The document summarizes the multidisciplinary monitoring efforts of Mt. Mayon volcano in the Philippines led by EOS and PHIVOLCS. Key aspects include:
1. Establishing a geophysical monitoring network around Mayon including seismic, tiltmeter, and GPS stations to monitor deformation.
2. Installing gas monitoring stations to measure SO2 and soil degassing which provide early unrest indicators.
3. Preliminary analysis shows inflation signals prior to 2006 and 2009 eruptions from GPS and tilt data, though deformation signals are also affected by local tectonics.
4. The collaboration aims to better understand Mayon's magmatic system and isolate volcanic signals from tectonic noise through
1) The Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) mission aims to be the first exploration of an extra-terrestrial sea by sending a lander to study Ligeia Mare on Titan.
2) TiME will directly measure the organic constituents in Titan's seas to better understand Titan's methane cycle and look for patterns in chemical abundances. It will also determine sea depths, constrain lacustrine processes, and analyze meteorology over the seas.
3) If selected, TiME is proposed as a Discovery-class mission and would launch in 2015, arriving at Titan in 2022 to spend 3 months studying Ligeia Mare using instruments like a mass spectrometer and sonar to achieve its science objectives.
Keck ii observations_of_hemispherical_differences_in_h2o2_on_europaSérgio Sacani
This summary analyzes observations from the Keck II telescope that detected varying amounts of hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface. Observations over four nights found comparable amounts (~0.13%) of H2O2 on the leading hemisphere, lower amounts (~0.04%) on the anti-Jovian and sub-Jovian hemispheres, and almost none on the trailing hemisphere. This suggests the maximum concentration is found on the leading side, with lower amounts elsewhere, requiring revisions to estimates of Europa's total oxidant abundance and delivery to its subsurface ocean.
Environmental monitoring of soil radon in a very tectonic area in south west ...Anax Fotopoulos
This document summarizes a study on environmental monitoring of soil radon in a seismically active area of South West Greece. Researchers set up a radon monitoring station to investigate links between soil radon anomalies and earthquakes. Notable radon disorders were detected in 2008, 2-3 months before a magnitude 6.5 earthquake. Spectral analysis found fractal behavior and low frequency enhancement in radon levels prior to the quake. While radon changes did not correlate with environmental parameters, the anomalies may be explained by an asperity model of heterogeneous medium fracture. Further multivariate analysis of radon anomalies could strengthen understanding of earthquake precursors.
Geophysics in the Quesnel Belt, BC (Geoscience BC)SergioEspinosa
This document provides an overview of geophysics techniques for mineral exploration. It discusses how geophysical measurements relate to the physical properties of rock bodies and how these properties produce geophysical responses that can be measured on the surface. Key points covered include:
- Different energy sources and geophysical techniques measure different physical properties like density, magnetism, and elastic properties.
- Physical properties depend on lithology, alteration, and mineralization of the subsurface target body.
- Geophysical measurements made on the surface are related to the physical property, geometry, and depth of the buried target body.
- Examples of airborne and ground geophysical surveys in British Columbia demonstrate how different techniques provide complementary information at various scales.
This document discusses errors in GPS signals caused by the ionosphere and methods to correct for them. It proposes calculating the total electron content (TEC) along the radio wave path from GPS satellites to receivers to determine ionosphere delay. TEC can be calculated with 2-3 TECU accuracy using GPS measurements. The document presents a method using the Klobuchar algorithm to detect ionosphere errors in satellite positions by calculating slant delay from the ionosphere pierce point. Graphs show greater deviations in receiver position on a disturbed day compared to a quiet day, demonstrating the ionosphere's impact.
Seismic data interpretation aims to tell the geologic story contained in seismic data by correlating seismic features with known geological elements. The summary outlines key concepts including:
1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
The Multi-MICE concept proposes using a network of nuclear-powered probes to explore the ice sheets on Mars and Europa. Each probe would be autonomous and use compact nuclear reactors to power movement through ice melt channels, carrying scientific instruments to study the geology, climate history, and search for evidence of past life trapped in the ice. The probes would communicate through a mesh network with each other and a lander, allowing scientists on Earth to direct the probes in real-time. The goal is to design and test the probes to validate the concept during a potential future Mars mission to explore the interior of Mars' ice caps.
Archaeological and groundwater investigationsZaidoon Taha
This document discusses the use of seismic methods for archaeological and groundwater investigations. It provides examples of how seismic reflection and refraction surveys can be used to map subsurface structures and locate buried archaeological remains or water sources. Specifically, it describes 3D seismic acquisition techniques that provide ultra-high resolution for shallow investigations. Case studies demonstrate how seismic imaging can detect a buried shipwreck and Roman dyke. The document also discusses applications of seismic methods for groundwater exploration, such as locating aquifers and fractured zones.
1) The Titan Mare Explorer (TiME) mission aims to be the first exploration of an extra-terrestrial sea by sending a lander to study Ligeia Mare on Titan.
2) TiME will directly measure the organic constituents in Titan's seas to better understand Titan's methane cycle and look for patterns in chemical abundances. It will also determine sea depths, constrain lacustrine processes, and analyze meteorology over the seas.
3) If selected, TiME is proposed as a Discovery-class mission and would launch in 2015, arriving at Titan in 2022 to spend 3 months studying Ligeia Mare using instruments like a mass spectrometer and sonar to achieve its science objectives.
Keck ii observations_of_hemispherical_differences_in_h2o2_on_europaSérgio Sacani
This summary analyzes observations from the Keck II telescope that detected varying amounts of hydrogen peroxide on Europa's surface. Observations over four nights found comparable amounts (~0.13%) of H2O2 on the leading hemisphere, lower amounts (~0.04%) on the anti-Jovian and sub-Jovian hemispheres, and almost none on the trailing hemisphere. This suggests the maximum concentration is found on the leading side, with lower amounts elsewhere, requiring revisions to estimates of Europa's total oxidant abundance and delivery to its subsurface ocean.
Environmental monitoring of soil radon in a very tectonic area in south west ...Anax Fotopoulos
This document summarizes a study on environmental monitoring of soil radon in a seismically active area of South West Greece. Researchers set up a radon monitoring station to investigate links between soil radon anomalies and earthquakes. Notable radon disorders were detected in 2008, 2-3 months before a magnitude 6.5 earthquake. Spectral analysis found fractal behavior and low frequency enhancement in radon levels prior to the quake. While radon changes did not correlate with environmental parameters, the anomalies may be explained by an asperity model of heterogeneous medium fracture. Further multivariate analysis of radon anomalies could strengthen understanding of earthquake precursors.
