Alison Metcalfe presented her research on talking to children and young people about Familial Alzheimer's Disease and Familial Frontotemporal Dementia.
The Invisible Child: Understanding the Experiences of Siblings in the World of Chronic Illness was presetned at Akron Children's Hospital on July 6, 2011. The presentation is part of a monthly Pediatric Palliative Care Curriculum Series.
Steve Vitto Challeng of the Children Breaking Down the WallsSteve Vitto
Steve Vitto's presentation at the 2011 Challenge of the Children Conference at Hope College in Holland Michigan
Strategies for Defiant Students
svitto@muskegonisd.org
The Invisible Child: Understanding the Experiences of Siblings in the World of Chronic Illness was presetned at Akron Children's Hospital on July 6, 2011. The presentation is part of a monthly Pediatric Palliative Care Curriculum Series.
Steve Vitto Challeng of the Children Breaking Down the WallsSteve Vitto
Steve Vitto's presentation at the 2011 Challenge of the Children Conference at Hope College in Holland Michigan
Strategies for Defiant Students
svitto@muskegonisd.org
Steve Vitto Breaking Down The Walls With Attachment, Social Maladjustment And...Steve Vitto
A presentation that reviews the recent findings on the importance of a healthy attachment, the emergence of social maladjustment and conduct disorder, distinguishing conduct disorder and emotional disturbance, comorbidity and ADHD
There are multiple explanations for parental rejection in separated and divorcing families. In this dynamic, children and the parents they reject often struggle over a declining relationship and dissipating contact. Frequently the child’s parental rejection is mirrored in their pertinacious, visitation refusal behavior and in extreme cases of parental rejection children have been known to terminate all contact on a permanent basis
Responding to parental alienation for practitioners. This presentation contains the latest information on evidence based interventions for parental alienation
Powerpoint parenting plans for children with special needsBrenda McCreight
Children who have special needs require specialized parenting plans that reflect the child's unique capacity to make transitions, to have health care needs met, and to have therapeutic services provided in each home.
In honor of National Public Health Week, APHA, CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, and the Georgia Public Health Association hosted a dynamic panel discussing the importance of child maltreatment prevention. Prominent leaders in the field discussed current research, effective programs and the return on investment of child maltreatment prevention efforts.
Presentation by: Jenelle Shanley, PhD, Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University
SafeCare Website: http://publichealth.gsu.edu/968.html
Steve Vitto Breaking Down The Walls With Attachment, Social Maladjustment And...Steve Vitto
A presentation that reviews the recent findings on the importance of a healthy attachment, the emergence of social maladjustment and conduct disorder, distinguishing conduct disorder and emotional disturbance, comorbidity and ADHD
There are multiple explanations for parental rejection in separated and divorcing families. In this dynamic, children and the parents they reject often struggle over a declining relationship and dissipating contact. Frequently the child’s parental rejection is mirrored in their pertinacious, visitation refusal behavior and in extreme cases of parental rejection children have been known to terminate all contact on a permanent basis
Responding to parental alienation for practitioners. This presentation contains the latest information on evidence based interventions for parental alienation
Powerpoint parenting plans for children with special needsBrenda McCreight
Children who have special needs require specialized parenting plans that reflect the child's unique capacity to make transitions, to have health care needs met, and to have therapeutic services provided in each home.
In honor of National Public Health Week, APHA, CDC's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, and the Georgia Public Health Association hosted a dynamic panel discussing the importance of child maltreatment prevention. Prominent leaders in the field discussed current research, effective programs and the return on investment of child maltreatment prevention efforts.
Presentation by: Jenelle Shanley, PhD, Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University
SafeCare Website: http://publichealth.gsu.edu/968.html
A presentation on Family Finding given by Armando Ontiveros, M.A. Regional Executive Director;
Joel Martinez, B.A., Family Finding Specialist;
Linda Librizzi, LCSW Hollygrove Family Finding Program of EMQ FamiliesFirst.
This presentation was given at the Children's Network Conference in Ontario, CA on September 30th, 2010.
Communication with Children and Young Patients in MedicinesNawras AlHalabi
مهارات التواصل مع الأطفال والمرضى الصغار في الطّبّ
كلية الطب البشري في الجامعة السورية الخاصة
Please LIKE my page! http://facebook.com/NawrasAlHalabi
2014
Faculty of medicine of Syrian Private University.
Angela Hough-Maxwell, one of the speakers at the 2014 Psychology Festival of Learning, talks about the challenges of parenting today & how to overcome them.
