The document discusses tablet coating techniques, outlining their purposes such as protecting active ingredients and aiding in drug identification. It details three primary types of coatings: sugar, film, and enteric, along with their respective processes and equipment involved. Additionally, the document addresses various tablet defects, their causes, and corrective measures to ensure quality in tablet manufacturing.

1. TABLET COATING
PREPARED BY : DR. MEHWISH NISAR

2. TABLET COATING
• THE TECHNIQUE OF WRAPPING A TABLET TO HIDE ITS TASTE, MAKE IT SIMPLER
TO SWALLOW, OR SAFEGUARD THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT IS KNOWN AS TABLET
COATING.

3. PURPOSE OF COATING
• DEFENSE AGAINST AIR, LIGHT, AND MOISTURE. SHIELDING API FROM DIGESTIVE
JUICES. IMPROVED TABLET IDENTIFICATION. PREVENT ADVERSE EFFECTS. GIVES
MEDICINE WITH A DELAYED RELEASE.

4. TYPES OF TABLET COATING
• THERE ARE MAINLY 3 TYPES OF COATING
• SUGAR COATING
• FILM COATING
• ENTERIC COATING

5. SUGAR COATING
• THE TABLETS WILL BE COATED WITH A SOLUTION BASED ON SUGAR (SUCROSE)
IN THIS PROCESS. IT'S DONE WITH COATING PANS THAT ARE POSITIONED AT A
40 ANGLE AND HAVE VARYING CAPACITIES. WATER SOLUBLE, THE COATING
MELTS AWAY WHEN SWALLOWED.

6. STEPS OF SUGAR COATING
• THE SUGAR COATING INVOLVES FOLLOWING STEPS:
• I. SEALING
• II. SUB COATING
• III. SYRUPING
• IV. FINISHING
• V. POLISHINH

7. FILM COATING
• THIS METHOD IS APPLIED MORE FREQUENTLY THAN SUGAR COATING. A THIN
POLYMER LAYER IS DEPOSITED AROUND THE TABLET CORE DURING THIS
PROCEDURE. BECAUSE OF THE EXTREMELY THIN FILM THAT IS CREATED, THE
TABLET IS SMALLER AND LIGHTER. FOR INSTANCE, EC (ETHYLE CELLULOSE),
HPMC (HYDROXY PROPYL METHYLE CELLULOSE), AND HPC (HYDROXY PROPYL
CELLULOSE).

8. ENTERIC COATING
• TABLETS WITH ENTERIC COATINGS OFFER FEATURES FOR DELAYED RELEASE. THE
TABLET ARE NTENDED TO DISSOLVE AND PERMIT DRUG ABSORPTION IN THE
INTESTINES AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE STOMACH UNALTERED. LIKE ASPIRIN,
OMEPRAZOLE, ETC.

9. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR COATING
• 1. CONVENTIONAL PAN COATER
• PELLIGRINI COATING PAN
• IMMERSION TUBE COATING PAN
• 2. PERFORATED PAN SYSTEM
• ACCELA-COTA PAN
• DRIA COATER PAN
3. FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM

10. CONVENTIONAL PAN COATER

11. PELLIGRINI COATING PAN

12. IMMERSION TUBE COATING PAN

13. PERFORATED PAN SYSTEM

14. FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM

15. TABLET DEFECTS
• PICKING & STICKING
• CAPPING & LAMINATION
• MOTTLING
• DOUBLE IMPRESSION
• POOR MIXING
• POOR FLOW
• WEIGHT VARIATION
• HARDNESS VARIATION
• PUNCH VARIATION

16. PICKING AND STICKING

17. DEFECTS, REASON AND CORRECTION
DEFECTS
• PICKING AND STICKING
• PICKING- MATERIAL ADHERENCE TO PUNCH FACE CAUSES REMOVAL OF MATERIAL
FROM TABLET SURFACE.
• STICKING - ADHERENCE OF TABLET MATERIAL TO THE DIE WALLS.
• CAUSES DIFFICULTY IN EJECTION OF TABLET.
• IMPROPER DESIGNING OF ENGRAVED PUNCHES.
REASON
• POOR MAINTENANCE OF PUNCHES SURFACES.
• USE OF WORN OUT PUNCHES AND DIES
• UNDER DRIED GRANULES.

18. • CORRECTIONS
• PROPER DESIGNING OF PUNCHES.
• CHROME PLATING OF PUNCH SURFACES.
• PROPER QUANTITY OF ANTI-ADHERENTS.
• ADEQUATE DRYING OF GRANULES.
• DEFECTS
• CAPPING & LAMINATION:
• CAPPING - PARTIAL OR TOTAL SEPARATION OF TOP OR BOTTOM PORTIONS OF THE
TABLET.
• LAMINATION - SEPARATION OF TABLET IN TWO OR MORE LAYERS.

19. CAPPING & LAMINATION

20. REASON
• ENTRAPMENT OF AIR IN GRANULES.
• EXCESS FINES IN GRANULES.
• EXCESSIVE DRYING OF GRANULES.
• USE OF DEFECTIVE PUNCHES AND DIES.
CORRECTION
• REDUCE THE PERCENTAGE OF FINES IN GRANULES.
• MAINTENANCE OF DESIRED AMOUNT OF MOISTURE IN GRANULES.
• REPLACEMENT OF DEFECTIVE PUNCHES & DIES

21. MOTTLING

22. DEFECTS
• MOTTLING:
• UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF COLOUR ON THE SURFACE OF TABLETS
REASON
• VARIATIONS IN MEDICATION AND ADDITIVE COLORS. COLOR MIGRATION TO
THE GRANULE SURFACE WHEN THEY DRY. INCORRECT COLOR DISPERSION IN
THE BULK POWDER. BIGGER DYE/LAKE PARTICLES.
CORRECTION
APPLYING A DYE CAPABLE OF BLENDING THE COLORS OF EVERY COMPONENT.
GRANULES AT A LOW TEMPERATURE THROUGH DRYING. EMPLOYING ULTRAFINE-
PARTICLE DYES OR LAKES.

23. DOUBLE IMPRESSION

24. DEFECT
DOUBLE IMPRESSION
MONOGRAM DOUBLE IMPRESSION ON TABLET’S BOTTOM SURFACE. OCCURS WHEN
THERE IS A MONOGRAM ON THE LOWER PUNCH.
REASONS
• A FRESH, LIGHTER IMPRESSION APPEARS ON THE TABLET’S BOTTOM DUE TO
THE LOWER PUNCH’S FREE ROTATIONAL MOTION FOLLOWING COMPRESSION.
TWO COMPRESSION STEPS ARE USED BY TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINES.
CORRECTION
• BY LIMITING THE UNWELCOME MOBILITY OF THE BLOWS.

25. DEFECT
INEFFECTIVE BLENDING
REASON
INEQUITABLE GLIDANT AND LUBRICANT DISTRIBUTION. SHORTER MIXING TIME
WHILE ADDING LUBRICANT.
PREVENTION
PROPER LUBRICANT MIXING.

26. DEFECT
POOR FLOW
• IMPROPER FLOW OF POWDER FROM HOPPER TO DIE CAVITY LEADING TO INCOMPLETE FILLING
OF DIE CAVITY.
REASONS
• PARTICULATE SOLIDS MOVING UNDER GRAVITY ARE SUBJECTED TO UNEVEN PRESSURE FORM
MASS ABOVE AND ALONG SIDE.
• HOPPER VIBRATION/ MIXING ACTION LEADING TO SEGREGATION OF PARTICLES (LARGE
PARTICLE ON TOP & SMALL PARTICLE IN BOTTOM)
• ARCHING/ BRIDGING/ RAT HOLING.
PREVENTION
• ADDITION OF GLIDANT (TALC, COLLOIDAL SILICA)
• USING INDUCED DIE FEEDERS
• RESTRICTING THE FLOW OF HOPPER.

27. WEIGHT VARIATION IN TABLETS

28. DEFECT
WEIGHT VARIATION
THE WEIGHT OF TABLETS WILL NOT BE CONSISTENT.
REASONS
INSUFFICIENT GRANULE FLOW. GRANULES' UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLE
SIZES. HEFTY FINES BEING IN PLACE.
CORRECTION
APPLY LUBRICANT AND GLIDEANT CONCENTRATIONS THAT ARE APPROPRIATE. BY
THE GRANULES' CONSISTENT SIZE DISTRIBUTION. LOWERING THE PERCENTAGE OF
FINES.

29. VARIATION IN HARDNESS

30. DEFECT
• VARIATION IN HARDNESS
• THE HARDNESS OF TABLETS VARIES.
REASONS
IF THE DIE CAVITY'S VOLUME AND COMPOSITION CHANGE. THE SPACE BETWEEN
BLOWS FLUCTUATES, AS DOES THE INTENSITY.
DEFECT
PUNCH VARIATION
VARIATIONS IN THE LENGTH OF THE PUNCH.
REASONS
DIE CAVITY FILL VOLUME IS ALTERED BY SHORTER PUNCHES. PRECAUTION: MAKE
USE OF DIE CONTROL PROGRAMS AND HIGH-QUALITY PUNCHES WITH
CONSISTENT DIMENSIONS.