Geophysics in the Quesnel Belt, BC (Geoscience BC)SergioEspinosa
This document provides an overview of geophysics techniques for mineral exploration. It discusses how geophysical measurements relate to the physical properties of rock bodies and how these properties produce geophysical responses that can be measured on the surface. Key points covered include:
- Different energy sources and geophysical techniques measure different physical properties like density, magnetism, and elastic properties.
- Physical properties depend on lithology, alteration, and mineralization of the subsurface target body.
- Geophysical measurements made on the surface are related to the physical property, geometry, and depth of the buried target body.
- Examples of airborne and ground geophysical surveys in British Columbia demonstrate how different techniques provide complementary information at various scales.
This document discusses errors in GPS signals caused by the ionosphere and methods to correct for them. It proposes calculating the total electron content (TEC) along the radio wave path from GPS satellites to receivers to determine ionosphere delay. TEC can be calculated with 2-3 TECU accuracy using GPS measurements. The document presents a method using the Klobuchar algorithm to detect ionosphere errors in satellite positions by calculating slant delay from the ionosphere pierce point. Graphs show greater deviations in receiver position on a disturbed day compared to a quiet day, demonstrating the ionosphere's impact.
Seismic data interpretation aims to tell the geologic story contained in seismic data by correlating seismic features with known geological elements. The summary outlines key concepts including:
1. Reflection, velocity, P and S waves, polarity, phase, resolution and detectability which influence seismic interpretation.
2. Depositional environments, rock types, faults and folds are interpreted from seismic data to understand the subsurface petroleum system.
3. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation including seismic attributes, multi-attribute logging, direct hydrocarbon indicators, and AVO/impedance inversion are used to characterize reservoirs.
The Multi-MICE concept proposes using a network of nuclear-powered probes to explore the ice sheets on Mars and Europa. Each probe would be autonomous and use compact nuclear reactors to power movement through ice melt channels, carrying scientific instruments to study the geology, climate history, and search for evidence of past life trapped in the ice. The probes would communicate through a mesh network with each other and a lander, allowing scientists on Earth to direct the probes in real-time. The goal is to design and test the probes to validate the concept during a potential future Mars mission to explore the interior of Mars' ice caps.
Archaeological and groundwater investigationsZaidoon Taha
This document discusses the use of seismic methods for archaeological and groundwater investigations. It provides examples of how seismic reflection and refraction surveys can be used to map subsurface structures and locate buried archaeological remains or water sources. Specifically, it describes 3D seismic acquisition techniques that provide ultra-high resolution for shallow investigations. Case studies demonstrate how seismic imaging can detect a buried shipwreck and Roman dyke. The document also discusses applications of seismic methods for groundwater exploration, such as locating aquifers and fractured zones.
This document summarizes VLBI observations of supernova SN 2011dh made 14 days after its discovery, providing the earliest radio image of a supernova. The observations detected SN 2011dh at 22 GHz using a subset of the EVN array. The recovered flux density was approximately half the value measured by the EVLA at the same frequency and epoch, possibly due to extended emission or calibration issues. Precise coordinates for SN 2011dh were determined, linked to the ICRF, which may help improve future VLBI observations of the supernova.
This document outlines validation plans for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument on the NPOESS Preparatory Project satellite. It discusses:
1) The calibration and validation team members and their roles in characterizing instrument performance through comparisons with other satellite and ground-based instruments from launch through long-term monitoring.
2) The schedule of major validation tasks from pre-launch testing through intensive in-orbit validation in the first two years and transition to long-term monitoring.
3) Examples of early tests and comparisons that will be done with internal instrument measurements, early solar views, and single days of Earth view data to evaluate performance.
TH3.L10.1: THE NASA SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE (SMAP) MISSION: OVERVIEWgrssieee
The document provides an overview of the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which is scheduled to launch in November 2014. SMAP's objectives are to map global soil moisture and freeze/thaw state to further understanding of water, energy and carbon cycles. It will carry radiometer and radar instruments to make high-resolution soil moisture measurements. SMAP data products will support applications in weather forecasting, climate modeling, agriculture, drought monitoring and other areas. The mission involves extensive calibration, validation and community engagement efforts.
Geophysical survey for the risk managementMario Naldi
This document discusses managing risk through geophysical survey methods for due diligence assessments. It describes how non-invasive geophysical surveys such as electromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity tomography can identify subsurface hazards cost effectively by mapping buried utilities, tanks, waste, and other underground anomalies before invasive investigations. Large scale surveys identify potential risks while small scale surveys characterize identified anomalies to better inform follow up actions.
The document discusses improving life-cycle cost management of NASA's Discovery and New Frontiers spacecraft missions. It summarizes a study that identified several factors that contribute to cost overruns in these programs, including inadequate consideration of review findings, ineffective management structures, lack of integrated project schedules, insufficient project oversight, inexperienced project teams, inadequate mission replanning, unrealistic heritage and technology assumptions, and insufficient planning for operations and autonomy systems. The study provides recommendations to address these issues and better manage costs over the full mission life cycle.
This document summarizes three recent space missions - SMOS, GOCE, and CRYOSAT - and their applications to physical oceanography. SMOS measures sea surface salinity from space using an interferometric radiometer and has produced initial global salinity maps from SMOS observations, though accuracy goals have not yet been reached due to data processing challenges. GOCE measures Earth's gravity field and will help estimate ocean mean dynamic topography. CRYOSAT, though aimed at sea ice thickness, also provides altimeter data over oceans that can be combined with other altimeter missions.
Application of Low Frequency Passive Seismic Method for Hydrocarbon Detection...Andika Perbawa
Passive seismic survey is a geophysical method that utilizes a spectral frequency from seismicity data to identify subsurface reservoir fluids. Rock pores that contain hydrocarbon fluids show higher low-frequency amplitude between 2-4 Hz compared with those that contain water. This paper shows the feasibility study that has been done in S Field, South Sumatra Basin. Four wells were used to validate the result of the spectral data. This method is also considered as a prospect ranking tool in the vicinity of the S field.
Eighteen measurement points were collected and grouped into 6 clusters. Four clusters are located near S-1, S-2, S-3, and S-4 wells. One cluster is located on prospect K and the other one on prospect G. Standard signal processing flows were conducted such as band-pass filter, FFT, and moving average.
The result shows that the maximum amplitude low-frequency between 2-4 Hz of K and S-1 is less than 0.017. On the other hand, S-2, S-3, S-4 and G show a relatively high amplitude of more than 0.02 which indicates a greater possibility of hydrocarbon accumulation when compared with K and S-1. This result was confirmed by gas production in S-2 and oil production in S-3. S-4 has not been tested yet, but the refined well correlation it indicates that there is a limestone reservoir of about 60 feet above OWC. S-1 shows a low amplitude which indicates low potential. The completion log confirmed that the well did not penetrate the reservoir target. Prospect G which has a high amplitude of low-frequency anomaly is more interesting than prospect K.
