Tensile, Impact and Hardness Testing of Mild SteelGulfam Hussain
The main purpose of this report is to study the mechanical properties and
failure mode of mild steel. Three types of standard tests i.e. tensile test, impact
test, and hardness test were conducted on the standard specimens of mild steel.
From the tests, results were obtained; Tensile strength, Impact strength, and
hardness were calculated. It was observed that Tensile Strength, Impact Strength
and Hardness of MS specimen were 1450.833 N/mm², 29.5 J & 59.25 HRB.
The document discusses fuel cladding materials used in nuclear reactors. It describes aluminum alloys as a common cladding material for research reactors operating below 100°C due to its low neutron absorption, high thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance at moderate temperatures. Specifically, aluminum alloy types 1100, 5000, 6000, AA6061, AA5456, and AA5052 are used as cladding. However, aluminum alloys lose strength and have corrosion problems at higher temperatures. While alloying can improve properties, it also increases neutron absorption.
Properties of materials / Mechanical Properties of materialsGulfam Hussain
The document discusses various mechanical properties of materials including strength, elasticity, stiffness, plasticity, ductility, malleability, brittleness, toughness, hardness, impact strength, resilience, fatigue, and creep. It explains these properties and how they are evaluated using stress-strain diagrams and testing machines. The properties are important for engineers to understand how materials will behave under different loading conditions for machine and structural design.
The document discusses various aspects of hardening hypoeutectoid and hypereutectoid steels. It explains that hardening involves heating steel to the appropriate temperature, holding, and then rapidly quenching to form martensite. Factors like chemical composition, part size/shape, heating/cooling rates, and quenchant properties influence the hardening process and final properties. Different hardening methods like direct, stage, and self-tempering quenching are also summarized.
Extrusion is a process that uses pressure to force heated metal material through a die to create parts with a constant cross-section. There are two main types of extrusion: direct and indirect. Direct extrusion involves pushing the material through the die in the same direction as the ram movement, while indirect extrusion moves the material in the opposite direction of the ram. Extrusion can be performed hot or cold depending on the material, with hot extrusion allowing for more complex shapes from more readily extrudable metals like aluminum. Proper die material and lubrication are important for reducing friction during extrusion.
This document provides an overview of cathode ray oscilloscopes (CROs). It discusses the introduction and basic diagram of a CRO, describing the main components of the cathode ray tube. It also covers multi-input oscilloscopes, describing the alternate and chopped modes of dual trace oscilloscopes and methods for generating dual beams. Additionally, it discusses Lissajous patterns generated from two input signals and how they can be used to measure frequency and phase. Finally, it provides an overview of digital storage oscilloscopes, including their block diagram and advantages over analog storage oscilloscopes.
The document summarizes the 8 main forms of corrosion that can occur in metals. It begins by explaining that corrosion is a natural process that converts refined metals back into more stable forms, driven by thermodynamics. It then describes the key elements that form an electrochemical corrosion cell and discusses various factors that influence corrosion rates. The main types of corrosion covered are uniform corrosion, localized corrosion (including galvanic and crevice corrosion), and stress corrosion cracking. Visual examples of each type of corrosion are provided.
Non-destructive testing (NDT) allows inspection of materials and components without damaging them. Common NDT methods include visual testing, magnetic particle inspection, dye penetrant testing, radiography, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing. These methods are used to detect surface or internal flaws in materials and evaluate characteristics without impairing future usefulness or serviceability. NDT plays an important role in quality control and safety across industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy.
This document provides information on non-traditional manufacturing processes. It defines non-traditional processes as those that remove material using mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical energy without direct tool-workpiece contact. Several non-traditional processes are described in detail, including ultrasonic machining, water jet machining, abrasive jet machining, electrochemical grinding, and chemical milling. Non-traditional processes allow hard and brittle materials to be machined without damage and with better surface finish compared to traditional processes. They find applications in industries such as aerospace, electronics, and automotive.
Pakistan is located in South Asia between India and Afghanistan. It has a population of over 170 million people and Urdu is the official language. Some key facts about Pakistan include:
- It has the 7th largest standing army and is the 6th country to develop nuclear weapons.
- Major industries include textiles, food processing, and pharmaceuticals. Agriculture and services are the largest sectors of the economy.
- Pakistan has several notable achievements including being home to the largest volunteer ambulance network and among the largest producers of wheat, rice, and cotton.
Terrorism in pakistan causes & remediesGulfam Hussain
The document discusses the causes and remedies of terrorism in Pakistan. It notes that terrorism has taken various forms throughout history for different political purposes. In Pakistan specifically, the porous border with Afghanistan allowed al-Qaeda and Taliban militants to take refuge after the US invasion. This, combined with political and economic grievances among tribal groups, created space for militant organizations to operate. The document outlines several types and motivations of terrorism in Pakistan, including religiously-motivated groups, sectarian violence, and separatist movements in regions like Balochistan. It argues that effectively addressing the root political and economic causes, in addition to military operations, is needed to counter the terrorist threat.
This document discusses various heat treatment processes for steels including annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and case hardening. It explains that annealing involves heating metals above or below critical temperatures and slowly cooling to make the metal soft. Hardening involves heating steel above its critical temperature then quenching in water to form martensite and make the metal very hard. Tempering is used after hardening to reduce brittleness by reheating to 220-300 degrees C. Case hardening, such as carburizing or nitriding, adds carbon or nitrogen to the surface layer to harden low-carbon steels. Methods of measuring temperature in furnaces like pyrometers and Seger cones are also summarized
Atomic bonding involves interatomic forces that determine many material properties. Primary bonding includes ionic bonding via electrostatic attraction between ions, covalent bonding by electron sharing, and metallic bonding from delocalized electrons binding positive ion cores. Secondary bonding includes weaker London dispersion forces from induced atomic dipoles, and dipole-dipole interactions between polar molecules. Bonding energy varies between types and affects properties like melting temperature.
The document discusses various types of cast iron, their microstructures, properties, production methods and applications. It describes the microstructures of gray cast iron, white cast iron, ductile cast iron and malleable cast iron. The key types are defined by the form of carbon in the microstructure, such as graphite flakes, nodules or carbide phases. The document also examines the solidification and processing factors that determine the carbon structure.
A pyrometer is a non-contact device that measures the surface temperature of an object by detecting the thermal radiation it emits. Modern pyrometers became available in 1901 with the development of the disappearing filament pyrometer. Issues with early pyrometers relying on emissivity led to the development of ratio or two-color pyrometers. There are different types of pyrometers including optical, radiation, digital, and infrared pyrometers that use various detectors like thermopiles, photocells, bolometers, and thermistors. Pyrometers are useful for measuring temperatures of moving or inaccessible objects and are widely used in industries like smelting, heat treatment, and steam boilers.
A muffle furnace is a furnace that heats materials through radiant heat from insulated walls rather than direct flame contact. It consists of a vented heating chamber, temperature controller, and safety features. Muffle furnaces are commonly used in laboratories and industry for applications requiring precise, high temperatures like glass fusing, enamel coating, and metallurgical testing. They heat materials through conduction, convection and radiation from electrical heating elements inside insulating walls, allowing for greater temperature control and isolation of samples from combustion byproducts compared to other furnace types.
Atmospheric corrosion is a major cause of degradation and failure of metals exposed to outdoor and indoor environments. It accounts for significant economic losses as corroded metals must be replaced. While atmospheres are typically classified as industrial, marine, rural, or indoor, most real-world environments involve mixtures of conditions. Atmospheric corrosion occurs via localized corrosion cells and is influenced by factors like pollution, humidity, and proximity to salt or chemical sources. Proper material selection and protection methods are needed to prevent atmospheric corrosion in various environmental conditions.
Erosion corrosion occurs when the rate of material deterioration increases due to the combined effects of corrosion and mechanical wear from fluid flow. It can occur in pipes, valves, pumps and other equipment exposed to flowing liquids or gases. The mechanism involves turbulent flow damaging protective surface films and exposing the bare metal to chemical attack. Common signs are grooves, holes and valleys in the direction of flow. Prevention methods include design modifications to reduce turbulence, removing abrasive particles from the fluid, protective coatings, cathodic protection, and using more corrosion resistant materials.
42. that we must never ever take things for granted.
!!!أننا لسنا في وضعهم .. من يدري قد نكون
43.
44.
45. Think & look at this... when you complain about your food and
the food we waste daily..."
...أنظر وتمعن في الصور.... تذكرها عندما ل يعجبك طعامك أو عندما ترميه كل يوم
46. MAY ALL HUMAN BEINGS BE FREE FROM
SUFFERING!!!!
!!!!أسأل ال أن يرفع البلء عن جميع خلقه
47. Please don't break this,
keep on forwarding it to all our friends.
On this good day,
let's make a prayer for the suffering in any place around
the globe and send this friendly reminder to others.
.ل تدع الرسالة تقف عندك
,أرجوك مررها لكل أصدقائك ومن حولك
!!!!ولنبدأ بالدعاء إلى ال أن يرفع البلء عن جميع خلقه في جميع أنحاء الرض
52. PLEASE,
MY GREAT FRIENDS,
DON'T BREAK THIS CHAIN,
ل تدع الرسالة تقف عندك
53. PLEASE,
MY GREAT FRIENDS,
DON'T BREAK THIS CHAIN,
KINDLY SEND IT TO SOMEONE YOU LOVE,
أرسلها لمن تحب
54. PLEASE,
MY GREAT FRIENDS,
DON'T BREAK THIS CHAIN,
KINDLY SEND IT TO SOMEONE YOU LOVE,
TO ENABLE HIM OR HER SEE WHAT GOD
لكي يعرف نعمة ال عليه
55. PLEASE,
MY GREAT FRIENDS,
DON'T BREAK THIS CHAIN,
KINDLY SEND IT TO SOMEONE YOU LOVE,
TO ENABLE HIM OR HER SEE WHAT GOD
HAS DONE IN HIS/HER LIFE COMPARED
ويقارن حياته
56. PLEASE,
MY GREAT FRIENDS,
DON'T BREAK THIS CHAIN,
KINDLY SEND IT TO SOMEONE YOU LOVE,
TO ENABLE HIM OR HER SEE WHAT GOD
HAS DONE IN HIS/HER LIFE COMPARED
WITH THESE KIDS' DEPLORABLE
بالحياة التعيسة التي يعيشها هؤلء الطففال
57. PLEASE,
MY GREAT FRIENDS,
DON'T BREAK THIS CHAIN,
KINDLY SEND IT TO SOMEONE YOU LOVE,
TO ENABLE HIM OR HER SEE WHAT GOD
HAS DONE IN HIS/HER LIFE COMPARED
WITH THESE KIDS' DEPLORABLE
CONDITIONS.
