Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Examples that take up space include solids, liquids, and gases as they all occupy physical space. Matter can be observed through our senses and measured experimentally.
This document discusses different units of measurement including years for age, centimeters for length, and grams/kilograms for mass. It provides examples such as a boy being 7 years old, a ruler being 15 centimeters long, and a book weighing 50 grams to illustrate the different units used to measure various quantities.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The mass of an object is determined by the amount of material, such as toys, books, food, water, or other substances, contained within containers like boxes, bags, lunchboxes, bottles, and others. Heavier objects have more mass, so a rock has more mass than paper, a balloon has less mass than a book, and a desk has more mass than a feather.
Hurricanes are storms that start over the ocean, have very strong winds that make huge waves, while blizzards, also known as snow storms, have heavy snow and strong winds.
There are four main types of precipitation: rain which are water droplets falling from clouds, snow which are soft white flakes of ice falling from the sky, sleet which is a mixture of snow and rain that freezes on its way down, and hail which are large ice lumps that fall from clouds.
The document discusses various scientific tools used in labs and experiments. It asks what tool a student should wear in a lab, how to transfer liquids between containers, how to measure a sick boy's temperature, what tool can heat liquids, and how someone can know how much of a liquid they are drinking.
Precipitation and wind activity in the lab!Amani Madkour
Scientists conducted experiments involving precipitation and wind in a laboratory setting. Various precipitation and wind conditions were created and observed. The experiments provided data on how precipitation and wind interact under controlled indoor conditions.
Stay indoors and avoid open spaces, water, and standing under trees when the weather is bad to stay safe. Staying inside is the safest precaution during bad weather to avoid dangers from open areas, flooding, or falling trees.
There are three main types of storms: 1) Thunderstorms which occur when there is lightning, thunder, strong winds and heavy rain. 2) Tornadoes which are very fast and strong columns of air rotating in circles. Storms happen when there is very strong wind and extreme weather.
This document discusses different units of measurement including years for age, centimeters for length, and grams/kilograms for mass. It provides examples such as a boy being 7 years old, a ruler being 15 centimeters long, and a book weighing 50 grams to illustrate the different units used to measure various quantities.
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The mass of an object is determined by the amount of material, such as toys, books, food, water, or other substances, contained within containers like boxes, bags, lunchboxes, bottles, and others. Heavier objects have more mass, so a rock has more mass than paper, a balloon has less mass than a book, and a desk has more mass than a feather.
Hurricanes are storms that start over the ocean, have very strong winds that make huge waves, while blizzards, also known as snow storms, have heavy snow and strong winds.
There are four main types of precipitation: rain which are water droplets falling from clouds, snow which are soft white flakes of ice falling from the sky, sleet which is a mixture of snow and rain that freezes on its way down, and hail which are large ice lumps that fall from clouds.
The document discusses various scientific tools used in labs and experiments. It asks what tool a student should wear in a lab, how to transfer liquids between containers, how to measure a sick boy's temperature, what tool can heat liquids, and how someone can know how much of a liquid they are drinking.
Precipitation and wind activity in the lab!Amani Madkour
Scientists conducted experiments involving precipitation and wind in a laboratory setting. Various precipitation and wind conditions were created and observed. The experiments provided data on how precipitation and wind interact under controlled indoor conditions.
Stay indoors and avoid open spaces, water, and standing under trees when the weather is bad to stay safe. Staying inside is the safest precaution during bad weather to avoid dangers from open areas, flooding, or falling trees.
There are three main types of storms: 1) Thunderstorms which occur when there is lightning, thunder, strong winds and heavy rain. 2) Tornadoes which are very fast and strong columns of air rotating in circles. Storms happen when there is very strong wind and extreme weather.
Clouds are made of tiny water droplets or ice crystals that float in the sky. They come in many shapes and sizes depending on their height and water content. Cumulus clouds are puffy and cotton-like, while cirrus clouds are wispy and made of ice crystals high in the sky.
The document outlines the scientific method used to determine whether pasta or leaves would sink or float in water. It describes the 6 steps of the scientific method: 1) observe the materials, 2) ask a question, 3) gather information, 4) make a hypothesis, 5) conduct an experiment, and 6) make a conclusion. The hypothesis was that the pasta would sink and the leaves would float, and the experiment showed this hypothesis to be correct.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses different types of weather like windy, rainy, snowy, sunny weather and how temperature indicates if it is hot or cold outside. It explains that precipitation is any water that falls from clouds, including rain, and that we can prepare for rainy weather by using umbrellas. Other types of precipitation beyond rain are also mentioned.