To conclude, low-frequency passive seismic method was successful in distinguishing between water or no hydrocarbons. It is feasible to employ this methodology as a tool for hydrocarbon detection and also as a tool to help in prospect ranking.
EPA Groundwater Cleanup Feasibility, MEW CABSteve Williams
Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman (MEW) Superfund Study Area: EPA Update on Groundwater Feasibility Study to the Community Advisory Board
March 31, 2011.
Penny Reddy, EPA Region 9
This document provides an introduction to basic petrophysics and interpreting wireline logs. It discusses open hole and cased hole logs, including gamma ray, caliper, SP, CNL, LDL, sonic, resistivity, MDT, and CBL-VDL logs. The goals are to understand these logs, evaluate formations using quick look methods, and determine properties like porosity, clay volume, and hydrocarbon saturation. Petrophysical analysis uses logs to study the physical properties of rocks.
This document discusses reservoir geophysics and geology. It begins with an introduction to geophysics, noting that most rocks are opaque so geophysics uses physics to obtain "geophysical images" of the subsurface based on properties like density, magnetism, conductivity, and velocity. It discusses using natural fields like gravity and magnetics to measure subsurface variations at a regional scale. Later sections discuss seismic reflection methods, potential field applications in mapping geology, and benefits of 3D seismic over 2D in providing better geological models. The document provides an overview of key concepts in reservoir geophysics and geology.
Seismic interpretation and well logging techniquesPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic interpretation and well logging techniques used in hydrocarbon exploration. It begins with introducing the aims and objectives, which are to understand the principles of seismic interpretation and well log interpretation. It then discusses various topics related to petroleum exploration including basins in India, petroleum systems elements, geophysical exploration methods, seismic surveys, well logging tools, and seismic and well log interpretation. The conclusion emphasizes that the work helped to interpret well logs and seismic sections to understand subsurface lithology and formations.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS OIL AND GAS SERVICESBrett Johnson
Total Earth Solutions Pty Ltd (TES) is a specialist aviation, geological, geophysical and geospatial consulting firm providing services to the petroleum and mining industries.
TES provides a range of technical services related to the acquisition, processing and interpretation of geoscientific and geospatial data collected from space, aircraft, UAV’s and ground vehicles.
We aim to offer a complete turnkey service where we can plan and manage surveys all the way through to interpreting the data to create highly detailed analyses of petroleum basins and mining regions.
We differentiate ourselves by employing a strong focus on the geological interpretation of geophysical and geospatial data, but also by having enormous experience in the effective and safe management of airborne and ground survey operations.
Aviation
TES has qualified commercial pilots on its staff, with years of experience in low level survey operations around the world.
Qualified safety auditor.
Sourcing of survey aircraft.
Sourcing of survey pilots.
Development of aviation procedures and management of compliance.
Provision of survey equipment including – magnetic, radiometric, gravity, LIDAR, aerial photography.
Construction and installation of survey systems.
Planning and management of airborne operations.
UAV
TES is at the forefront of development and utilisation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s) carrying hi-tech payloads such as LIDAR, thermal imaging and geophysical systems, applied to exploration, development, infrastructure mapping and monitoring.
Data Collection
TES can identify, source and interpret the best data for the issue at hand. We have enormous experience in data acquired from a range of platforms, from satellites, aircraft, UAVs, ships through to ground acquisition. We can examine the problem and develop the most cost effective combination of data to meet the needs of the client.
This document summarizes the application of seismic methods to study the Larderello-Travale geothermal fields in Tuscany, Italy. Seismic reflection data was collected and both theoretical and empirical studies were conducted. The theoretical study found high amplitude reflections corresponding to fractured, steam-saturated reservoir zones. The empirical study found 73% of seismic reflections correlated to permeable fractures within 10% depth deviation. The seismic reflection method was proven useful for identifying deep geothermal targets and provided information on fractured, productive horizons in the metamorphic basement of the fields.
This study analyzed cost growth for 20 NASA Science Mission Directorate missions launched between 2000-2009. It found that on average, total life cycle costs grew 56% from the beginning of Phase B to launch. Major cost growth occurred in Project Management, Payloads, and Ground Data Systems. The majority of cost growth for most categories occurred after the Critical Design Review phase of development.
Microseismic monitoring at the CCS fields - what we learnt from NagaokaGlobal CCS Institute
Dr Ziqiu Xue, Chief Researcher of the CO2 Storage Group at Japan’s Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) will lead a Global CCS Institute webinar to review and discuss microseismic monitoring at CCS storage sites.
The secure storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in deep geological formations requires a sufficient overlying cap rock layer to contain the CO2 within the formation. Injection of CO2 increases the formation pressure in the target reservoir. This will decrease the effective pressure and will also lead to geomechanical deformation of the rocks. Therefore, to ensure safety of storage, the CO2 injection must be controlled to maintain integrity of the cap rock.
This webinar will give a simple review on microseismic monitoring results observed at onshore CO2 injection sites such as Weyburn, Canada and Lacq, France. Case study results from the Nagaoka pilot site in Japan will also be introduced, including the field survey results after an earthquake hit the area during CO2 injection.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This document summarizes VLBI observations of supernova SN 2011dh made 14 days after its discovery, providing the earliest radio image of a supernova. The observations detected SN 2011dh at 22 GHz using a subset of the EVN array. The recovered flux density was approximately half the value measured by the EVLA at the same frequency and epoch, possibly due to extended emission or calibration issues. Precise coordinates for SN 2011dh were determined, linked to the ICRF, which may help improve future VLBI observations of the supernova.
This document outlines validation plans for the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) instrument on the NPOESS Preparatory Project satellite. It discusses:
1) The calibration and validation team members and their roles in characterizing instrument performance through comparisons with other satellite and ground-based instruments from launch through long-term monitoring.
2) The schedule of major validation tasks from pre-launch testing through intensive in-orbit validation in the first two years and transition to long-term monitoring.
3) Examples of early tests and comparisons that will be done with internal instrument measurements, early solar views, and single days of Earth view data to evaluate performance.
TH3.L10.1: THE NASA SOIL MOISTURE ACTIVE PASSIVE (SMAP) MISSION: OVERVIEWgrssieee
The document provides an overview of the NASA Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission, which is scheduled to launch in November 2014. SMAP's objectives are to map global soil moisture and freeze/thaw state to further understanding of water, energy and carbon cycles. It will carry radiometer and radar instruments to make high-resolution soil moisture measurements. SMAP data products will support applications in weather forecasting, climate modeling, agriculture, drought monitoring and other areas. The mission involves extensive calibration, validation and community engagement efforts.