Teen Parent Relationship Boundaries - GenzanduGenZandu
Establishing boundaries in a parent-teen relationship is crucial for fostering mutual respect and understanding. These boundaries may encompass areas such as privacy, communication, curfews, and responsibilities. Open dialogue, empathy, and compromise are essential for setting and maintaining these boundaries effectively. By clearly defining expectations and respecting each other's autonomy, parents and teens can cultivate a healthy, supportive relationship that promotes growth and independence while ensuring safety and well-being.
children therapy because its_for_the_kids Unit 11Bluecare
Working with Minors
Adolescent Case Scenario
Dana starting seeing you, her counsellor when she was 14 years old. Initially, her sessions were related to anxiety that began to peak at the time her parents separated. Dana continued to see you for over six months. As time went on, Dana began to disclose drug taking behaviour and sexual activity. She told you that she would occasionally smoke marijuana with her friends at parties and has protected sex with her boyfriend.
Dana confides that she really appreciates having you to talk to because no other adult understands what it’s like to be a teenager. She is also really happy that you haven’t told her Mum or Dad anything about the drugs or sex.
In this session, Dana discloses that she has broken up with her boyfriend. She also tells you that a friend-of-a-friend is organising heroin for them to try at a party on the weekend. She is really looking forward to it and says it will be her first try of a drug other than marijuana. She is also pleased that there’ll be “lots of new boys there” as they are announcing the party on Facebook.
U nit 6 children therapy because its_for_the_kidsBluecare
Working with Minors
Adolescent Case Scenario
Dana starting seeing you, her counsellor when she was 14 years old. Initially, her sessions were related to anxiety that began to peak at the time her parents separated. Dana continued to see you for over six months. As time went on, Dana began to disclose drug taking behaviour and sexual activity. She told you that she would occasionally smoke marijuana with her friends at parties and has protected sex with her boyfriend.
Dana confides that she really appreciates having you to talk to because no other adult understands what it’s like to be a teenager. She is also really happy that you haven’t told her Mum or Dad anything about the drugs or sex.
In this session, Dana discloses that she has broken up with her boyfriend. She also tells you that a friend-of-a-friend is organising heroin for them to try at a party on the weekend. She is really looking forward to it and says it will be her first try of a drug other than marijuana. She is also pleased that there’ll be “lots of new boys there” as they are announcing the party on Facebook.
Tim Sweeney, Licensed Clinical Social, presents The Special Needs Family as part of the 2009 Spring Brown Bag Autism series at the University of Mary Washington.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Talking to your children and young people about Familial Alzheimer's/Frontotemporal Dementia
1. Talking to your children
and young people about
Familial Alzheimer’s
Disease / Familial
Frontotemporal Dementia
Alison Metcalfe
Professor of Health Care Research
2. Overview
• Focusing on parents, children and young
people.
• Briefly cover the issues for parents,
children and young people.
• Practical pointers for families.
3. Background
Briefly outline the research activities
• Research work with families affected by
range of genetic / familial conditions.
• Working to co-design interventions to
facilitate family coping and adaptation to
living with the condition.
5. Family Systems Theory
• What happens to one family member will
have repercussions for all other family
members (often v different repercussions).
• Transgenerational stressors.
• Facilitation of families coping and adapting
to living with the genetic condition and / or
its risks – improved communication is
essential.
6. Factors affecting family communication
• Emotional impact of diagnosis.
• Guilt and blame.
• Parents knowledge and understanding.
• Care giver burden - care fatigue.
• Grief – complex grief reactions.
• Key transition points for children and
genetic testing
8. Children's developing understanding and response to genetic risk
Children begin to notice
and question visible
difference and some
asked if they were likely
to be affected in the
same way to what they
observed. Some
understood that the
condition was a result of
the biological relationship
between parents and
child in the same way as
eye colour.
Children understood the
condition in terms of
what they could see and
how it currently impacted
on their daily lives. Most
understood the notion of
hereditary in terms of the
condition being passed
down through the family
but had no idea of
hereditary patterns.
Children began to
understand more about the
condition in terms of
expected future symptoms
and about mortality. Most
understood hereditary in
terms of their relationship to
their parent(s) but not to
their future children. Most
used genetic language but
without an underlying
understanding and could
not describe hereditary
patterns accurately or
quantify risk
Young people understand
that they may carry a gene
that could or would affect
their health. They had a
clearer understanding of
mortality although still not
always the stages of
progression. They were
more able to described
hereditary patterns and
begin to realise the
implications for their own
future children.
Young adults began to
understand the wider
implications of the
condition and relate it
more to themselves. They
realised how it might
impact on their career
choices and on their
personal relationships and
how their decisions
relating to genetic testing
impacted on other family
members.
Up to 7 years 8 - 11 years 12 - 14 years 15 - 17 years 18 years plus
Children seemed to
accept information at a
relatively superficial level.
There were some
behavioural problems or
signs of stress when they
were not given
information in difficult
family situations.
Children continued to
accept information at a
relatively superficial level
and looked for positives
and did not let the
condition become the
central focus of their
lives
A period of rebellion for
some children who became
angry and questioned ‘why
me?’ Some children
challenged treatments and
routines.
Young people reported
upset and shock as they
better understood the
mortality or responded to
test results or faced surgery
but they continued to look
for positives and not let the
condition monopolise their
life.
The most difficult time
emotionally. Young adults
were coming to terms with
the implications of the
condition at a time when
so many other important
life decisions and choices
are being made.
Understanding of genetic condition and risks
Emotional reaction
9. Observations
• Children will need different information at different times,
whilst discussing the IGC as a family its important to
check individual child’s understanding.
• Talking about the genetic condition is a process – reveal
information in response to children’s needs and
questions.
• Encourage children to ask questions (at appropriate
times).
• But check what children REALLY want to know
• Honesty and trust.
• Reassurance and reminders.
• Name the condition then at least children can discuss it
10. … I think the parents have to really
really understand a lot of psychology.
Its not just the physical aspects of
feeding and going through a major
operation…. All that is secondary I
feel to how a mother has to
understand and its a lot of
psychological understanding cos if its
not there, the the children are
damaged…
11. Communication tips children, young people
and parents have found useful.
• Children and young people prefer informal discussion often whilst doing other things
together eg: driving, cooking or gardening.
• Check their understanding because children worry about upsetting their parents and
so may not always ask.
• Talking about the genetic condition is an ongoing discussion rather than a one off
conversation. Like adults, children probably need information given to them more
than once. They may need time to digest information and then want to come back
and discuss it.
• Discuss information young people find on the Internet or in newspapers
• Discuss emotions – provide reassurance they are not alone.
• Explain parents behaviour if they are anxious or upset.
• Being with peers eg cousins in similar circumstances might be helpful
• Support and guide decision-making, especially with young people, who usually like to
make their own decisions but with advice from parents.
• If you do not know the answer, explain some questions do not have answers or that
you will try to find out for your child.
• Agree appropriate times to discuss the genetic condition if your child asks questions
at inopportune moments.
12. New interventions
• Co-design and development of Multi-
Family Discussion Groups.
• Implications for genetic nurses and
counsellors.
13. It has been observed that the following points helped parents talk to their
children:
• Younger children do not have experience to recognise and anticipate the
fuller implications therefore there is a gradual realisation.
• Not feeling pressurised to talk by an impending event eg a school science
lesson.
• Talking was a relief for parents and ultimately easier than secrets.
• Parents can be the role model for young people – giving them insight into
how to cope with the risk.
• Recognising siblings may all have different needs, try to find out what each
understands at different times in their development
• Ensure children and young people understand a positive genetic test is not
necessarily a diagnosis (unless genetic testing is specifically used to assist
with diagnosing an illness) – some get quite confused about this.
• Belief in a child’s right to know.
• Support of other family members, friends and health professionals.
• Attendance at support groups gave focus to regular discussion with children
and young people with parents discussing where they were going and what
had been discussed when they returned.
What helps parents talk to their children?
14. Preparing parents to talk to children
• Makes family closer
• Support for children
• Gives insight and helps them
realise that parent’s being upset
about the genetic condition is not
down to them or their behaviour
i.e.‘no fault’ of theirs
• Confidence to talk to close friends
• Children and young people feel
valued by parent(s)
• Allows discussion of the genetic
condition and its risk without
centralising it to life
• A shared reality and
understanding helps children and
young people cope
• Reduces risk of children getting
inaccurate information from
elsewhere.
• It can be emotionally taxing
dealing with questions
• Children and young people can
remind you about the genetic
condition, when you do not want
to be reminded
• Questions can arise at
inopportune moments – explain
when it is appropriate to discuss it
• Wanting to talk to peers but
networks can be limited
• Can affect school work for a short
time (but so can worrying about
what’s happening in their family if
there is secrecy).
Benefits Drawbacks
15. Conclusions
• If parents are able it is better to talk to their
children and young people.
• Good communication assists the family in
coping and adapting to the genetic condition –
resilience.
• Getting communication better between
parents and children will lead to stronger
family relationships in the longer-term.
17. References - selection
Biesecker B. Erby L. (2008) Adaptation to living with a genetic condition or risk: a mini-review. Clinical Genetics. 74(5):401-7.
Brouer-DudokdeWit A, Savenije A, Zoeteweij M, Maat-Kievit A. and Tibben A. (2002). A Hereditary Disorder In the Family and the
Family Life Cycle: Huntington Disease as a Paradigm. Family Process 41(4): 677-692.
Conkie-Rosell, A., E. M. Heise, et al. (2009). "Genetic Risk Communication: Experiences of Adolescent Girls and Young Women
from Families with Fragile X Syndrome." J Genet Couns.
Conkie-Rosell, A., G. A. Spiridigliozzi, et al. (2008). "Living with genetic risk: effect on adolescent self-concept." American Journal
of Medical Genetics Part(1): 56-69.
Fanos JH, Davis J, Puck JM. Sib understanding of genetics and attitudes toward carrier testing for X-linked severe combined
immunodeficiency. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 2001(98): 46-56.patterns in families with a history of
breast/ovarian cancer (HBOC). Psychooncology; 13: 335–345
Forrest, K. K., T. E. van, et al. (2009). "How young people find out about their family history of Huntington's disease." Social
Science & Medicine 68(10): 1892-1900. Kenen R, Arden-Jones A, Eeles R (2004) We are talking, but are they listening?
Communication
Mathers J, Greenhough S, Metcalfe A, Cole T, Flanagan S, Wilson S (2010) Family history in primary care: Understanding
General Practitioners resistance to clinical genetics: Qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice, 60(574), 221-230
McAllister M, Davies L, Payne K, Nicholls S, Donnai D, MacLeod R. (2007). The emotional effects of genetic diseases:
implications for clinical genetics. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A;143A(22):2651-61.
Metcalfe A, Plumridge G, Coad J, Shanks A, Gill P (2011) Parents’ and children’s communication about genetic risk: qualitative
study learning from families’ experiences. European Journal Human Genetics 19; 640-646 (16 February 2011)
doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.258
Pickett T Jnr, Altmaier E, Paulsen JS (2007) Caregiver Burden in Huntington’s Disease. Rehabilitation Psychology 53(3): 311-318
Plumridge G, Metcalfe A, Coad J, Gill P.(2010). Family Communication about Genetic Risk Information: Particular Issues for
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 152A: 404–408.
Plumridge G, Metcalfe A (Corresponding author), Coad J, Gill P (2011) Siblings’ experiences in families affected by genetic
conditions. Journal of Genetic Counselling 20; 374-383 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-011-9361-13
Plumridge G, Metcalfe A (Corresponding author), Coad J, Gill P (2011) The role of support groups in facilitating family discussion
of genetic risk information. Health Expectations, 17 FEB 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1369-7625.2011.00663.x
Sobel S and Cowan C (2000).Impact of genetic testing for Huntingtons disease on the family system. American Jn of Medical
Genetics 90: 49–59.
Sobel S and Cowan (2003) Ambiguous Loss and Disenfranchised Grief: The Impact of DNA Predictive Testing on the Family as a
System. Family Process 42 1;47-57
Travers E, Jones K, Nichol J. (2007) Palliative care provision in Huntington's disease. International Journal of Palliative Nursing
13(3):125-30.
Editor's Notes
Mothers are the main communicators, Dad’s less so. Children often differentiated and spoke about talking to Mum about their feelings and emotions whereas those Dads that did talk, the focus was on science and research about the condition, or technical aspects of wheelchairs or specialist equipment required.
Mum’s often reported diagnoses of depression and anxiety for which they had difficulty obtaining the professional support they needed.
Children, young people and parents all agreed that it was parents’ role to talk to their children about the genetic condition and its risks but many of the young people went on to suggest that their parents needed support to do this by they also wanted to be able to talk to health professionals themselves.
By 12-14 years young people wanted to begin to make their own decisions closely supported by parents.
One Mum we interviewed described how keeping the secret about the genetic condition had almost destroyed her family, with a son severely disabled because of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, her daughter did not understand what was happening and that her brother’s condition had a limited life expectancy from 16-24 years. Her daughter tried to commit suicide, which was the turning point for openness. This Mum said she desperately wanted more support and advice from health professionals to guide her in dealing with talking about and discussing the genetic condition, and many others needed it too.