An ant is observed under magnifying tools to examine its features. A magnifying lens is used to see the ant's eyes more clearly. A microscope is then used to count the ant's legs and view them in more detail. Finally, forceps are identified as a tool that can pick up small, delicate things like the ant's legs.
This document discusses four common tools used to measure different weather conditions: a thermometer measures temperature, a rain gauge measures rainfall, a ruler measures ice depth, and an anemometer measures wind speed. Each tool is designed to collect a specific type of weather data.
Freddie is introduced as the narrator's friend who is usually nice but is currently not feeling well. Freddie visited the doctor who checked his temperature using a thermometer to determine what was wrong with Freddie and make him feel better.
The scientific method involves 6 key steps: 1) observing phenomena and asking questions, 2) gathering information through research, 3) hypothesizing potential outcomes, 4) experimenting to test hypotheses, 5) analyzing results, and 6) reaching conclusions to answer original questions. Scientists follow this process of observation, research, experimentation and analysis to systematically solve problems.
Scientific tools are objects used in laboratories and experiments to help conduct research safely and accurately. Examples of common scientific tools include safety goggles to protect eyes, thermometers for measuring temperature, measuring cups for liquids, funnels for pouring, test tubes for heating liquids, droppers for small liquid amounts, digital balances for weighing light objects, stopwatches for timing experiments, forceps for small items, magnifying lenses and microscopes for examining small objects, graduated cylinders for measuring volumes accurately, and Bunsen burners for heating liquids. Scientific tools allow students to perform experiments and observations.
The document discusses the motion of the Earth and how it causes day and night as well as apparent motion of the sun. It explains that the Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours, which causes one side of the Earth to face the sun while the other side faces away, creating day and night. It also discusses how the Earth revolves around the sun over the course of 365 days.
All living things go through life cycles that involve different stages of development. The butterfly's life cycle has four main stages: egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult butterfly. As a caterpillar, it eats leaves and grows quickly before forming a pupa and undergoing transformation inside until emerging as a young butterfly and finally a mature adult butterfly that can lay new eggs.
Simple machines make work easier by changing the amount or direction of force needed. There are six basic types of simple machines: the lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. Compound machines combine two or more simple machines; examples include scissors, bicycles, and wheelbarrows.
This document discusses how forces like pushes and pulls cause motion by either moving things away (push) or bringing them closer (pull). It defines any push or pull that moves an object as a force. The document encourages the reader to have a wonderful day.
The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It explains that soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering and breakdown of rocks and the decomposition of dead plants and animals. The soil is made up of weathered rocks, humus from decomposed materials, and minerals. It has distinct layers with varying properties including the topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock below. Different types of soil like sand, silt, and clay are determined by the size of particles. Loam is an ideal soil made of a mixture of these. The document emphasizes the importance of protecting soil as a vital natural resource.
This document discusses different types of water resources and how water is treated and distributed for human use. It explains that there are two main types of water - fresh water found in rivers, lakes, glaciers etc. and salt water found in oceans. It then outlines several key steps in treating water from rivers and lakes, such as allowing solids to settle, filtering through layers of sand and gravel, adding chemicals to kill harmful organisms, and pumping the clean water for distribution.
Natural disasters and diseases can change environments and affect living organisms. Floods occur when heavy rain falls in a short period, covering land with water, while droughts are long periods without rain that can dry up rivers and lakes, increasing wildfire risks that damage plant and animal habitats. Diseases from mold, bacteria, and mildew also easily spread in environments and harm living things, with one infected tree having the potential to destroy an entire forest.
Plants need five things to survive and grow: oxygen from the air, water, nutrients found in soil, space to grow freely, and sunlight. Fruits were once living parts of plants but become non-living when picked after ripening.
Organisms adapt traits that help them survive in their environments. Some examples of adaptations include camouflage, mimicry, nocturnal behavior, hibernation, and migration. Camouflage allows animals to blend into their surroundings and hide from predators or to ambush prey. Mimicry enables some animals to resemble other organisms for protection. Nocturnal habits, hibernation, and migration are ways animals adapt to changes or shortages in their environments like weather changes or lack of food sources. Plants also exhibit adaptations like deep roots that help them survive in difficult conditions.