Geophysical survey for the risk managementMario Naldi
This document discusses managing risk through geophysical survey methods for due diligence assessments. It describes how non-invasive geophysical surveys such as electromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity tomography can identify subsurface hazards cost effectively by mapping buried utilities, tanks, waste, and other underground anomalies before invasive investigations. Large scale surveys identify potential risks while small scale surveys characterize identified anomalies to better inform follow up actions.
The document discusses improving life-cycle cost management of NASA's Discovery and New Frontiers spacecraft missions. It summarizes a study that identified several factors that contribute to cost overruns in these programs, including inadequate consideration of review findings, ineffective management structures, lack of integrated project schedules, insufficient project oversight, inexperienced project teams, inadequate mission replanning, unrealistic heritage and technology assumptions, and insufficient planning for operations and autonomy systems. The study provides recommendations to address these issues and better manage costs over the full mission life cycle.
This document summarizes three recent space missions - SMOS, GOCE, and CRYOSAT - and their applications to physical oceanography. SMOS measures sea surface salinity from space using an interferometric radiometer and has produced initial global salinity maps from SMOS observations, though accuracy goals have not yet been reached due to data processing challenges. GOCE measures Earth's gravity field and will help estimate ocean mean dynamic topography. CRYOSAT, though aimed at sea ice thickness, also provides altimeter data over oceans that can be combined with other altimeter missions.
Application of Low Frequency Passive Seismic Method for Hydrocarbon Detection...Andika Perbawa
Passive seismic survey is a geophysical method that utilizes a spectral frequency from seismicity data to identify subsurface reservoir fluids. Rock pores that contain hydrocarbon fluids show higher low-frequency amplitude between 2-4 Hz compared with those that contain water. This paper shows the feasibility study that has been done in S Field, South Sumatra Basin. Four wells were used to validate the result of the spectral data. This method is also considered as a prospect ranking tool in the vicinity of the S field.
Eighteen measurement points were collected and grouped into 6 clusters. Four clusters are located near S-1, S-2, S-3, and S-4 wells. One cluster is located on prospect K and the other one on prospect G. Standard signal processing flows were conducted such as band-pass filter, FFT, and moving average.
The result shows that the maximum amplitude low-frequency between 2-4 Hz of K and S-1 is less than 0.017. On the other hand, S-2, S-3, S-4 and G show a relatively high amplitude of more than 0.02 which indicates a greater possibility of hydrocarbon accumulation when compared with K and S-1. This result was confirmed by gas production in S-2 and oil production in S-3. S-4 has not been tested yet, but the refined well correlation it indicates that there is a limestone reservoir of about 60 feet above OWC. S-1 shows a low amplitude which indicates low potential. The completion log confirmed that the well did not penetrate the reservoir target. Prospect G which has a high amplitude of low-frequency anomaly is more interesting than prospect K.
To conclude, low-frequency passive seismic method was successful in distinguishing between water or no hydrocarbons. It is feasible to employ this methodology as a tool for hydrocarbon detection and also as a tool to help in prospect ranking.
EPA Groundwater Cleanup Feasibility, MEW CABSteve Williams
Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman (MEW) Superfund Study Area: EPA Update on Groundwater Feasibility Study to the Community Advisory Board
March 31, 2011.
Penny Reddy, EPA Region 9
This document provides an introduction to basic petrophysics and interpreting wireline logs. It discusses open hole and cased hole logs, including gamma ray, caliper, SP, CNL, LDL, sonic, resistivity, MDT, and CBL-VDL logs. The goals are to understand these logs, evaluate formations using quick look methods, and determine properties like porosity, clay volume, and hydrocarbon saturation. Petrophysical analysis uses logs to study the physical properties of rocks.
This document discusses reservoir geophysics and geology. It begins with an introduction to geophysics, noting that most rocks are opaque so geophysics uses physics to obtain "geophysical images" of the subsurface based on properties like density, magnetism, conductivity, and velocity. It discusses using natural fields like gravity and magnetics to measure subsurface variations at a regional scale. Later sections discuss seismic reflection methods, potential field applications in mapping geology, and benefits of 3D seismic over 2D in providing better geological models. The document provides an overview of key concepts in reservoir geophysics and geology.
Seismic interpretation and well logging techniquesPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic interpretation and well logging techniques used in hydrocarbon exploration. It begins with introducing the aims and objectives, which are to understand the principles of seismic interpretation and well log interpretation. It then discusses various topics related to petroleum exploration including basins in India, petroleum systems elements, geophysical exploration methods, seismic surveys, well logging tools, and seismic and well log interpretation. The conclusion emphasizes that the work helped to interpret well logs and seismic sections to understand subsurface lithology and formations.
This document provides an introduction to analyzing lake sediment cores to study past climate change. It discusses why lake sediments are useful climate archives, as they form layers over time that record environmental changes. The document outlines how scientists describe and analyze sediment cores to develop climate histories. This includes taking high-resolution images, measuring properties like magnetic susceptibility, and defining different sediment facies that indicate past conditions. The goal is to characterize changes in climate and the landscape over time to better understand dynamics and improve future predictions.
TOTAL EARTH SOLUTIONS OIL AND GAS SERVICESBrett Johnson
Total Earth Solutions Pty Ltd (TES) is a specialist aviation, geological, geophysical and geospatial consulting firm providing services to the petroleum and mining industries.
TES provides a range of technical services related to the acquisition, processing and interpretation of geoscientific and geospatial data collected from space, aircraft, UAV’s and ground vehicles.
We aim to offer a complete turnkey service where we can plan and manage surveys all the way through to interpreting the data to create highly detailed analyses of petroleum basins and mining regions.
We differentiate ourselves by employing a strong focus on the geological interpretation of geophysical and geospatial data, but also by having enormous experience in the effective and safe management of airborne and ground survey operations.
Aviation
TES has qualified commercial pilots on its staff, with years of experience in low level survey operations around the world.
Qualified safety auditor.
Sourcing of survey aircraft.
Sourcing of survey pilots.
Development of aviation procedures and management of compliance.
Provision of survey equipment including – magnetic, radiometric, gravity, LIDAR, aerial photography.
Construction and installation of survey systems.
Planning and management of airborne operations.
UAV
TES is at the forefront of development and utilisation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s) carrying hi-tech payloads such as LIDAR, thermal imaging and geophysical systems, applied to exploration, development, infrastructure mapping and monitoring.
Data Collection
TES can identify, source and interpret the best data for the issue at hand. We have enormous experience in data acquired from a range of platforms, from satellites, aircraft, UAVs, ships through to ground acquisition. We can examine the problem and develop the most cost effective combination of data to meet the needs of the client.
