseudomonas putida
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Pretreatment of wheat straw using deep eutectic solvents and ultraoundEuropeanPaper
By Andrea Skulcova, Slovak University of Technology. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
Deep Eutetic Solvents for Biomass Activation by Sauli Vuoti, Jaakko Hiltunen et al., VTT
ACel Programme Seminar June 5, 2015
http://fibic.fi/events/acel-program-seminar-jun-5-cellulose-reactivity-and-recycling-of-ionic-liquids
Decolorization potential of immobilized pseudomonas putida mtcc 1194 with low...eSAT Journals
Abstract A simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation method for removal of reactive blue-4 is reported here. The mustard stalk activated carbon (MSAC) using Pseudomonas putida MTCC1194 was applied to decolorize reactive blue-4. Batch studies were performed to evaluate the influences of various parameters; initial pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial concentration, on removal of reactive blue-4. Optimum conditions for reactive blue -4 removals were found to be pH 7, adsorbent dose10g/l, temperature 32°C at equilibrium time 360 min for 150 mg/l of dye concentration. Experimental data were analyzed by pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Equilibrium isotherms for the adsorption of reactive blue 4 onto MSAC were analyzed by Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R). The results show that experimental data follow pseudo-second order kinetics and intra-particle diffusion model. Out of four isotherms, Langmuir was found to be best fit with experimental data (R2 > 0.97), with 70.2% removal of reactive blue 4. Keywords: activated carbon mustard stalk, reactive blue 4, simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation (SAB), Pseudomonas putida
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Presented to:
Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission and
Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board
Presented by:
Jeff Brubaker, ACWA Site Manager
John Barton, Systems Contractor Chief Scientist
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Rapid Determination of Indirect COD and Polyvinyl Alcohol from Textile Desizi...Sandip Magdum
PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) is completely degraded and utilized by non-ubiquitous microorganisms as a sole source of carbon. PVA containing effluent treatments are not preferred because of high cost. PVA causes serious environmental pollution hence the objective of this work was to establish rapid and reliable method for analysis of COD (Chemical oxygen demand) and PVA concentration in textile desizing or any PVA containing effluent. Two indirect methods namely COD by TC (Total carbon) and TOC (Total organic carbon) were compared with COD chemical as standard. The percentage deviation of 0-0.8% PVA was same in both indirect COD by TC and TOC whereas for 1 - 4% PVA it was <10 for COD by TC and 30 to 35 for COD by TOC. Standard deviation range for indirect COD by TC was 600-3000, while indirect COD by TOC was 1500-28000. Indirect COD by TC was found more precise than indirect COD by TOC for PVA containing samples and more rapid than COD chemical. The spectrophotometrically analyzing PVA concentration by iodine method was reconfirmed and absorbance at 690 nm indicates corresponding PVA concentration. TC and iodine methods of analyzing PVA containing effluent were rapid and precise than conventional chemical COD method; these could be useful in the faster pollution detection and environmental protection from PVA.
Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012...Helalley Helalley
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present
Reuse of inorganic sludge as a coagulant on colloidal suspension removal in r...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Presented to:
Kentucky Chemical Demilitarization Citizens’ Advisory Commission and
Chemical Destruction Community Advisory Board
Presented by:
Jeff Brubaker, ACWA Site Manager
John Barton, Systems Contractor Chief Scientist
Applicability of Fenton Process for Treatment of Industrial Effluents: A ReviewIJERA Editor
Wastewater and effluent treatment has undergone innovative changes over the years. Traditional wastewater treatment has yielded to modern and path-breaking procedures which are more efficient and effective. The world of difficulties and unknown has opened new avenues and paths to highly feasible effluent treatment procedures, so the vigorous importance of advanced oxidation procedures. This review paper will delineate the increasing importance of various advanced oxidation processes including Fenton treatment for wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP’s), which involve and includes the in-situ generation of highly potent chemical oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical, have emerged as an important avenue of technologies to accelerate the non-selective oxidation and thus the destruction of a wide range of non-degradable organic contaminants in wastewater which cannot be eliminated biologically. Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are technologies based on the generation of highly reactive species, the hydroxyl radicals, used in oxidative degradation procedures for organic compounds dissolved or dispersed in aquatic media. These processes are promising alternatives for decontamination of media containing dissolved recalcitrant organic substances, which would not be efficiently removed by conventional methods.
Rapid Determination of Indirect COD and Polyvinyl Alcohol from Textile Desizi...Sandip Magdum
PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) is completely degraded and utilized by non-ubiquitous microorganisms as a sole source of carbon. PVA containing effluent treatments are not preferred because of high cost. PVA causes serious environmental pollution hence the objective of this work was to establish rapid and reliable method for analysis of COD (Chemical oxygen demand) and PVA concentration in textile desizing or any PVA containing effluent. Two indirect methods namely COD by TC (Total carbon) and TOC (Total organic carbon) were compared with COD chemical as standard. The percentage deviation of 0-0.8% PVA was same in both indirect COD by TC and TOC whereas for 1 - 4% PVA it was <10 for COD by TC and 30 to 35 for COD by TOC. Standard deviation range for indirect COD by TC was 600-3000, while indirect COD by TOC was 1500-28000. Indirect COD by TC was found more precise than indirect COD by TOC for PVA containing samples and more rapid than COD chemical. The spectrophotometrically analyzing PVA concentration by iodine method was reconfirmed and absorbance at 690 nm indicates corresponding PVA concentration. TC and iodine methods of analyzing PVA containing effluent were rapid and precise than conventional chemical COD method; these could be useful in the faster pollution detection and environmental protection from PVA.
Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012...Helalley Helalley
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present
Reuse of inorganic sludge as a coagulant on colloidal suspension removal in r...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This slide show. gives the total knowledge of green chemistry and its applications in various fields. It also describes the essentiality of green chemistry and its role in decreasing pollution
Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a wastewater management technique that eliminates liquid waste discharge going outside of operating plants. This has attracted renewed interest worldwide in recent years.
The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Green Chemistry moves our consideration of how to deal with environmental, health and safety problems from the circumstantial to the intrinsic.
APIT, OPTIMISATION ,SCALE UP ,WORK UP, GREEN CHEMISTRY ,MSSDS, SOLVENT SELECTION, EFFLUENT TREATMENT AND MINIMISATION ,HEALTH HAZARD AND SAFETY HAZARD, IN PROCESS CONTROL
• Fragment Libraries
• Screening compounds
• Large collection of building blocks and intermediates
• PROTACs
• Custom and contract synthesis
• Scale up and route development
• Stable label synthesis
Ppt about green chemistry , sustainable chemistry , sustainable development , reactions in sustainable development, organic synthesis via green chemistry and sustainable development.
Solvent Recovery is an environmentally and economically feasible process used in pharmaceutical, chemical and other industries employing the limited resources.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
3. Typical stage of university technologies:
• Bench-test proof of utility
• Applications speculative and unproven
• Incomplete material characterization
• Grams of sample
• Manufacturing feasibility not studied
What Industry wants:
• Demonstrated scale-up
• Optimization
• Field-test proof of utility
• Kilograms of sample
The Commercialization Gap
4. Process for Technology Disclosures
Stage 1:
Quick Screening
Stage 2:
Technology
Assessment
Stage 3:
Technology
Development
Output: analysis of
commercialization potential
Output: technology
returned without
assessment
Output:
licensable
technology;
75/25 split $
$
Assessment indicates need
for PoP funding
GCC
Option
GCC
exclusive
license
6. GOALS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY: REDUCE SOLVENT USE
http://www.caraet.com/Waste_solvent.htm
Mass utilization in fine chemical production
Solvent 80-90%
Other
10-20%
“E” factor =
Mass of waste
Mass of product
Industry segment Product tonnage E factor
Bulk chemicals 104 - 106 <1 - 5
Fine chemicals 103 - 104 5 - 50
Pharmaceuticals 10 - 103 25 - over 100
R. Sheldon, CHEMTECH 1994, 38.
7.
8. PROBLEMS WITH CURRENTLY USED SOLVENTS
In the US in the early 1990’s:
• solvent production was 26 million tons p.a.
• of tracked chemicals, many of the top chemicals released or disposed of were solvents
(MeOH, toluene, xylene, CS2, MEK, CH2Cl2)
Organic solvent hazards
• flammable (almost all except chlorinated solvents)
• carcinogenic (chlorinated solvents and aromatics)
• high vapour pressure (i.e. inhalation route)
• narcotic (ether, chloroform)
• toxic (MeOH, CS2)
• mutagens/teratogens (toluene)
• peroxides (ethers)
• smog formation
9. OUTLINE
1. Reducing the Impact of Solvents
2. Solvent Properties
3. Greener Conventional Solvents
4. Unconventional Solvents
5. Conclusions
10. DECREASING THE IMPACT OF SOLVENTS
1. Reduce the volume of solvent
• use higher concentrations
• use solvent for more than one step
2. Make the solvents greener
• carefully chosen conventional solvents
• new green solvents
11. Murphy’s Law of Solvents
“The best solvent for any
process step is bad for the
subsequent step.”
15. APPLICATION TO POLYSTYRENE SYNTHESIS
1.0 mL styrene
4.5 mL DBU/PrOH
45 mg initiator
75 ˚C
6 h
CO2
filter or centrifuge
+
Mn = 412,000
PDI = 1.57
N2
16. DECREASING THE IMPACT OF SOLVENTS
1. Reduce the volume of solvent
• use higher concentrations
• use solvent for more than one step
2. Make the solvents greener
• carefully chosen conventional solvents
• unconventional solvents
17. OUTLINE
1. Reducing the Impact of Solvents
2. Solvent Properties
3. Greener Conventional Solvents
4. Unconventional Solvents
5. Conclusions
18. PROPERTIES OF CONCERN
For green-ness
boiling point / energy to distill
flash point
energy to distill
cumulative energy demand
the 10 factors
For utility
polarity
basicity / hydrogen-bond accepting ability
acidity / hydrogen-bond donating ability
viscosity
28. WHICH SOLVENT IS GREENER?
General Comparison
• solvent impact
• solvent impact including manufacture
• energy to manufacture / cumulative energy demand
Application-Specific Comparision
• ISO LCA
solvent #1 solvent #2
29. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH RISKS
Capello et al., Green Chem (2007) 9, 927
Alcohols
Acetate esters
Acids
Acetonitrile
Dioxane
Formaldehyde
30. ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR MANUFACTURE
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Ethanol Hexane Acetone Toluene DMF EtOAc THF
MJ/kg
Capello et al., Green Chem (2007) 9, 927
31. ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR A SOLVENT
How is DMF made?
How is hexane made?
oil hexane
distillation
32. WHICH SOLVENT IS GREENER?
General Comparison
• solvent impact
• solvent impact including manufacture
• energy to manufacture / cumulative energy demand
Application-Specific Comparision
• ISO LCA
solvent #1 solvent #2
Why would this give
a different result?
33. PROPOSED NEW GREEN ORGANIC SOLVENTS
Aparicio, Green Chem. (2009) 11, 65 Horvath, Green Chem., 2008, 10, 238
ethyl lactate
g-valerolactone
2-methyltetrahydrofuran cyclopentylmethylether
Aycock, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2007, 11, 156 Watanabe, Org. Process Res. Dev. 2007, 11, 251
low toxicity, biodegradable, renewable low toxicity, biodegradable, renewable
doesn’t form peroxides, low solubility in water
renewable
38. IN WATER
Why not water?
Li, 1995
http://students.washington.edu/~haoli/photo_gallery/archives/olympic/
39. SWITCHABLE WATER
water &
B
water &
[BHn][HCO3]n
CO2
-CO2
• low ionic strength
• low osmotic pressure
• good solvent for polar organics
• high ionic strength
• high osmotic pressure
• poor solvent for polar organics
Mercer, Jessop, et al. ChemSusChem (2010) 3, 467
Mercer, Jessop, et al. Green Chem (2012) 14, 832
water, B, &
product
CO2
water, B, &
product
filter
water &
[BHn][HCO3]n
product
product
-CO2
55. EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS BY CO2
CO2-expanded NEt3 (Jessop, 1996)
Volumetric expansion of aprotic solvents by CO2
at 40˚C (Kordikowski, 1995)
Characteristics:
• tunable polarity
• tunable solvent properties
• lowered melting point
• improved mass transfer rates
• improved solubility of reagent gases
56. EFFECT OF SOLVENT CHOICE
Expansion with CO2 increases in the order:
water < ionic liquid liquid polymer < protic polar < aprotic polar < nonpolar
Class Examples Volumetric
change
Properties that
change
Properties that
don’t change
I Water
Glycerol
Very small Acidity Most
II Hexane
Methanol
DMF
Very large All None
III Ionic liquids
Liquid polymers
Crude oil
Moderate Viscosity
Phase behaviour
Polarity
review paper: Jessop & Subramaniam, Chem. Rev. (2007) 107, 2666
58. CO2 CAN TRIGGER INSOLUBILITY AND IMMISCIBILITY
Polar solids are precipitated from solution when the solvent is expanded with CO2
CO2
CO2
pressure
Some miscible liquids become immiscible when expanded with CO2
Solvent A Solvent B P, bar
water methanol 80
water 1-propanol 68
water acetic acid 75
water acetone 26
water THF <10
water 1,4-dioxane <28
water MeCN <19
62. CO2 AS A SOLVENT
DuPont fluoropolymer plant, N.C
Natex CO2 decaffeination plant
CO2 dry cleaning
http://www.natex.at/album/index.htm
http://www.metropolitanmachinery.com/sail_star.htm
http://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/contractors/purification/novasep/novasep3.html
Prep SFC (Novasep)
63. scCO2 AS A SOLVENT
Safety Nonflammable Pressure
Nontoxic
In-situ fire/explosion suppression
Economics Free Pressure
Environment Recycled material
No smog, ozone contribution
Naturally occurring
Process benefits Rapid mass transfer Pressure
High solubility of reagent gases Low solubility of some reagents
Controllable solubilizing power
Easy to separate
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
64. OVERVIEW OF UNCONVENTIONAL GREEN SOLVENTS
ionic liquids
switchable
polarity
solvent
switchable
hydrophilicity
solvent
water
cxl acetone
cxl MeOH
ethanol
scCO2
65. SURVEY
If the adoption of greener solvents over the next 20-30 years will reduce
environmental damage from human activities, then the adoption of what class of
solvents will be responsible for the greatest reduction in environmental damage?
• Bioderived solvents (glycerol, 2-methylTHF, valerolactone, etc.)
• CO2 (liquid, supercritical, expanded liquid)
• Conventional organic solvents (carefully selected)
• Ionic liquids
• Switchable solvents
• Solvent-free conditions
• Water (including liquid, superheated, supercritical, on-water)
69. CONCLUSIONS
No solvent is perfectly green.
The nonconventional solvents are more exciting, but it’s
the conventional ones that are greening the industry.
We’re making progress populating the map with green
solvents.
Is it really green? Consider the solvent’s synthesis and
its effect on the entire process.