Liquids and gases take the shape of their container, unlike solids which do not. Volume is defined as the space occupied by matter, and can be measured using tools like measuring cups. Common units for measuring volume include liters and milliliters.
Clouds are made of tiny water droplets or ice crystals that float in the sky. They come in many shapes and sizes depending on their height and water content. Cumulus clouds are puffy and cotton-like, while cirrus clouds are wispy and made of ice crystals high in the sky.
The document outlines the scientific method used to determine whether pasta or leaves would sink or float in water. It describes the 6 steps of the scientific method: 1) observe the materials, 2) ask a question, 3) gather information, 4) make a hypothesis, 5) conduct an experiment, and 6) make a conclusion. The hypothesis was that the pasta would sink and the leaves would float, and the experiment showed this hypothesis to be correct.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses different types of weather like windy, rainy, snowy, sunny weather and how temperature indicates if it is hot or cold outside. It explains that precipitation is any water that falls from clouds, including rain, and that we can prepare for rainy weather by using umbrellas. Other types of precipitation beyond rain are also mentioned.
An ant is observed under magnifying tools to examine its features. A magnifying lens is used to see the ant's eyes more clearly. A microscope is then used to count the ant's legs and view them in more detail. Finally, forceps are identified as a tool that can pick up small, delicate things like the ant's legs.
This document discusses four common tools used to measure different weather conditions: a thermometer measures temperature, a rain gauge measures rainfall, a ruler measures ice depth, and an anemometer measures wind speed. Each tool is designed to collect a specific type of weather data.
Freddie is introduced as the narrator's friend who is usually nice but is currently not feeling well. Freddie visited the doctor who checked his temperature using a thermometer to determine what was wrong with Freddie and make him feel better.
The scientific method involves 6 key steps: 1) observing phenomena and asking questions, 2) gathering information through research, 3) hypothesizing potential outcomes, 4) experimenting to test hypotheses, 5) analyzing results, and 6) reaching conclusions to answer original questions. Scientists follow this process of observation, research, experimentation and analysis to systematically solve problems.
Scientific tools are objects used in laboratories and experiments to help conduct research safely and accurately. Examples of common scientific tools include safety goggles to protect eyes, thermometers for measuring temperature, measuring cups for liquids, funnels for pouring, test tubes for heating liquids, droppers for small liquid amounts, digital balances for weighing light objects, stopwatches for timing experiments, forceps for small items, magnifying lenses and microscopes for examining small objects, graduated cylinders for measuring volumes accurately, and Bunsen burners for heating liquids. Scientific tools allow students to perform experiments and observations.
The document discusses the motion of the Earth and how it causes day and night as well as apparent motion of the sun. It explains that the Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours, which causes one side of the Earth to face the sun while the other side faces away, creating day and night. It also discusses how the Earth revolves around the sun over the course of 365 days.
All living things go through life cycles that involve different stages of development. The butterfly's life cycle has four main stages: egg, caterpillar, pupa, and adult butterfly. As a caterpillar, it eats leaves and grows quickly before forming a pupa and undergoing transformation inside until emerging as a young butterfly and finally a mature adult butterfly that can lay new eggs.
Simple machines make work easier by changing the amount or direction of force needed. There are six basic types of simple machines: the lever, pulley, wheel and axle, inclined plane, screw, and wedge. Compound machines combine two or more simple machines; examples include scissors, bicycles, and wheelbarrows.
This document discusses how forces like pushes and pulls cause motion by either moving things away (push) or bringing them closer (pull). It defines any push or pull that moves an object as a force. The document encourages the reader to have a wonderful day.
The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It explains that soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering and breakdown of rocks and the decomposition of dead plants and animals. The soil is made up of weathered rocks, humus from decomposed materials, and minerals. It has distinct layers with varying properties including the topsoil, subsoil, and bedrock below. Different types of soil like sand, silt, and clay are determined by the size of particles. Loam is an ideal soil made of a mixture of these. The document emphasizes the importance of protecting soil as a vital natural resource.
This document discusses different types of water resources and how water is treated and distributed for human use. It explains that there are two main types of water - fresh water found in rivers, lakes, glaciers etc. and salt water found in oceans. It then outlines several key steps in treating water from rivers and lakes, such as allowing solids to settle, filtering through layers of sand and gravel, adding chemicals to kill harmful organisms, and pumping the clean water for distribution.