This document summarizes the application of seismic methods to study the Larderello-Travale geothermal fields in Tuscany, Italy. Seismic reflection data was collected and both theoretical and empirical studies were conducted. The theoretical study found high amplitude reflections corresponding to fractured, steam-saturated reservoir zones. The empirical study found 73% of seismic reflections correlated to permeable fractures within 10% depth deviation. The seismic reflection method was proven useful for identifying deep geothermal targets and provided information on fractured, productive horizons in the metamorphic basement of the fields.
This study analyzed cost growth for 20 NASA Science Mission Directorate missions launched between 2000-2009. It found that on average, total life cycle costs grew 56% from the beginning of Phase B to launch. Major cost growth occurred in Project Management, Payloads, and Ground Data Systems. The majority of cost growth for most categories occurred after the Critical Design Review phase of development.
Microseismic monitoring at the CCS fields - what we learnt from NagaokaGlobal CCS Institute
Dr Ziqiu Xue, Chief Researcher of the CO2 Storage Group at Japan’s Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) will lead a Global CCS Institute webinar to review and discuss microseismic monitoring at CCS storage sites.
The secure storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) in deep geological formations requires a sufficient overlying cap rock layer to contain the CO2 within the formation. Injection of CO2 increases the formation pressure in the target reservoir. This will decrease the effective pressure and will also lead to geomechanical deformation of the rocks. Therefore, to ensure safety of storage, the CO2 injection must be controlled to maintain integrity of the cap rock.
This webinar will give a simple review on microseismic monitoring results observed at onshore CO2 injection sites such as Weyburn, Canada and Lacq, France. Case study results from the Nagaoka pilot site in Japan will also be introduced, including the field survey results after an earthquake hit the area during CO2 injection.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Identify the possibility of predication of seismic activity through the ionos...ashrafrateb1985
The document summarizes research using data from the DEMETER microsatellite to study possible links between seismic activity and ionospheric disturbances. It presents two case studies: 1) Unusual ionospheric observations detected by DEMETER over Japan days before a 2004 earthquake. Spectrograms showed electromagnetic perturbations. 2) Observations by DEMETER of ultra-low and extremely low frequency emissions one day before a 2004 Indonesia earthquake, including anomalies in the electric field and ELF magnetic field variations. The document examines the satellite's scientific objectives, instruments, and operation modes to systematically search for seismic-related signals in the ionosphere.
Microwave radiation anomaly of Wenchuan earthquake and its mechanism.pptgrssieee
The document presents a study on microwave radiation anomalies before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. A new method is proposed to extract microwave radiation anomalies from satellite data by eliminating effects of terrain and weather. Analysis found positive microwave anomalies from 40 days to 2 days before the earthquake near the epicenter. Experimental work on rock samples under loading showed that microwave radiation increases in the fracturing stage, providing a potential explanation for the observed pre-earthquake microwave anomalies.
The Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA) is a new 295-bolometer submillimeter camera operating at 870 μm that has been commissioned for use on the 12 m Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) telescope. LABOCA offers unprecedented mapping capabilities for submillimeter continuum emission due to APEX's efficiency and the excellent atmospheric transmission at the site. LABOCA is designed to map large areas of the sky rapidly without the need for a chopping secondary mirror by using fast scanning techniques and correlating signals across the array to remove atmospheric contributions.
Multi-phase volcanic resurfacing at Loki Patera on IoSérgio Sacani
The Jovian moon Io hosts the most powerful persistently active
volcano in the Solar System, Loki Patera1,2. The interior of this
volcanic, caldera-like feature is composed of a warm, dark floor
covering 21,500 square kilometres3 surrounding a much cooler
central ‘island’4. The temperature gradient seen across areas of
the patera indicates a systematic resurfacing process4–9, which
has been seen to occur typically every one to three years since the
1980s5,10. Analysis of past data has indicated that the resurfacing
progressed around the patera in an anti-clockwise direction at a
rate of one to two kilometres per day, and that it is caused either
by episodic eruptions that emplace voluminous lava flows or by a
cyclically overturning lava lake contained within the patera5,8,9,11.
However, spacecraft and telescope observations have been unable to
map the emission from the entire patera floor at sufficient spatial
resolution to establish the physical processes at play. Here we report
temperature and lava cooling age maps of the entire patera floor at
a spatial sampling of about two kilometres, derived from groundbased
interferometric imaging of thermal emission from Loki Patera
obtained on 8 March 2015 ut as the limb of Europa occulted Io.
Our results indicate that Loki Patera is resurfaced by a multi-phase
process in which two waves propagate and converge around the
central island. The different velocities and start times of the waves
indicate a non-uniformity in the lava gas content and/or crust bulk
density across the patera.
High-Resolution 3D Seismic: Coal Mines FieldsAli Osman Öncel
1. CONSOL developed a robust coal geophysics program between 1985-2000 that utilized various seismic and non-seismic methods to address exploration, engineering, and environmental challenges.
2. A key case study involved using high-resolution 3D surface seismic data to detect a complex geologic anomaly called a "roll" in a coal seam, which showed up as amplitude anomalies.
3. Interpretation of the 3D seismic data found that the roll meandered into the property from the north and turned southeast, allowing mine plans to be adjusted to account for more difficult mining conditions on the roll's western flank.
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This study uses multi-parameter data to analyze activity at Gede Volcano in West Java, Indonesia. Seismic and deformation monitoring detected swarms of small earthquakes in early 2012 beneath Gede that may have been caused by magma intrusion, though no eruption occurred. Tiltmeter data showed a change in deformation pattern in late 2011 from tectonic to inflation, coinciding with the earthquake swarms in early 2012. Gas measurements found elevated CO2 flux around the northeast flank of Gede. The volcanoes require continued monitoring as any increases in seismicity, deformation or gas could signal future eruptive activity posing a threat to nearby communities.
Astronomical instruments can be divided into two categories: observational instruments used to observe celestial objects directly, and auxiliary instruments used to analyze and record observational data. Observational instruments include telescopes, which enable objects invisible to the naked eye to be seen or detected. The two main types of telescopes are optical telescopes, which use lenses or mirrors to collect and magnify light, and radio telescopes, which detect radio waves emitted by celestial objects. Radio telescopes often use interferometry with arrays of antennas to achieve high resolution. Large optical and radio telescopes around the world are listed with their key characteristics.
Airborne and underground matter-wave interferometers: geodesy, navigation and...Philippe Bouyer
The remarkable success of atom coherent manipulation techniques has motivated competitive research and development in precision metrology. Matter-wave inertial sensors – accelerometers, gyrometers, gravimeters – based on these techniques are all at the forefront of their respective measurement classes. Atom inertial sensors provide nowadays about the best accelerometers and gravimeters and allow, for instance, to make the most precise monitoring of gravity or to device precise tests of the weak equivalence principle (WEP). I present here some recent advances in these fields
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The October 2004 Mw=7.1 Nicaragua earthquake: Rupture process, aftershock loc...Gus Alex Reyes
The subduction zone off the Nicaragua
coastline has been the site of several large
earthquakes in the past decades, including
the 1992 tsunami earthquake that was
anomalous in the size of the tsunami relative
to moment release [Kanamori and
Kikuchi, 1993]. As a focus site for both
the MARGINS-SEIZE and SubFac initiatives,
it is an area of keen interest for
scientists interested in earthquake rupture
and volcanic processes.
The document summarizes numerical simulations of magma convection and mixing dynamics in volcanic systems. The simulations reveal unexpected pressure trends and oscillations in the Ultra-Long-Period (ULP) range of minutes related to the generation of rising magma plumes. These very long pressure oscillations can translate to comparable ULP ground displacements at the surface with amplitudes of 10-4 to 10-2 meters. Therefore, new magma injection into shallow magma chambers beneath volcanoes may be revealed by measuring ULP ground displacement.
The document analyzes GPS radio occultation data from six COSMIC satellites to characterize global ionospheric scintillation. Statistical analysis was performed on 1-second S4 measurements from the satellites over 12 months to determine the latitude, longitude, local time, and altitude distributions of scintillation in the F and E regions of the ionosphere. Maps are presented showing the occurrence rate of scintillation events by month at different longitudes and latitudes, and by season at different local times and latitudes.
Novel Analysis of Mono Basin using ArcGISSachin Mehta
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This document summarizes the invention and proposed implementation of G.R. Irlapati's Geoscope, which aims to provide early warning of earthquakes. It describes the Geoscope as involving the construction of observatories over deep boreholes to monitor geo-physical and chemical changes underground. Three levels of Geoscope centers are proposed - local, regional, and central - to collect and analyze data across earthquake zones and provide warning to authorities. Simple and elaborate Geoscope models are outlined involving monitoring light emissions or electro-geopulses in boreholes to detect seismic changes up to a day before quakes.
Basic Components of Seismo-Ionospheric Couplingdavohawrami
The document provides an overview of the basic components of seismo-ionospheric coupling. It discusses earth structure and seismology, including tectonic plates and earthquake magnitude scales. It also covers the atmosphere, ionization sources, and characteristics of the ionosphere. Key precursors of earthquakes mentioned are changes in radon gas emanation, electric fields, and geochemical factors. The conclusion states that radon emanation may provide the primary link between seismic activity and the ionosphere.
This research project aimed to determine the relationship between earthquakes detected by seismometers at the LIGO-Hanford Observatory and the sensitivity of the LIGO interferometers to gravitational waves. The student collected data on earthquakes and interferometer sensitivity in 2007. By comparing earthquake data to seismometer readings and sensitivity measurements, some earthquakes were confirmed to affect interferometer sensitivity. However, the relationships between sensitivity and individual earthquake attributes like distance, magnitude, and depth were inconclusive. Further data and analysis are needed to fully model how earthquakes impact LIGO interferometer measurements.
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2015-02-20: Review of Hargreaves [1969]: Auroral Absorption of HF Radio Waves...inverseuniverse
A review of the first decade of riometry with an eye towards modern implementations (e.g., the IRIS riometer and the Automated Geophysical Observatories in Antarctica).
Similar to A multi-sensor monitoring network at Mayon Volcano, Philippines. Presentation by Florian Schwandner, 2012 (20)
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Earthquake research on coral reefs, Sumatra - Talk by Prof Sieh, NTU-SST Prog...EarthObsSingapore
This document summarizes Kerry Sieh's research on earthquakes and tsunamis along the coast of Sumatra. Sieh studies sediment layers deposited by past tsunamis to reconstruct the earthquake history. Sieh has installed 48 GPS stations across Sumatra to measure tectonic deformation from earthquakes. Analysis of uplifted coral reefs and GPS data allowed Sieh to determine which parts of the megathrust fault ruptured in the 2004 earthquake and tsunami, and to forecast areas of increased risk. Sieh continues using these techniques to monitor the "Mentawai patch" of the fault and forecast future earthquakes.
Talk by Prof Sieh at Temasek Junior College, October 2012EarthObsSingapore
This document provides a summary of a presentation on earth science in a rapidly changing world. It discusses how earth scientists study phenomena like volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and past climate change to understand natural hazards and contribute to more sustainable societies. It highlights several earth scientists and their research using techniques like chemistry, GPS, modeling, and analyzing coral and cave deposits to study eruptions, earthquakes, sea level rise, and temperature changes over thousands of years. It emphasizes how humanity must address issues like climate change and natural hazards through education and informed decision making.
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The document discusses several areas of science studied at the Earth Observatory of Singapore including volcanology, earthquake science, climate change, sea level change, and tsunamis. The EOS works to improve understanding of volcanic activity in Southeast Asia, increase knowledge of earthquakes to enable better forecasting, study the effects of climate change, assess local impacts of sea level rise, and conduct research on tsunamis to help mitigate risks.
The document provides information about transportation, accommodation, banking, communication, education, healthcare, and other services in Singapore. It details the various public transportation options including buses, MRT, taxis, and options for driving or owning a private vehicle. It also discusses types of housing such as hotels, HDB flats, as well as immigration/relocation matters, banking services, internet/phone providers, the education system, employing domestic help, and healthcare services and facilities in Singapore. Useful contact numbers are provided at the end.
This document discusses an inquiry workshop that uses authentic data to investigate volcanoes, earthquakes, and plate tectonics in Sumatra. The workshop focuses on Southeast Asia, examining geographical features, earthquake data, the tectonic setting which causes earthquakes, why volcanoes are present in the region, and why studying this is important for geography classrooms. Students will analyze real earthquake and geographic data to understand the relationship between tectonic plates, volcanoes, and seismic activity.
A multi-sensor monitoring network at Mayon Volcano, Philippines. Presentation by Florian Schwandner, 2012
1. Multidisciplinary monitoring of Mt. Mayon,
Luzon, Philippines
Part 1 – Overview and Geochemical Monitoring
F M Schwandner1, D Hidayat1, S Marcial1, C Newhall1,
E Laguerta2, R Vaquilar2, A Baloloy2, R Valerio2
3. • Research collaboration:
Earth Observatory of Singapore,
Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
since 2010
• Objective:
Develop a multi-disciplinary
monitoring system around Mayon
• geophysical & gas geochemical
monitoring, and petrologic studies.
4. 1. Mayon volcano: Background activity
Mayon is an openly-degassed basaltic-andesitic volcano, rises to 2,462m above Albay Gulf
in the Philippines.
Considered the most active volcano in the Philippines, Mayon produce small eruptions
every few years with two large (VEI 4) historical eruptions in 1814 and 1897.
The two recent eruptions in 2006 and 2009 were largely effusive, produced lava flow and
pyroclastic flows.
In the spectrum from openly-degassed to plugged volcanoes,
Mayon is near the openly-degassing end, producing mostly small and frequent eruptions.
b
5. 1. Mayon volcano: Background activity
Relatively short and modest seismic and gas precursors to recent eruptions of Mayon.
SO2 flux in t/d
SDH: emergent “tremor”, including rock falls Data courtesy of (PHIVOLCS).
LF- and HF- VQ: low and high frequency volcanic earthquakes
6. 1. Mayon volcano: Background activity
In the latest eruption, a small explosion on early Dec 11, 2009 was followed by spilling
of incandescent blocks over the crater rim.
Both the 2006 and 2009 eruptions started slowly with rock falls and increased SO2.
Extrusion rate peaked within 1-2 weeks and died away within 3-6 weeks. Only minor
explosive activity occurred.
SO2 flux in t/d
SDH: emergent “tremor”,
including rock falls
LF- and HF- VQ: low and high
frequency volcanic earthquakes
Data courtesy of (PHIVOLCS).
7. 1. Mayon volcano: Background activity
Mayon volcano status is level-1 with low seismicity dominated mostly by local and
regional tectonic earthquakes with continuous emission of SO2 from its crater.
Reported volcanic earthquakes and seismically detected rock fall events per month (dark and light
gray bars, respectively, left axis) and SO2 flux (open triangles and dashed line) averaged per month
(right axis) at Mayon from 1 January 2010 to July 2011.
Background colors indicate the Alert Level corresponding to the scale to the right of the figure.
Little if any data are available from March through December 2010, presumably due to low activity
during this interval.
Data courtesy of (PHIVOLCS).
8. • Research collaboration:
Mayon monitoring network design
Earth Observatory of Singapore,
Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
since 2010
• Objective:
Develop a multi-disciplinary
monitoring system around Mayon
• geophysical & gas geochemical
monitoring, and petrologic studies.
14. Gas Geochemistry:
flank CO2 as early unrest indicator
• Ground/flank gas network:
– Low cost, low maintenance = networkable, (+ solar power, telemetry)
– Chamber: US$45k/ea; high wear, strongly affected by wind & rain
– Pipe: US$05k/ea; low-flow $1k only, minimum wear & noise
Options:
• Continuous (recirculation) mode,
• Pump Test mode
15. Gas Geochemistry:
flank CO2 as early unrest indicator: toward real-time flux fields
End: Flux field variations with time Temporal population variation loadings
Invert
Start: Measure flux grid or mesh Measure time series, apply met corrections
Spatial
population
variation
loadings
Refine operational parameters
Extract population statistics: Place, cal, val time series sensors
PDF (permeability distribution function)
16. Gas Geochemistry:
flank CO2 as early unrest indicator
Multisensor gas stations design (6 Mayon, 2 Gede)
• Prototype built, copies being built in Nov-Dec 2011, at Mayon since Nov 2011.
Gas permeability / flux mapping with EOS
• Include each: Vaisala met station, soil CO2 concentration students, PHIVOLCS colleagues. Mayon 7/2011.
and derived CO2 flux, heat flux, soil moisture & soil temperature.
• Telemetry pending repeaters finalization.
• Supporting data acquired July 2011 (flux & permeability mapping campaigns).
Multi-sensors box designed for volcano monitoring stations. Schwandner & Marcial 2011.
Inset photo displays how wall installation will appear like, inside the shelters, in January 2011.
17. Gas Geochemistry:
Conduit degassing monitoring (NOVAC SO2)
NOVAC SO2 monitoring stations (2 Mayon)
• April/May 2011 installed. First in Asia, of global network >50 sites.
• Collaboration with NOVAC (Bo Galle, Sweden).
• Telemetry pending repeaters completion.
• PHIVOLCS scientists trained.
• Data streams being finalized: node -> observatory -> NOVAC -> EOS & PHIVOLCS HQ
One of two NOVAC stations at Mayon (Calbayog station)
Installation in May 2011
Sample 180 degree scan in 5 degree slant column absorption measurement intervals.
Highlighted is edge of plume just outside the scan range.
Lightning rod
Scanner optics
Control box including spectrometer, batteries,
solar charge controllers.
18. Hydrology / Geochemistry:
Strain and flank degassing monitoring
Wells multi-sensors (2 at Mayon)
• Sensors: depth (strain), pH, conductivity, salinity, chloride, temperature, ORP.
• 2 stations installed: 1 spring box (Padang, June ‘11), 1 shallow well (Bonga, March ‘11).
PHIVOLCS scientists trained.
• Bimonthly data downloads, battery service (soon solar), calibration.
• Telemetry pending completion of antenna masts (under way, contracted),
and installation of solar panels (delivered) & GSM modem.
event
event event
Calibration
offset
19. Multidisciplinary monitoring of Mt. Mayon,
Luzon, Philippines
Part 2 – Geophysical Monitoring
D Hidayat1, F M Schwandner1, S Marcial1, C Newhall1,
E Laguerta2, R Vaquilar2, A Baloloy2, R Valerio2
20. GPS data from PHIVOLCS-GPS working group have 1. Mayon volcano: Background activity
yielded phases of precursory ground displacement
prior to eruptive activity in 2006 and 2009.
Data courtesy of (PHIVOLCS).
Plots of relative distance changes between stations suggest inflation due to magma
intrusion in late 2005; followed by apparent deflation in early to mid 2006.
Renewed inflation began again in late 2007 to early 2008; followed by extrusion of
magma in the December 2009 eruption.
Besides showing evidence of surface ground deformation from volcanic origin, the
observed GPS signal around Mayon also showing local tectonic origin (Bacolcol, pers.
comm.).
21. 3. Tectonic settings
Tectonically, Mayon is located in the Bicol Basin (Oas Graben), a northwest trending
structural depression. Structural analysis of previous study reveals a regional
transtensional stress regime in the Bicol basin, which induced the northwest striking
left-lateral faults to have a normal slip component (Lagmay et al., 2005).
The Oas Graben bounded by Legaspi Lineament to the north and San Vicente Linao Fault
to the south. The Legazpi Lineament (N70oW) is seismically active and is a left-lateral
fault with a normal component to the east (Le Rouzic, 1999). GPS data analysis (Rangin
et al., 1999) derived a left-lateral motion of 13 mm/yr along the Legaspi Fault with 13
mm/yr of extension perpendicular to it.
22. 4. Geophysical Monitoring
Currently there are 4 broadband
seismographs, 3 short period
instruments (PHIVOLCS-NEID;
which recently upgraded to
broadband instrument), and 5
tiltmeters. These instruments will
be telemetered to the Lignon Hill
Volcano Observatory through radio
and 3G broadband internet.
24. 5. Self-made low-cost data logger
We also make use of our self-
made low-cost tiltmeter
datalogger which has been
operating since Jan 2011,
performing data acquisition
with sampling rate of 20
minute/sample and transmitted
through gsm network as text
message.
We also designed and assembled a high data-rate
datalogger and tested it with short period seismic and
tilt instrument at Mayon, Gede and Salak volcanoes.
The datalogger can also be used for other analog
sensors such as microphones, microbarographs and
others. It is equipped with GPS for accurate time.
We are using one type of 5.8 GHz radio telemetry in our volcano laboratories. The 5.8 GHz
is growing in use due to low cost, versatility, and no frequency license requirement
compared to 900 MHz, but it does not have the flexibility of a lower-frequency system to
shoot through vegetation and around corners.
An alternative solution for telemetry from remote location to EOS data center without to
worry about line of sight is using a new device: a 3G modem integrated with a router that
can link to internet service provided by cellular companies.
25. PHIVOLCS Monitoring Data Schema
Lignon Hill Manila
Volcano Observatory Earth Observatory
of Singapore
swarm
Seiscomp
Earthworm Earthworm
INTERNET
PICOT NOVAC Hydrolab Trillium Applied Geomechanics Geospace
CO2 & met SO2 MS5: Wells compact 701-(4X) Mini Seis-monitor Trimble NetR8
26. Currently there are 4 broadband
seismographs, 3 short period
instruments (PHIVOLCS-NEID;
which recently upgraded to
broadband instrument), and 5
tiltmeters. These instruments will
be telemetered to the Lignon Hill
Volcano Observatory through radio
and 3G broadband internet.
29. 6. Preliminary Results
Understanding on what structures active deformation is occurring and how
deformation signal is currently partitioned between tectonic and volcanic origin is a
key for characterizing magma movement in the time of unrest.
Preliminary analysis of the tangential components of tiltmeters (particularly the
stations VMDB and VMAB, NE of the volcano) shows gradual inflation movement
over several months period. The tangential components for tiltmeters are roughly
perpendicular to the fault north of Mayon. This may suggest downward tilting of the
graben in the northern side of Mayon. Another possibility is that the magmatic
system under Mayon is asymmetrical.
With the additional 2 instruments recently installed, we have better azimuthal
tiltmeter coverage around the volcano, which permitted us to monitor any possible
surface ground deformation coming from either volcanic and tectonic origin.
This hypothesis can be verified later.
30. 6. Preliminary Results
We perform 3D forward modeling (flat surface/no topo) of a left-lateral strike slip fault with normal component
(mimicking Legaspi lineament movement as describe by GPS solution of Rangin et al.1999). Parameters: strike N65W;
dip 80 (westward); left lateral motion: 13mm; dip-slip: 13mm.
The main idea was to check whether the observed tangential tilt is compatible with the movement of Legaspi
Lineament. We can see consistency of the observed tangential tilt to the model .
Note: positive tangential-tilt trend = counterclockwise movement.
VMDB and VMAB positive trend = downward movement of the block northwestward of these stations (footwall
of Legaspi Lineament downward)
31. 6. Preliminary Results
Earthquakes in the area reflect both Mayon volcanic activity and its adjacent
tectonic activity. High quality of hypocenter location is essential. Before detailed
study of volcano-related seismic events, our broadband seismograph study will
refine a velocity model underneath the volcano with the analysis of receiver
functions of teleseismic earthquakes. Such information can be also used to better
formulate a coherent regional tectonic model and help characterize the seismic
sources in the region. Our study presents the depth of Moho and crustal velocity
structure including low velocity zones, which hint the depth of magma bodies.
32. 6. Preliminary Results
In the spectrum from openly-degassed to plugged volcanoes, Mayon is near the
openly-degassing end, producing mostly small and frequent eruption.
An EOS-PHIVOLCS collaboration is initiated in 2010 with effort to develop a
multi-disciplinary monitoring system around Mayon includes geophysical
monitoring, gas geochemical monitoring, and petrologic studies.
Short and modest seismic and gas precursors to recent eruptions of Mayon. GPS
data analysis yielded precursory inflation for 2006 and 2009 eruption. However,
the deformation signals were affected much by the deformation due to
tectonics.
Combined analysis of multi-parameter geophysical data will enable the
possibility to locate and quantified the fault movement adjacent to Mayon,
isolate seismic and deformation signal related to volcanic origin, for better
understanding magmatic system of Mayon volcano.
33. FY2011 EOS-CVGHM geophysical monitoring network
1. Established geophysical network (3 broadband, 3 short-period, and 2 tiltmeter stations
installed and operating)
2. Data connection through GSM and radio telemetry; continuous data stream to Gede
observatory with sampling rate: 100sps (BB & SP) and 1 sample per 20 minutes (Tilt)
3. Self-made low cost data logger was tested and now functioning permanently for tiltmeter
and short period
4. In progress: real time data display (observatories, CVGHM-Bandung and EOS)
34. Gede and Salak Monitoring Status
Gede
-2 broadband stations are installed, permanent house already built
-1 repeater stations is built, 1 repeater housed in Telkomsel cellular tower
-1 short period station is installed
-2 short period stations are planned: 1 will be in SW of Gede (before 31/03/12), 1
will be at the summit (~May 2012)
-2 tiltmeterS are installed and co-located with broadband seismometers: 1 will be
relocate from north to south station by 31/03/12.
Salak
-2 short period stations are installed: 1 with permanent house is recently built
-1 broadband station is installed between Salak and Pangrango; this can serve
data for Gede as well
Telemetry
-Radio network is built for both Gede and Salak
-for station with difficult line of sight, 3G internet is used for data telemetry
-Each at the observatory post there is a server where data are accessible via
internet for CVGHM and EOS. Realtime data display can be achieved, delayed
data backup at EOS is being implemented. Enhancement of internet speed will
be implemented by 31/03/12 for realtime data display and backup at EOS.
40. Earthquake Locations at and around Gede Volcano, cont.
-These are locatable tectonic and volcanic earthquakes from May-Oct 2011 with
S-P less than 5 sec.
-Several earthquakes occurred beneath Gede crater with depth 0-5km
-Several earthquake occurred along Cimandiri fault
-Sequences of small earthquakes (depth range 0-15 km) occurred NE Gede and
SW of Gede (Cluster 1 and 2), over the time of recordings, many occurred along
SW-NE across Gede and Pangrango.
-We postulates that there is (are) faults running across Gede-Pangrango
connecting Cimandiri fault and Lembang fault (NE or Gede). Similar swarms
occurred in 1997 were located between Gede and Pangrango.
-Earthquake hypocenters are still preliminary, velocity structure refinement will
improve locations probably clustered more than currently shown.