Natural disasters and diseases can change environments and affect living organisms. Floods occur when heavy rain falls in a short period, covering land with water, while droughts are long periods without rain that can dry up rivers and lakes, increasing wildfire risks that damage plant and animal habitats. Diseases from mold, bacteria, and mildew also easily spread in environments and harm living things, with one infected tree having the potential to destroy an entire forest.
Plants need five things to survive and grow: oxygen from the air, water, nutrients found in soil, space to grow freely, and sunlight. Fruits were once living parts of plants but become non-living when picked after ripening.
Organisms adapt traits that help them survive in their environments. Some examples of adaptations include camouflage, mimicry, nocturnal behavior, hibernation, and migration. Camouflage allows animals to blend into their surroundings and hide from predators or to ambush prey. Mimicry enables some animals to resemble other organisms for protection. Nocturnal habits, hibernation, and migration are ways animals adapt to changes or shortages in their environments like weather changes or lack of food sources. Plants also exhibit adaptations like deep roots that help them survive in difficult conditions.
Liquids and gases take the shape of their container, unlike solids which do not. Volume is defined as the space occupied by matter, and can be measured using tools like measuring cups. Common units for measuring volume include liters and milliliters.
The document compares different ecosystems by describing their climates and key characteristics. Tropical rainforests have hot, wet climates all year and contain the greatest diversity of plants and animals. Temperate forests' climates change with warm summers and cold winters, and they receive less rain than rainforests. Wetlands are covered in water most of the year, found along rivers and coasts, and help absorb flood waters and cleanse dirty water. Oceans are the largest ecosystem and most living things inhabit the sunlit, shallow areas near the surface.
Food chains and food webs show how energy passes from one organism to another as they eat each other. A food chain tracks the flow of energy starting with a plant that gets its energy from the sun, then to an animal that eats the plant, then another animal that eats the first animal. A food web is more complex, showing that organisms can be part of multiple food chains as some animals eat different plants and other animals.
This document discusses three categories of animals based on their diets: herbivores, which eat only plants; carnivores, which eat only meat; and omnivores, which eat both plants and meat. Herbivores include deer, rabbits, elephants, turtles, monkeys and giraffes. Carnivores include lions, crocodiles, snakes and eagles. Omnivores include bears, raccoons, pigs, and humans.
An ecosystem is a place where living and non-living things interact, and can exist in various environments from wet to dry and small to large. In an ecosystem, living things depend on each other and non-living things like water, soil and sunlight. Producers like plants make their own food through photosynthesis, while consumers like animals obtain food by eating other organisms, and decomposers like worms break down dead plants and animals and return nutrients to the soil.
This document discusses habitats and the different animals that live in each one. It explains that a habitat provides all the needs for animals to survive, including food, water and shelter. It then identifies the five main habitats as ocean, forest, desert, grasslands, and Antarctica, and provides some example animals for each one. The habitats differ in their characteristics such as being wet or dry, hot or cold, containing trees, grass or snow.
The frog life cycle consists of 5 stages - eggs are laid in water, tadpoles hatch with gills and swim, tadpoles grow legs and lungs and become young frogs, young frogs resemble adult frogs and live on land, frogs undergo complete metamorphosis as each stage looks physically different.
The frog life cycle consists of 5 stages - adult frogs lay eggs in water that hatch into tadpoles with gills, the tadpoles then grow legs and lungs to become young frogs, and finally the young frogs mature into adult frogs that live on land.
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Mechanisms and Applications of Antiviral Neutralizing Antibodies - Creative B...Creative-Biolabs
Neutralizing antibodies, pivotal in immune defense, specifically bind and inhibit viral pathogens, thereby playing a crucial role in protecting against and mitigating infectious diseases. In this slide, we will introduce what antibodies and neutralizing antibodies are, the production and regulation of neutralizing antibodies, their mechanisms of action, classification and applications, as well as the challenges they face.
Order : Trombidiformes (Acarina) Class : Arachnida
Mites normally feed on the undersurface of the leaves but the symptoms are more easily seen on the uppersurface.
Tetranychids produce blotching (Spots) on the leaf-surface.
Tarsonemids and Eriophyids produce distortion (twist), puckering (Folds) or stunting (Short) of leaves.
Eriophyids produce distinct galls or blisters (fluid-filled sac in the outer layer)
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆Sérgio Sacani
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid